remainsshape,

bricksARÇHES4.2 reuctions, increases

of INTRODUCTION In 4.1
The An its
in the Arches An rigidity, An such
arch mutyally arch In
blocks
thefunction archsityations with c¡se ARCHES
position are is which
a may itacts
support nothing of cårvedsupporting must the Íf
be an insquare beams
an
by arch Vefined also tsrnarches
inverted
each<other
the but structure resist reducecosld syppbrtihg of
gesistance is
cuved esçh the
to as cable,
camy other some the be span AND
that raechanical
by beams advantageously design
so uniformly and
mutualweight spans and bending
from it MODULE
that supported reccives hence
a bending
the
pressure of space arrangement and CABLE
support. transfer the or
they
shear its distributed
structure and at moment!
load
employed, become
of loads may the depending mainly
their ends of
above to wedge-shaped or uneconomical load,
own their may by in STRUCTURES
th e abutment uponcomp1 they as the
weight. plane. not maximum
opening. support shapession would
for
Hence, blocks
or and long
Because weight piers. although, devciop bending
how
the span
of
strcture above stones it structures.
is horizontal
of because
loaded. moment
their
it. or

(e) id) (c) (b) (a) 1.

arches.Metal known Timber Concrete Classification
arches. Stone Brick These 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 4.2.1
Shape According
By Materials
Type Arcbes Arches
arches mumber Classification
as arches arches: are of of and
timber arches supports are
arches classified arch used
of to classified Extrados
back)lor Cable
The : based axiscenters shape
arches. :The The : The for
: ^tryctures
type The type
type as on construction
type
of type of mnaterials : on of
of of arches Crown
arches arches ardhes basis
arches of
arches intrados
soffit)
for
of Fig.
which which which :
which used 4.l
which :
are are are Components Spring
line Centerline
are
made rise
built are built made Keystone
made
up of up up
of wood up of of
of
metal arch
of
stones bricks
used concrete
like Haunch
for is
steel
engineering
knowa known is
is -Abutment
is known
kr.own as
stonc arches.
brick
as
aspurpose concrelearches.
metaf
is
 i Three-hinged arch() Two-hinged
directions The Span
well.as > >arch(b) is |>
It |> > arch(h) Kc) (b) (a)
>Fixed 2. 436
ItThe,tree-hinged
is evaluated Three
by equilibrium. Two It
equationsoftemperature. andUnlike This contraction. Classification
is This Because where The Three Two Fixed There
most additional most
hinged hinged compensate type also type fixed
often and the the hinged hinged arch are
often of called of it
arch fixed spans or
compensate
usedconnection static arch arch arch subjected is arch
arch used as is arch arch zeromainly based
equilibrium.
equations of is for arch, haszero-hinged is are
for is most hinged three
isstatically statically to considered short.
medium-span not bridge
spans.
long the thpinnede on
at thermalpinned to often types.of type
for the only additional árch
any mid indeterminate connections used
hingeddeterminate arch. to ofsupports
expansion span expansion base be arches
structures, statically in
at is internalreinforced
allows able that
its structure at
and base,
I:kthe structure an to the indeteminate. are
the contraction rotate, base. stresses
such commonly
contraction. three concrete
as and and allowing
building
roofs.
large hinged its which caused Analysis
two-hinged caused bridge used
reaction
arch are the by in
to structure thermal and
not by practice. Determinateof
move arch, or tunnel
internal evaluated
staticby changes
in but to expansionand
two move construction,
at forcesare in Structures.
opposite the outdoor
mid freely

3.Classification Arches
arch
Flat(u) According
and
Caible
to Three-hinged
arch(a)
shape of Structures
arches M,
arches CrTwn
Hingedtheat
according
may Fig.
be 4.2:
(b) of
Segmental
arch the to Types Fixed arck(c)
shape
following of
arch
H
(supperts)
types:

Two-hinged
arch(b)
Semi-circular
urch(c)

437
 4. 438
Classifiçation
Qne-centred
arches (a) Stilted
arçh(g) (d)
Horse

shÍe
of
archès arch
Fig
4.4:Arches based Fig.
Four-centred
arches (d) Two-centred
arches(b) on 4.3 Pointed
arch(e)
number Arches :
based
on according
number of
centres
to
of shape
centres Analysis
Three-cetred
arches (c) Venetian
arch ()
of
Determinate

