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Slot Loaded Square Patch Antenna with CSRR at Ground Plane

Conference Paper · January 2016

DOI: 10.1109/MicroCom.2016.7522558

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 Slot Loaded Square Patch Antenna with CSRR at
Ground Plane
Sivaranjan Goswami*
Kumaresh Sarmah
Angana Sarma Sunandan Baruah
Kandarpa Kumar Sarma Department of Electronics and Communication
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Technology Assam Don Bosco University
Gauhati University Guwahati, Assam, India
Guwahati, Assam, India
*sivgos@gmail.com

Abstract— Various approaches have evolved for the
improvement of the performance of microstrip antennas like
modifying geometry of the patch, using multilayered substrate,
cutting out slots of different shapes from the patch or the ground
plane etc. Of late, metamaterial inspired designs are receiving
greater attention. The present work focuses on a combination of
traditional approach of slot based design and a contemporary
approach based on metamaterial structure. A rectangular slot is
etched from a square patch antenna of each side 12.5 mm and a
complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) structure is etched
from the ground plane just below the patch. The CSRR reduces
the fundamental resonant frequency of the antenna thereby
lowering the electrical size by 13.5%. When slotted is loaded on
the patch along with the CSRR at ground plane, there is further
improvement in the performance. The combination of the slot
and the CSRR yields an overall enhancement of the performance
of antenna in terms of reduced electrical size by about 14.5%,
increases far field gain by approximately 2 dB, lowers the return
loss by 8 dB.
Keywords— Microstrip Antenna; Metamaterial; Slotted Patch;
Complementary Split Ring Resonator
or patch is a traditional approach for enhancing the
performance of microstrip antennas [7]-[8]. Thus, the work is
the combination of the traditional approach of slot based
design and the modern approach of metamaterial inspired
design.
From the experimental results it is observed that with this
proposed design we obtain a size reduction of 14.5%, 2 dB
improvement in far field gain, enhanced return loss
performance by about 8 dB.
II. PROPOSED ANTENNA AND EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
A. The Geometry of the Proposed CSRR Based Antenna
The proposed antenna comprises of a single radiating
element (patch), mounted over an FR4 epoxy substrate (εr =
4.4), with a rectangular slot and fed by a co-planner microstrip
line as shown in Fig. 1. On the ground plane, a CSRR
structure is etched as shown in Fig. 2. The dimensions of the
proposed antenna are shown in Table I.

I. INTRODUCTION
Planar metamaterial based microstrip antennas found
wide applications in numerous wireless communication
systems. They can result enhanced radiation performance of
the antennas with size reduction, enhancement in bandwidth of
operation and obtaining multiple resonant frequencies. The
split ring resonator (SRR) and its complimentary structure,
known as complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR) are
extensively used in such designs [1]-[4]. The SRR was first
proposed by J. B. Pendry et. al. in [5] for attaining negative
value of permeability in a resonant particle type metamaterial
substrate. The CSRR was first reported in [6] by F. Falcone et.
Fig. 1. Top view of the proposed patch antenna with cut slot
al. It was derived from the SRR structure using the principles
of duality and complementarity to obtain negative value of the
permittivity (ε) in a planar structure at a finite narrow band. The resonance behaviors of the following structures are
In the present work, the behavior of a microstrip antenna studied separately using a series of simulations with the help
is studied by introducing a rectangular cut slot at the center of of ANSYS HFSS®:
the patch and a CSRR structure etched from the center of the
ground plane. The practice of etching slots from ground plane

