Chapter 2

Literature review

1 Introduction
With the advent of information, communication Technology (ICT) and the internet facilities
the traditional function of the library as a place for storage and preservation of library
resources has changed dramatically. Simultaneously, user’s demands and attitudes have
changed in its kinds. Also the information seeking behaviour of users has dynamically
changed. This concept has posed challenges for library professionals for quick delivery of
library services and information. (Bradley, 2010). This development in library field has
brought the idea of library digitization which is the process of converting analogue (print,
caving, artefacts etc.) materials to digital electronic format. Manual systems no longer meet
the workload demands hence digitization is the next best solution.

The literature review is organised according to thematic issues drawn from the research
objectives as follows

1.1 The changing role of public libraries in the new IR4.0

1.2 The relevancy of public libraries in the IR4.0
1.3 Benefits of digitising library materials in libraries
1.4 Problems and opportunities hindering digitization in libraries

1.1 The changing role of public libraries in the new IR4.0The relevancy of public libraries
in the IR4.0
According to Lewis (2004) libraries have encountered three phases of development. The
phases are: The emergence of automation system in the libraries where paper began to be
used less. It started in late 1960s with Machine-Readable Cataloguing (MARC) development
process which was widely discussed among professional librarians until 1990’s when
libraries have Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), and audio-visual media system as
well as web-based indexes replacing the printed predecessors. Secondly, electronic libraries’
dominance that began in early 1990s with the development of CD-ROMs, full-text databases,
the Internet, and the Web. During this era, some of the established technology used since
1960s were getting disrupted. For instance, analogue audio-visual record that were being
stored in cassette tapes have started to be replaced and the media information became more
easily available and cheaper on the Internet. Thirdly, the advancement of new technology that
were rapidly used to complete more complex tasks. The new tools were created to provide
powerful features to process data, text, sound and images and can be easily sent to distant
collaborators. The new technology is also capable to do analysis of large sets of numeric data
on the computer screen.

The NMC Horizon Report Summary 2017 Library Edition suggests that in the very near
future “libraries will be adapting to accommodate new applications of technology for
learning, research, and information”. Innovations will also lead to advancements in digital
data management that will result in more accurate subject search results and citations while
enabling libraries to more effectively curate and display relevant resources. This growing
focus on the accessibility of digital resources will undoubtedly impact the role of library
professionals. It explains that “students are relying less on libraries as the sole source for
accessing information and more for finding a place to be productive”. Students now expect to
be able to learn and work everywhere, with continuous access to learning materials and one
another for collaborative learning. Their changing expectations, likely due to the always
accessible Internet, places more demand on the library. Students seek out immediate and
constant access to materials and libraries are having to explore new ways of accommodating
this.

The modern trend is for the role of the libraries and librarians to move from that of a passive
intermediary role responsible for guiding patrons to appropriate information resources,
towards that of a much more proactive professional role which includes analysing and
repackaging information, content information management and institutional digital repository
management. This advancement makes their new role to provide services and instructions
regardless of place, time or format. (Sherpa, 2017)

4IR marks a time of disruption for libraries. This is because 4IR is predicated on the
convergence of the physical, digital, and biological technologies which includes artificial
intelligence and robotics etc. The 4IR is changing so many aspects of our social, political, and
economic lives that we now have entirely digital banks such as the Zero Bank in South
Africa, and we have devices such as Siri/ Alexa that can listen and respond to our voices. S.
Thanuskodi., (2015).

1.2 The relevancy of public libraries in the IR4.0

Libraries always were there to help people who might not have that many books at home.