Structures

AÇ 4.3 Arches
5.
and Fig.
LEVELS
THREE Classification
The
BC, 4.6 and
hingedshaws arches
Çable
HINGED Parabolic
arch(a)
are
to a Fig. Stråctures
e-hinged
each HA Fig.
calledarches of
4.6:
other PARABOLIC 4.5:
Three-hinged parabolic,
at P Arches depending
C.arch
with dependingElliptical
arch(c) circular
arch B
supports ARCHES upon
with or
supports upon elliptic shape
at P.
shape
the WITH
at
depending and
same and
the P
V
SUPPORTS R arch
levels. samne arch
H,
Circular
arch(b) upon axis
levels axis
It
nsists the
AT shape
of THE
two the of
parts SAME
arch:
 4.4
rch)
horizontal
DETERMINATION Now This Now WhereK= The
Letconstant abcve The The
differentiate, is equation becomes,
Equation(!) y=
the equation two hinge
k= the distance
equation hinges
central level '
H, d
(1 of between
Fig. dy ) a of A is
equation becomes,
y=
V. tan9== of rise, parabola,
y the andprovided
4.7 a =
OF parabolic
(a) 4KZ' Now lower is Bthe
Kr hinges are
: NORMAL (2) (L-) with lower
Three at atusually
w.r.t. (L-r) .x= the
three origin
hinged P 'r samehinges at
THRUST L-2r) hinged called the
at level, A
areh the highest
and
arch. left the the B
with P, rise
hend height is
point
potnt AND called
of
hinge the
ofspan Analysisof
locds V RADIAL arch the
A, the
H, (Fig. crOwn of
centro
-- (à). the of
(3) 4.61 Dersrminate
SHEAR (highest
arch lie
’
can (L). of
Slope
be the
equation written point arch,
Structures:
(2)-o- of
(l) as th The

conveni
ntly.
used of Arches
at the
any " "
thrust, Now The .:. If InSH For Total Total HenceConsider
lower ANd
Radia!
shear, Normal
Similardy, After ZV=0,
sectionSimilarly nothis
Eq.tion Gabe
va'ue hGriZontal any force
resolvirg having ase, = foretotally,
hinges a
0, plane
'P V, of M, actingacting three StU
resolving can can ?, (1) the
2=0
known 0: load structure there and A
normal b becan becomes H, fourth (parallel hinged
(perpendicular are B Vertlcal(V)
F= along
N= easily known. be M,
reaction =
is and
will
to known =0 H,=acting, equation there four arch
H Hthe M, to have
cos
sin the calculated and th e reaction subjected
section which or are Fig. Radial
shear
section
0-
components, by H is
to vertical
also M, three plane) 4.7 (F)
+ takingM,=0 =0 the
is components Normal(NI
V at Vwe with the
available plane) and to (b) Redial
cos P, sin get, independent along
moments usual
loadInternal : -Horizontal(H)
0
6 we reference the horizontal as
the along
get, value case, i.e., radial namely shown forces
of the
to of all M=0 equations
Fig.
normal directionnomal components. in
forces V, Fig.
4.7(b).
of is
Vg 4.7 Normal
thrust about is
equilibrium called H, (a). called
(N) B. and The
normal Radial
and radial reactions
,
(::Cis
hinge} a
radial which
shear thrust
shear (l)-- can (F). (). at
---(4 ---(3 each
(F) (2) be
 Note : Treat the force as +ve if it is acting towards the arch and -ve if it is
aw.y from the arch.
4.5 DETERMINATIQN OF BM
In the arch, at any section D(4, ), the bending
moment in an equivalent beam minus the ordinate moment may be looked as a sum of the
time the horizonzal thrust. Thus, M= BM- Hy.
Hence, fur_t BMD fot the equivalent beam may be drawn.
Then, (o subtract Hy moment.
Henc, th¹ çurve of the arch is drawn with the
ordinate qf the BMD as shbwn in Fig.4.8(d). ordinate at the crown point equal to the

A
-b8H, la)