Fig. 2. CSRR at the ground plane of the proposed antenna
• 12.5mm × 12.5mm square patch as radiating element
over the substrate with no modification in the ground
plane.
• Patch loaded with a rectangular slot at the center and
a pair of notches along the sides of the microstrip line
used to feed the antenna. The ground plane is not
modified.
• Keeping the patch unmodified and etching a CSRR
from the ground plane directly below the patch and
• Combined effect of the patch with notches and slot
along with the CSRR structure at ground plane.
From the simulation results obtained using ANSYS
HFSS® it is found that when a CSRR is etched from the
ground plane of the antenna just below the square patch
without any slot or notch, the antenna resonates at a lower
frequency but there is no significant improvement in the return
loss performance (S11 parameter) of the antenna. However, on
introduction of the slot and the notches on the patch in this
design, there is a significant reduction in the return loss.
TABLE I. DIMENSIONS OF THE P ROPOSED A NTENNA
Dimension Value
The proposed patch width (Wp) 12.5 mm
Length of the proposed patch (Lp) 12.5 mm
Height of Substrate (h) 1.5 mm
Dielectric constant of the FR4 substrate (εr) 4.4
Slot Length (Ls) 6 mm
Slot Width (Ws) 2 mm
Length of the Notches (LN ) 5.25 mm
Width of the Notches (WN ) 0.5 mm
Width of the Feed Line (WF ) 1 mm
External radius of the CSRR (rext) 5 mm
Internal radius of the CSRR (r0) 3.5 mm
Width of each complementary ring of the CSRR 2 mm
(c)
Gap between the two complementary rings of 0.5 mm
CSRR (d)
B. Equivalent RLC Circuit Model of the Antenna
1) Equivalent Circuit of the Rectangular Patch: An
equivalent RLC circuit model for the antenna has been used to
analyze the behavior of the antenna. The equivalent RLC
circuit of the antenna has been derived based on some
fundamental principles of the transmission line model
discussed in [9] and [10]. Any antenna can be modeled as a
parallel RLC circuit shown in Fig. 3. The resonant frequency
can be modeled with the help of this circuit using Eq. (1).
Fig. 3 Equivalent LC tank circuit of a patch [9]
1
fr = (1)
2π L1C1
2) Effects of the Slot and the Notches: To study the effects
of cut-slot and the pair of notches near the feeding microstrip
line, let us consider them as some small variation of the values
of L1 and C1 in the equivalent RLC circuit model shown in
Fig. 3. Thus the equivalent circuit, along with the effects of
the cut slot and the inset can be re-drawn as Fig. 4. Here, the
inductances ∆LS and ∆LN account for the change in inductance
due to the slot and the inset notches respectively. Similarly,
the capacitances ∆CS and ∆CN account for the change in
capacitance. Although there is also some resistive power loss,
that has been neglected. The equivalent terms Leq and Ceq are
given by (2) and (3) respectively.
Fig. 4. Equivalent LC tank circuit of a patch along with inset and slot
Leq = L1 + ΔLs + ΔLN (2)
⎛1 1 ⎞
−1
1
Ceq = ⎜⎜ + + ⎟⎟ (3)
C
⎝ 1 C S C N ⎠
3) Effect of the CSRR: When an SRR or CSRR unit cell is
loaded to a microstrip line, it is equivalent to a parallel LC
resonant tank circuit as shown in Fig. 5 [11]. The expressions
for calculation of Cc are available in [11] and the expressions
for calculation of L0 and Ls are available in [12].
Thus, in a similar manner, the effect of the CSRR can also
be represented as some changes in the values of the L and C of
the LC tank equivalent circuit model.
 bandwidth is approximately 0.20 GHz. Thus the Q factor
becomes:
fr 4.85
Q= = = 24.25
BW 0.20
Thus, the Q factor of the antenna improves.
2) Effects of the CSRR etched from the Ground Plane on
the Patch: The frequency versus S11 parameter plot of the
single patch and the patch with CSRR etched from the ground
plane is shown in Fig. 7.
Here, the resonance is achieved at approximately 4.5 GHz
(more shift compared to notch and slot). The half power
Fig. 5 Topology of the CSRR and its equivalent-circuit models bandwidth is approximately 0.26 GHz. Thus the resultant Q
(neglecting ohmic losses) [11]
factor is 4.5/0.26 = 17.3. It can be seen that the Q value of the
antenna is reduced, however, its fractional bandwidth (FBW =
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1/Q) is increased. Moreover, the reduction in the fundamental
resonant frequency to 4.5 GHz indicates a reduction in
A. Comparative Analysis of the Slots and the CSRR on the electrical size of the antenna by about 13.5%.
Patch
1) Effect of the Slot and the Notches: In Fig. 5, the
frequency versus S11 parameter (return loss) plot of the single
patch and the patch along with slot and notch is shown. It is
observed that there is a slight variation of the return loss but a
shift in the resonance frequency is also observed. Thus the
assumption that the resistive effect is negligible is justified.
The shifting in resonance frequency is due to the change in the
values of L and C. It is to be noted that the value of L
increases (Leq > L1), whereas the value of C decreases (Ceq <
C). However, from the experimental result shown in Fig. 6 it
can be observed that the resonant frequency and hence the
electrical size is reduced.
Fig. 7. Comparison of the resonant frequencies of the patch with and
without the CSRR at ground plane