Now, they play an equally crucial role in helping bridge the Digital Divide between the haves
and have-nots when it comes to computer technology

According to Hoffman, D. (2010). The public library, in a sense, has become a social service
centre, where homeless people come to spend their daytime hours and people unfamiliar with
computers get help with everything from setting up an email account to filling out a job
application

Arora, (2010) states that libraries are integral and valued parts of the communities and
institutions they serve. Public and school libraries have been changed for the better and their
patrons benefited from the adoption of advanced means of access to library materials, such as
computerized library catalogues, online databases for research, and computers available for
public use. Libraries have changed dramatically in the intervening years since computer
access began being available and the pace of change has accelerated with time. Libraries in
some cases have facilitated, the adoption of new technologies and methods that have
enhanced their ability to perform their core mission, providing access for their customers to
as wide a range of material as possible for the acquisition of knowledge and reading for
enjoyment. The mission has not changed, however the means of accomplishing it is being
altered and alternative means are becoming available for people to access the written word,
nearly exclusive only in the realm of libraries, due to innovation.

Libraries in educational settings has repeatedly demonstrated that libraries add value in terms
of student learning achievement, when school libraries are adequately and professionally
staffed Libraries are an excellent place for educational pursuits; if a student has a question,
the librarians will know the answer or they know to find the answer. Even with the digital
advancement U.S IMPACT reported that around 77 million people use library computers to
access the internet, library computer and internet services provide the only access that
millions of people have to performing a large number of tasks, access that the rest of the
population might take for granted.

1.3 Benefits and Barriers of digitizing library materials in a libraries

Sherpa, (2017) wrote that traditional librarianship is all about sitting down in the midst of
books and expecting people to come and read. If they do not come, then, the librarian closes
at the end of the day. This is the daily ritual. But a modern-day library in the Digital Age
must be sound in the storage, retrieval and dissemination of information with the aid of
information communication technology (ICT). This may be through computer, internet, E-
mail, slides, teaching aids, telephones, including the global system of mobile
telecommunications (GSM), etc. Early automated library systems were usually consisted of a
number of useful modules such as acquisitions, circulation, cataloguing and open access
online catalogue (OPAC). They basically aimed to provide another alternative other than the
manual system or handling of physical materials. (Breeding, 2005)

Rapid advances information technologies have revolutionized the role of libraries. As a

result, libraries face new challenges, competitors, demands, and expectations. Libraries are
redesigning services and information products to add value to their services and to satisfy the
changing information needs of the user community. Information seekers are no longer
satisfied with only printed materials. They want to supplement the printed information with
more dynamic electronic resources. Demands for digital information are increasing. This
does not mean that traditional libraries should be discarded, this because they can prove to be
useful for handling largely printed materials that are expensive and bulky. (Mutula, 2012)

According to Conway, (2010) archival materials could be stored on servers or drives for easy
retrieval and dissemination to prospective users. In the Digital Age, libraries can no longer be
simply information providers or the keeper of knowledge. Technological changes and the use
of electronically stored and retrieval information systems have changed the way students and
researchers interact with libraries. The instantaneous access to information through the
Internet has made vast amounts of information and data available to anyone with a computer,
a modem and a network provider.

According to Pandey & Mishra (2014) “Libraries are digitizing materials because they know
the continuing value of library resources for learning, teaching, research, scholarship,
documentation, and public accountability”.

According to Das and Chatterjee (2015), digital Libraries have the great advantage of making
bibliographic resources, including the most recent publications, accessible anytime and
anywhere as far as a computer with Internet access is available. They also provide nearly
unlimited storage space at a much lower cost, easier collection maintenance; they have no
physical boundary and provide round the clock availability. Digital library provides access to
much richer content in a more structured manner i.e. we can easily move from the catalogue
to the particular book then to a particular chapter and so on.

Digitization is one of the important aspects of current global information trends fit into the
library and information services for effective information dissemination, preservation of
information resources and facilitating the integration of library services into the learning
process of academic institution (Otubelu & Ume, 2015).

It also makes library’s resources available electronically, users can access the library
digitized resources from their offices and halls of residence even when the library is
physically closed. Most libraries are digitizing materials which might not be lost in the future,
such as old manuscripts, research projects, photo images, analogue maps, non - live musical
recordings, government official gazettes and several other historical records, making high
quality digital unpaged available electronically will reduce wear and tear of fragile items.
Digitization improves access to library resources. Digital projects allow users to search for
collections rapidly and comprehensively from anywhere at any time. Users can access the
same material at the same time without hindrance. It also removes the problem of distance, as
user do not have to travel to libraries that posse the hard copies of library materials before
they can access and use such materials for learning, teaching and research works (Eke, 2011).