Pab

BMD for pointNB

l Ib)
load

"c)
Pab H-Moment
diagram

Beam momeht diagam

diagram

BMD with arch

Fig. 48: BMD with arch

 Solution:
end. 2
kN/mthree A
Find
hinged
oyer
the
the
BM,parabolic
Fio left
H normal
half
4
12 V, of
arch
Three 4mL-L. thrust the
Yo
span has
hinoed
10mn 5m -2KN/m and a
span
h=5m radial and
20m
arch a of
with 12kN
point 20
shear
UDL m
load and
at
and a ofrise
Doint B
section 12
of
kN
5m.
load H, 4 at
m 5 It
irom carries m
from
left
the a
end. UDL
righ.
of
 Analysis of Delerminate Structures Arches and Çable Structures

Step 1 : To ind the reactions Step 4: Normal thrust and radial shear at 4 m from left end
Shear force, V = V, -2x4= 18 -8= 10 kN
(a) Vertical reactions
Normal thrst = Hcos + Vsin = 16 x cos (30.96") + 10x sin (30.96°)
Taking moment abqutA N= 18.86 kN
10
M, =0, -2x lbx - i2x IS +V,x 20 =0 Radial shear =H sin 8- Vcos = l6xsin (30.96 ) - 10 x cos (30.96°;
F -0.34 kN
280
20
= 14 kN 5.Athree hinged parabolicarch is loaded as shown in Fig, 413. Determine the reactic
at supports, normal thrust, radial shear and bending moment at left quarter so
EV=0, V,+V, = 2x 10+ 12 point.
60kN
V, = 32- 14 = 18 kN -36kN/m

(b) Horizontal reactions

TakiDg mÍment about crowa Ç.
Vx 10- H, x5-12 x5 =0 h=6m

H, =
Y,xl0-12xs
H
14x10-12 x5 l6 k 18m 9mi9m
5 V.

-L=36m
H, = H,= H= 16 kN
Step 2: Compute the vertical ordinate 'y' and slope '9' Fig. 4.13: Example 5
4hr, at x=4 m
Solution:
Step 1: To find the reactions

Y, = (20) 4x5X4(20-4) =32 m (a) Vertical reactions

Taking moment aboutA,
dy 18
= tan XM, =0, -36 x 18 x 2 -60x 27 + V,x 36=0

4h 4x5 7452
=
L-24) =n (20-2x4) =06 36 = 207 kN

0 = tan (0.6) = 30.96 EV=0, ,+ V, = 36x 18 +60

Step 3: Bending moment calculation, at 4m from left end V, = 708- 207 = 501 kN
(b) Horizontal reactions
M, =V,x4- H, xy,-2x4 x; Taking mnoment about crown C,
= 18x4- 16x3.2 -16 XM =0, V,x 18-H, x6+ 60 x9=0
1, =4.8 kN-m 207x18-60x9
= = 531 kN
6
 453
452 Analysis of Deterninate Structures Arches and Cable Structures
three-hinged arch subjected
XH =0, H, =H,= H= $31kN 6 Show that thà parabolicshape is a funicular shape for a
to aUDL Over to its entire span (or)
Step 2: Compute the vertical ordinate 'y' and slope '9' arch of span 'r and rise 'h'
Show that BM at any section on a three hinged parabolic
carrying an UDL of Wm over the entire span is zero.
(i-), atx =9 m (left quarter span)
Solution :
WLnit length
4x6x9 Span length = 36 m
(36) (369) =4.5 m Quarter span =
36
4
=9 m