3) Combined Effect of Slot, Notches and CSRR on Ground

Plane: When the entire proposed antenna is implemented with
notches and patch at the substrate and the CSRR at the ground
plane, the total shift in the resonant frequency is even more.
Now the resonance is obtained at approximately 4.4 GHz. The
half power bandwidth is approximately 170 MHz (less
compared to earlier results). However, at this point the return
loss is reduced to about −20dB as shown in Fig. 8, which
shows significant improvement in terms of gain and
directivity.
The fundamental frequency is now reduced to 4.4GHz.
Fig. 6. Comparison of the resonant frequencies of the patch with and This shows further reduction in the electrical size of the
without the slot and the notch. antenna. Newly observed electrical size is 14.5% less than that
For the single patch, the resonant frequency is of the original rectangular patch without any slot or CSRR.
obtained at approximately 5.2 GHz and its half Fig. 9 shows the far field antenna gain of the proposed
power bandwidth is approximately 0.25 GHz. Thus the Q antenna along Z-axis (θ = 0, φ = 0). It is observed from the
factor can be approximated as: graphs that at the fundamental frequency (5.2 GHz), the gain
fr 5 .2 of the original square patch antenna is 2.28 dB. When the slot
Q= = = 20.8 and the CSRR are introduced, the gain at the new resonant
BW 0.25 frequency (4.5 GHz) is 4.25 dB. Thus, there is an increase in
For the patch loaded with notch and patch the gain of the antenna by 1.97 dB.
resonant frequency is achieved at 4.85 GHz and its half power
 Fig. 8. Comparison of the resonant frequencies of the patch with
complete proposed antenna with notches, patch and CSRR at ground
l
Fig. 9. Frequency vs. far field gain plot of the original patch antenna
and the proposed slotted patch with CSRR at ground plane along Z-axis
(θ = 0 and φ = 0)
B. Fabrication of the Antenna in PCB and Result using
Vector Network Analyzer
The antenna with notches, patch and CSRR at ground
plane is fabricated using PCB board and the experimental
result is tested using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The
fabricated antenna is shown in Fig. 10. The result obtained
using VNA is shown in Fig. 11.
Fig. 10 Fabricated antenna with notches, patch and CSRR at ground plane
The fabricated antenna is found to resonate at 4.7 GHz. At
this frequency, the value of the S11 parameter is – 22.5 dB.
Hence, the electrical size of the antenna is more than that
obtained from simulation result. This may be due to
manufacturing defect or impurity of the materials used.
Fig. 11 S11 parameter of the fabricated antenna from VNA
IV. CONCLUSION
The resonance behavior of the slotted patch with
a metamaterial loaded ground plane has been studied
using an equivalent LC tank circuit model and also from
FDTD full wave analysis using ANSYS HFSS®. This
arrangement significantly improves the performance of
the antenna. As already mentioned, the proposed design
has reduced size, enhanced far field gain and also
reduces return loss of the antenna. The patch antenna with
slot and notches on the patch and CSRR etched from the
ground plane is fabricated in PCB and the frequency versus
S11 parameter plot is observed in VNA. There is further
possibility of improving the performance of the antenna by
adjusting the dimensions of the slot and the notches on the
patch. This unleashes the scope of using soft computational
tools for optimizing the dimension of the slots and notches of
CSRR for better radiation performance of the antenna.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the Ministry of
Communication and Information Technology, Govt. of India.
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