It also removes the problem of distance, as users do not have to travel to libraries that possess
the hard copies of library materials before they can access and use such materials. This entails
that the digital library would be open at any time for consultation of materials. Materials
uploaded on the website are always there for people to consult, except when erased by the
website administrator. Library materials especially old manuscripts, photo images, theses,
and musical recordings etc. that are in danger of being lost in the future and which are mostly
historical and valuable needs to be preserved for future use. Digitization offers the ability to
search for an item electronically. Kuny, (2014).

It is noted that rather than scan through table of contents in a book or newspaper, you can do
a quick electronic search and find what you are looking for in seconds. It saves the time of
researchers, students and corporations. This implies that a large number of users can access a
single material at the same time. This also saves time and it goes in line with Ranganathan’s
fourth law of library science which states: "save the time of the reader". Digitization also
helps to reduce handling and use of fragile documents. Routhier, (2014).
In the world of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and globalization,
digitization of materials is fast becoming the norm among libraries as each seeks to contribute
its quota to the world information resource. Libraries embark on the digitization of their
resource available electronically thereby providing a wider access to its collections. In a
networked campus, users can access the library’s digitized resources from their offices and
house of residence even when the library is physically closed. Also, as many people as
possible can gain access to as much material as needed at any given time, a difficult situation
with a text resource. Therefore, digitization holds the advantage of providing a platform for
shareability and duplicity of data, and networking because of the digital form of content. It
also enhances the life – span of records as well as securing data and records that would have
been obliterated due to their age. Sanett, (2013).

Creating a digital library means creating a complete organization of machines and people;
and is an expensive project. Digitization tools are not cheap. Financial budgeting plays a
crucial role in development of digital libraries because no matter what library professionals
want to do, or what are the user’s needs, money is the source of all decisions, the initial cost
depends on the material to be included in the digital library. Darnton, (2010)

The conversion of paper (printed material) into a digital form is surely expensive and time-
consuming. The type of material also affects the cost; the fragile material added to the cost
because of its special care needs and attention such as photographic and audio-visual
collections which are prone to deterioration. (Kastellec, 2012).

Hashim (2012) opined that apart from the cost of building Digital libraries and lack of
financial support for digital libraries, the developing countries face several other problems
related to having operational digital library services. Internet connection in these countries is
expensive and slow, he referred to a study conducted by the African Virtual University that
concluded that African Universities pay 50 times more for their bandwidth then other similar
institutions in the rest of the world.

Cliff Missen states that the majority of Internet connections in Africa are made via satellite
which is many times more expensive to install and maintain (Chowdhury, 2010).

In 2016, Namibia was ranked 99 out of 139 countries in the World Economic Forum global
ICT rankings. This is because it lacked what they refer to as ‘Networked readiness’ as it is a
key indicator of how a country is performing in the digital world. The Internet for community
libraries in Namibia is provided by Telecom Namibia. Their main objectives are to provide
universal access to information and communication facilities in Namibia for all, to
successfully implement Government ICT initiatives in education and training and
successfully implement e-government initiatives and to establish Namibia as a first-class
regional ICT hub that will contribute towards education and economic growth. (Baller et al.,
2016). Network readiness entails the ability for a country to possess the drive necessary for
digital technologies to unleash their potential, and on whether these technologies are actually
impacting the economy and society. (World Economic Forum, 2017).

In the 2019 edition of the inclusive internet index Namibia was ranked poorly in the latest,
which placed the country last among 24 upper-middle-income countries, the study revealed
Namibia’s internet fees are too high and that there was slow growth in internet connections
and 4G network coverage in the past year. Globally Namibia was ranked 84th out of the 100
countries scored in the Inclusive Internet Index stating that ’’ the southern African country
has enormous room for improvement in extending Internet access, and its benefits, to the
population. There has been some strategy development at the national level, for example
regarding mobile spectrum and female e-inclusion. But the competitive environment,
including in mobile provision, could be much stronger, which could help to boost the
country’s Affordability scores’’. The study is commissioned by Facebook and conducted by
The Economist Intelligence Unit, (2019).