h= 6m

A 9m

-L=36m Fig. 4.14 : Three hinged parabelic arch with UDL

dy Step 1: To ind the reactions
dx
(a) Vertical reactions
4h, 4 x6 WL
-2)=(36) S(36-2x9)-0.333 Due to symmetry.
0 = tanl (0.333) = 18.43" (b) Horizontal reactions
Step 3: Normal thrust and radial shear at lef quarter span point Taking moment about crown C,
V= V,- 36 x 9
L
= 591- 324 = 177kN M, =0, v,x;-H,xh- Wx;*=0
Normal thrust = Hcos 9 + Vsin
= 531 x cos(18.43) + 177 x sin (18.43) WL, L WL'
Vyx;2-WxLy2x L;4 22 8 4 8
N 559.72 kN H, = h h
Radial shear = Hsin - Vcos
= 531 x sin (18.43°)- 177 x cos (18.43-) 2WL' -WL WL'
H, = 8h 8h
F=-0,048 kN
Step 4 : Bending moment calculation, at left quarter span point W'
H, = 8h
M, = V, x9-E, * y,-36 x9x , H=0 H, + H, =0
- 501 x 9-531 x 4.5- 1458
W
M, = 661.5 kN-m H, = H, 8h
 reactions
Vertical(u) Step Solution :
Step 454
aboutA,
Taking
ZM,=0, moment .
JA
: shear
magnitsde Now, W.k.t.
To three 2
:
find at consider Bending
the
10 hinged
the m30 vertical
40-30x26x V, reactions from kNm the moment
parabolic
scction ordinate
Fig. the on
4.L5(a): 10 30kNam left left calculation
arch X-X y
20m support. hall of
at
Three of M, a arch M,
-L=40m span, 40 distance
=0 h=10m = y-)
hinged Also mn 0 2WLxWx W 4hx given
is =
Vraw
Find span Hence
'*
M,
arch 20m from M,by
=0 =
the and 2
X proved
with the
reactions, 4hxWL
W:
rise support
UDL bending 2
of Analysis
V, A
10
2
momentnormal m,
is of
carrying Determinate
thrust supports)
hinge(::
diagram.
and a Structyres
radial VDL
of

Step Step Step :2 Horizontal

reactions(b) Arches
4: 3: Now, atx
H=0, Taking
)Mç 0,
=
Bending Normal 2V= 0, and
=
10
Commpute
m, moment Cable
thrust
mÍment the Structures
about
vertical V,
calculation Radial Normal Shear and x
radial 20- crowh
force,
shear thrust ordinate H, C, Y+
|M, shear
F 335.41N=
kN dy x10
with V 0 H, H, V V,V=
= = = = =
=
= -0.029 = H at tan =
a 'y' = =
M,diagram 300 H 300 V,-30
10m tan 4h 4x10x 10 4hx H,= = 300 = 0
sin cos and V 450 600- = 30 6000
40
x x (40) 10
M,=0 kNsin 9- cos (0.5) kN x kN x
+ from x slope H= 20_ V,=600-
20 [50kN=
(26.56)- V(26.56°)10=450- =
-21) =
s0.03 300
cos sin V th26.56° e (40-10) 150
'0'
0 9 (4)? 4x10 kN x
+ left 20
kN150 150 300.=
150
support (40-2x10) =0.5 =
x x 7.5
cos sin 150 m
upports)
hinge(: (26.56) (26.56)
kN
456
Analysis of Determinate
Arches and Cable Structures
Mp = V, x 10 H,xy,- 30 x 10 x 10
Structures 457

2
(8.A three hinged parabolic arch has a span of 20 mand central rise of 4m. It is loaded
= 450 x 10 -300 x7,5- 1500 with UDL of intensity 2 kN/m on the left 8mlength. Find
(0) Directlon and magnitude of renctions at the hinges Aand B
Now consider the section X M,= 750 kN-m
-Xat a distance ' from () The maximum +ve and -ve BM and its position
support B
M, = V,X*- H,x y, ( )Draw B.M.D.
M, = 150 x x-300 x y. Solution :
4h
=
, -) X2KN/m
C

4Xl(40)0x (40-x)= 1600x(40)-402

y, = - 0.025 h=4n
M, = 150x 300
(*-0.025.:)
M= 150x300x +7.5
H 8m 7H,
M, = 7.5-150 x AT
For maximum value, 1Om 10m
V. V.
OMx
X

= 0=2x 7.5x- 150

Fig. 4.16(a): Three hinged arch with UDL
15x 150 = 0 Step 1: To find the reactions
150
= 10 m (a) Verticai reactions
15
Now equation (1) becomes, Taking moment aboutA,
8
M, =7.5 x (10) 150 x10=-750 kN-m M, =0, 2x8x+V,x 20 = 0
M,=75OkN-m 64
V=a=3.2
20
kN

V =0, V, +V, = 2x8

V, = 16- V,= 16-3.2 =12.8 kN
Yo he 1Om (b) Horizontal reactions/Horizontal thrust
10m
M,-750
N-m
Taking moment about crown C
A