1.4 Problems and opportunities hindering digitization in libraries

Digitization makes library’s resources available electronically thereby providing a wider
access to its collections. In a networked campus, users can access the library’s digitized
resources from their offices and halls of residence even when the library is physically closed.
Also, as many people as possible can gain access to as much material as needed at any given
time, a difficult situation with a text resource. Furthermore, digitization offers a solution for
theft of items especially in developing countries where libraries have no electronic security
systems to prevent theft of their collections. It is also a way of preserving aging materials
which could have otherwise gone into extinction. It further allows users to search collections
rapidly and comprehensively from anywhere at any time. North-western University, for
instance, uses this to renew and replace on shelf their heavily-used, old and tattered books.
The books are digitized, printed, bound and placed back on shelves. And when digitized
materials are put on the web, they tend to increase the library’s visibility as the users all over
the world access the materials. Johnson, (2010).
Libraries are notorious for collecting and storing information in society. An endless supply of
information is continuously generated in these institutions and anyone can readily access it
regardless of time and space, thanks to the rapid advancement of computer technology in
contemporary society. But the successful process of library automation has many issues and
challenges.

According Shank, (2011) to the problem hindering digitization are:

 Lack of proper planning: Planning of library automation will involve proper

feasibility study of the project to avoid waste of time, money, energy and to ensure
the success of the project. In spite of its inherent benefits, library automation is a
capital-intensive venture.
 Lack of fund/ economic resources: The library automation committee must keep in
the mind expenditure for library automation and for further maintenance and
development cost for a successful automation process. A year wise development plan
for library automation and service must add in the library automation plan.
 Lack of resources and technology: Most of the library encountered that the library
automation work affected due to problem of insufficient awareness of current
technology like hardware, software issues.
 Lack of competent and willing manpower: Skilled manpower is a must for the library
digitization activities, without that it will be the untouched dream all the time for the
libraries. Emphasis in library education had previously been on traditional
librarianship. The building up of a collection and its organization and administration
dominated the curricula. Information science information technology failed to find
appropriate representation in the courses. This resulted in scarcity of librarians who
could plan, design, program, and implement various information projects.
 Lack of skilled or trained staff /professional: The level of short staffing is apparent
while the little on ground are so little or no computer knowledge. This posed a lot of
technical problems to the automation exercise. In many cases it was found that one or
two Professionals saddled with the responsibility of managing the system unit there
by limiting the outcome of service delivering to clients.

Apart from the machines that act as interfaces, it is now possible to have most library
resources stored virtually.
1.5 Changes ICT has brought to the library
According to Ahmet, (2018) ICT has changed the nature of libraries, bringing forth many
benefits. A variety of terms such as hybrid, digital and virtual library are used to refer to the
library. A digital library can be defined as a “Managed collection of information with
associated services where the information is stored in digital format and accessible over a
network”. The virtual library has been defined as “Remote access to the content and services
of libraries and other information resources, combining an on-site collection of current
heavily used materials both print and in electronic form with an electronic network which
provides access to and delivers from the external worldwide library and commercial
information and knowledge sources. Hybrid libraries are libraries that provide access to both
electronic resources and paper-based resources”. From the definitions, it is clear that most of
today’s libraries fall in the hybrid category. Ashikuzzaman (2014)

According to Olise (2010), the introduction of ICTs in education had brought about
computerization of traditional materials such as books, journals newspaper and other
information resources in the library. This has also led to the existence of virtual library.
Educational researchers, through the use of ICT can access current literature materials with
ease. ICTs also encourage collaboration among researchers irrespective of their locations.The
internet has made information access and retrieval both simple and complex. Information
retrieval systems are being designed to suit the need of end users and therefore try to simplify
the process. Simultaneously however the user is overwhelmed with so much information
resources and choices that the process becomes complex. ICT made information creation in
digital format, online access, file transfer and networking and sharing of information
resources possible. ICT has an impact on every sphere of academic library activity especially
in the form of the library collection development strategies, library building and consortia,
networking and ICT based services.