I=10m
M=0, V,x 10- H, x4 =0
V, x10 3.2x10
L=40m H, = 4 4 =8kN

Fig. 4.15(b) BMD XH =0, H, =H,= H=8 kN

 458 Analysis of DoBerminate Structures Arches and Cable Structures
Step 2: Direction and magnitude of reactions at the hinges A and D Maximum -ve BM
The maximum -ve BM wul evidentiy occur
Resultant at A = J(H +(V ej+(128) =1S.09KN equation of BM is given by
sofmewhere in the portion BCfor which
12.8) M, = V, XX- H, y
Sloje at 4, tan 8, 9, =tan"=
58 =3.2x- 8[0.8x 0.04:]
= 3.2x-6.4x + ).32x?
Resultant at B = H,)'+(V,j' - 8)' +(32) =8.61 kN M, = -3.2x + 0.32r²
(3.2 \ For maximum value
Slope at B, t¡n 6, = ’0, =tan"lT=21.80
H,
Step 3: The maximum +e and -ye BM and its position =0 = -3.2 + 2 x 0.32x
Maximsm +ve BM 0.64x = 3.2
M¡ximsm positive BM will occur somewhere under the UDL 3.2
Let it occår at x from the left hinge
0.64
M, = M,= M=0 (hinge supports)
Now equation (2) becomes,
M, =V,x*-2X*x-H,xy
M,, = -3.2x 5 + 0.32 x (5) = -8 KN-m
Step 4: Draw BMD
= 12.8: -8 [4hx
X

M,=15.05kN-m
= 12.8x-t-8 |4x4x
(20)
=12.8x--8 (0.8x- 0.04r']
= 12.&x--6.4x + 0.32r
M, = 6.4x - 0.68x --- (1) h 4m
For maximym value
M, 8
dM, = 0=6.4-2x0.68x
I=4.7m
N----8
6.4- 1.36x = )
L=20m
1.36x = 6.4
6.4
1.36 Fig. 4.16(b) : BMD
r = 4.70 m
Now, equation (1) þecÍmes, cjA three hingedparabolic arch of span 24 m, rise 6m with
crown point. Arch is subjected to a point load of 50 kN andhinges
150
at abutments and at
kN at a distance of 8
M, = 6.4 x4.7-0.68 x (4.70)² m and 20 m from left
support. Determine :
M, = 15.05 kN-m
 10.
peints.
loaded at JA
three

hinged

200kN
parabalic
A
--
arch
Tiy
is
4.18(a) loaded

Example : as
24m ha4m
shown
1O
in
Fig,
Sm 60
,150kA
4.18(3).

Determine

the
BM
Arches and Çable Structures
Solutiou : 46.

200 sin 30
150 sin 60
150kN
200kN

200cos30 _3°h
150cos6)o

Y,=3.55m
H A Gm 8m
16 m BH,
V.
Step 1 : Compute the vertical ordinate 'y'

4x4x6
at point D,x=6 m,
(24)? (24-6) =3m
4x4x8
(24) (24-8) =3.55 m
at point E, x=8 m,
Step 2 : To find the reactions
(a) Verlical reactions
Taking mÍment aboutA
SM, =0,
V, x 24 + 150cos 60° x 3.55- 150sin 60 x 16-200sin 30° x 6- 200 cos 30° x3 =0
-150 x cos 60 x 3.35+15Çsin60x 16 +200 xsin 30x6+ 200 cos 30x3
V.:
24
.:. V= 122.15 kN
V=0, V+ = 200 sin 30 +150 sin 60
V= 229.90 122.15 = 107.75 KN
(b) Horizontal reactions
Taking moment about crown C
XM¢ =0
 465
464 Analysis of Determinate Structures Arches and Cable Structures
-150sin 60° x 4- 150 cos 60 x (4-3.55) - V,x 12- H, x4=0 indicate the position of maximum positive and negative BM.
200KN
-S19.61 -33.75 + 122.15 x12 -4H,= 0 Solation :
912,44
H, = =228.11 kN h5m
4

SH =0 H, =H,= H= 228.11 kN H, 10m

Step 3: Bending moment calculations with diagram
BM at loaded points, L= 20m
al point D, M, = V, x6- H, x3
= l07.75 x6-228.1 x3 =-37,83 KN=m Fig. 4.19 (a): Three hinged areh vith point load
at point E.
Step 1 : To find the reactions
M, = V,x 8- H,x 3,55
= 122.15 x8-228.11 x3.55 = 167.40 KN-m (a) Vertical reactions
M107.40kN-m Taking mTment aboutA
ZM, = ), -200 x 6 +V,x 20 = 0
1200
60 kN
20

h=4m
XV=0. V, + V= 200 ’ V, =200- 60 = 140 kN
M,=37.83KN-m (b) Horizontal reactions
Taking moment about crown, C
-B
6m &m
XMe =0, V,x 10- H, x S= 0
60x10
H, = = 120 kN
L=24m

H=0 H, =H,= H= 120 kN

Tg. 4.180y: BMD Step 2 : Compute the vertical ordinate 'y and slope '0'

A three hinged symmetrical arch of span 20 m, hinges are provided at supports and y = (L-), atx=6m
crown of the arch. The rise at crown is 5 m and arch is subjected to a point load of 4x5x6,
200 kN at 6mfrom the left support. Find the reactions at supports and calculate
normal thrust and radial shear at 6mfrom left support, Draw the BMD and also
(20 (06) =4.2 m
dy 4h,
=tan = zi-21)
4x5
n (20-2x6) =04
0 = tan-l (04) = 21.80
 a Step Step
distance
Now maximsm
valse,Por Maxinsm
The Maximum
BM:+ve 4: 3:
equation mximsm-ve'x BM Normal
Erom calçulatiÍns
(1) B. -xe thrust
becormes, BM
BM
: and
with Radial Normal Shear
wil radial
occur diagram force,
M, 12x M, M, shear
shear thrust
12r + y= M,
_omewhere M, F N
= 0=-60
= =0=-60 =-6Qx6r' + = = V
-60 60 = = = = = = = = = =
60x- 60
4X5X*(20-*)=x-0:5 4hx
V,xx- 89,13
140 V, 100.27 120
x ’ xx- (20) x6-H,x sin
H 120 cos H V,
5 120x in 6- x x 200 -
+6 I= +2 120 the sin kNkNcos 0 -
+ H,x (21.80) +
x 60 x portion 120 V (21.80) V =
(5) 5mn
12 6x 6x x xy cos sin l40
(-0.05x) y x
=150 4.2 0200 Analys1s
BC. = -(-6
60
Consider 33% x =-60
kN-m kN-m x sin of
cÍs (21.80) kN
Determinate
the 21.800)
sectionX-Xat
Structures
(-1)-

4.7 Arches
Let
DIFFERENT
LEVELS
THREE
and L, and
L, Cable
4.20:
Fig.
beThree HINGED
horizontal Structures
A

PARABOLIC 6m
=336kN-m M,
distance linged

L arch
of Fig.
L+= the with ARCHES 4.19(b) L=20m ha5m
lower
Ly supports
h, Wiunit
length B1D : 150kN-mM,=
and h,
upper at
the WITH
hingesdjerent
SUPPORTS =5m

from levels
the
crown
ATTHE
C
 have,we 63

Now i.e., But, Adding Tuking With

Similariy Applying
equating the
equations moments crown
taking this
equation principle C
(3) moments about as
ongin,
and C to
(5) of 4-4 the
and (4), about if
the points (x,
V,+,= V, we )
(6) WL + Cof forces
V, have, H, Á be
we andConstant = the
the = on
get, Total = WL W WZ
Hh
2 coordinates
2 2 forces
WE H,the B,
LA L we
load Hleft have,
Hh Hh, + on Hh, =
+ hand
on the of
the right side a
Analysis
L point
span 2 of Constant =
hand
+ C, on
side Hh, we the of
Determinate
of have, centreline
C,
we
have, of
Structures
the
(-3)- (2--
) (1--
) arch.
(6--
) --(5) (4--
)

Arcns
Cable
and

:. But
Equation
H
Structures
(7)
becomes
H
H= WL-
WL 2 WL
WL H= H=

2 WL L WL
’
WL
Horizontal 2 WL

L,=and 2WL-WL
thrust

or
horizontal
LEh
reaction

469
(7),