ICT presents an opportunity to provide value-added information services and access to a

wide variety of digital based information resources to their clients. Furthermore, academic
libraries are also using modern ICTs to automate their core functions, implement efficient and
effective library cooperation and resource sharing networks, implement management
information systems, develop institutional repositories of digital local contents, and digital
libraries: and initiate ICT based capacity building programmes for library users.
Janakiiirman, (2015)
According to Idowu (2011) ICT has made provision for libraries to be able to provide web
access to OPAC, were by libraries are providing access to web-based Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) interfaces. The OPAC makes it easier for users to access and use
information resources. (Afolabi and Abidoye, 2012). Electronic Document Delivery were by
libraries implement ICT-based interlibrary lending system, through the use of electronic
networks for documents delivery. In essence, the Document Delivery Service (DDS) enables
a library to use copies of research papers or other research document, from other libraries.
These documents could be journal articles or other documents in digital format. They are
mainly in portable document format (PDF) and they delivered to library users’ desktops. ICT
has enabled libraries among other services to have Library Retrieval Systems, and
Institutional Repositories.

1.6 Theoretical Framework

According to the fifth law of library science by Ranganathan (1931), a library is a growing
organism. This law best relates to the growth of public libraries whereby library collections
are increasing in numbers and the need to manage them efficiently and effectively is growing.
Manual systems no longer meet the workload demands hence digitization is the next best
solution. Libraries need to adapt to technological change. In the 1800s, librarians had to write
in “librarian hand” when curators of early collections believed that legible handwriting was a
must for card catalogues. This practice faded as typewriters grew in popularity. Similarly,
automated systems in libraries such as the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) have
seen web-based indexes replace the printed predecessors. Libraries have digitised their
collections and networked their catalogues. They have introduced e-books and e-readers to
read them with. They have installed computers for people who do not have access to the
internet at home, provided free Wi-Fi, and added extra plug points so people can use their
own devices. The library is now a virtual space that we access through Kindles, iPads, or
smartphones. Marwala (2019).

Thus it is clear that in this era, the community library’s traditional position as central
mediator is no longer guaranteed. Today, because of the technological changes taking place,
many academic information consumers reject the library mediation in their search for
information; they prefer to do it on their own, using their personal computers from home,
office, bus or the internet cafés they search through Google or Yahoo instead of using the
library physical facilities. As Anthony Mandal of Cardiff University puts it, “The future
library is bigger than all the world’s historical libraries combined and smaller than a book on
one of those libraries’ shelves. Such a thing has only previously been conceived of in
fiction.” Libraries are moving away from the singular use of ICT which was solely for
circulation to additional library services; this is due to ever-evolving technology and
information society’s demands (Nelson, 2012).

These changes are all taking place while Namibia is grappling with the first 3 industrial
revolutions. Digitized libraries have the ability to adopt various innovations in technology
and provide services effectively, efficiently, adequately and economically. The recent trend in
the automation of libraries has made significant growth in the development and upgrading of
the library. Shahkar et al., (2012). India is a successful example of information technology
having been introduced successfully in all their types of libraries and information centres.
Rafiq and Ameen (2008).

1.7 Summary
This study attempts to explore the relevance of the Windhoek public library in the fourth
industrial revolution. A review of the literature indicates that libraries still remain relevant in
every society. The literature review gave the opportunity to find multiple previous works
concerning the topic and see how all these works are connected together The literature also
reveals that although automation is changing the outlook on public libraries as a whole,
public libraries are still very much needed and that most libraries are transforming into
reference centres in the event of full digitization. There has been considerable research
performed to assess how relevant libraries are, given the advent of a range of digital
alternatives to traditional library contents. Overall, there are clearly many benefits to be
gained from digitisation, a few of which have been outlined in the literature review.
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