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(Mới) Junior - Student's Book - 2022 - Online Courses - 12.12.2022
(Mới) Junior - Student's Book - 2022 - Online Courses - 12.12.2022
(Mới) Junior - Student's Book - 2022 - Online Courses - 12.12.2022
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Lời cảm ơn
Thân gửi quý học viên của trung tâm luyện thi The IELTS Workshop,
Lời đầu tiên, The IELTS Workshop xin được gửi lời cảm ơn chân thành nhất tới các bạn
học viên thân yêu vì đã tin tưởng lựa chọn chúng tôi. Cuốn Junior - Student's Workbook
mà bạn đang cầm trên tay là một sản phẩm do chính tay đội ngũ phát triển giáo trình tại
The IELTS Workshop thiết kế.
Với sứ mệnh giúp bạn cải thiện ngôn ngữ tiếng Anh, giỏi tiếng Anh thực chất để có thể tự
tin chinh phục bài thi IELTS học thuật, chúng tôi tin rằng quyển bài tập này sẽ giống như
một người bạn đồng hành cùng các học viên của TIW bắt nhịp với các bài học trên lớp. TIW
hi vọng bạn có thể dành thời gian để hoàn thành đầy đủ bài tập của trình độ Freshman trong
cuốn tuyển tập bài tập và đề thi này để có thể đạt được kết quả học tập tốt nhất với mỗi khóa
học tại The IELTS Workshop.
Đi kèm với cuốn bài tập này là hệ thống giáo trình trực quan, được thiết kế theo chuẩn
CELTA - do các giáo viên của The IELTS Workshop kết hợp/cộng tác biên soạn, cùng với
sự hướng dẫn và giám sát chất lượng của các chuyên gia IELTS, thạc sĩ giáo dục, các thạc sĩ
giảng dạy Tiếng Anh cũng như các cử nhân/thạc sĩ Ngôn ngữ học từ các trường đạo tại Anh
và Úc.
Chúc các bạn học viên có một khoá học bổ ích và lý thú!
First and foremost, The IELTS Workshop would like to express our sincerest gratitude to
all of our students for believing and choosing TIW. This publication, Junior - Student's
Workbook, you are holding right now is a brilliant combination of carefully selected
intellectual products, created by none other than our team at The IELTS Workshop.
As an embodiment of our mission which is to not only help our students improve their English
and develop the language beyond classroom context but also enable them to conquer the
IELTS exam, this workbook shall act as a constant companion to allow students to make
the most of in-class lessons. Therefore, TIW truly hopes that our students can allocate their
time and energy to complete all tasks provided in this workbook so as to achieve the perfect
result for each and every course they take at The IELTS Workshop.
We will use our last word to thank you for placing your trust in us, whereby becoming an
integral part of our success. We hope that you enjoy your time with us!
The IELTS Workshop
Golden Standard for IELTS Preparation
Về chúng tôi
The IELTS Workshop là một trung tâm đào tạo và luyện thi IELTS theo những phương pháp
giảng dạy tiên tiến nhất hiện nay. Đúng với tên gọi - The IELTS Workshop - chúng tôi luôn
nỗ lực cải tiến đội ngũ giảng viên, trợ giảng cũng như tái bản nâng cao các giáo trình nhằm
tạo ra một môi trường học tập tương tác đa chiều, thúc đẩy đam mê yêu thích ngôn ngữ
Anh của học viên, từ đó làm động lực để học tiếng Anh và chinh phục IELTS với điểm số mà
học sinh mong muốn.
Các giáo trình của chúng tôi đã được Sở giáo dục thành phố Hà Nội cấp phép là tài liệu lưu
hành nội bộ và được Cục Bản quyền Tác giả - Bộ Văn hoá, Thể thao và Du lịch cấp phép lưu
hành. Các tài liệu này được giảng dạy bởi các giảng viên có chứng chỉ 8.0 IELTS trở lên và
có ít nhất một năm kinh nghiệm giảng dạy ngôn ngữ, trải qua ba vòng phỏng vấn và kỳ đào
tạo bao gồm ba giai đoạn của TIW. Trong thời gian giảng dạy giáo trình này, các thầy cô cũng
sẽ có kỳ dự giờ đánh giá chất lượng định kỳ không báo trước; chỉ định bắt buộc tham gia
các buổi đào tạo bài thi IELTS do Hội đồng Anh tổ chức; được tài trợ toàn phần với việc học
chứng chỉ CELTA/ TESOL (hay một phần học bổng đối với chương trình thạc sĩ TESOL) khi
có mong muốn hoặc tái đào tạo nghiệp vụ sư phạm và đào tạo cải tiến giáo trình sáu tháng
một lần.
About us
The IELTS Workshop is an English teaching and IELTS training centre with modern facilities
and up-to-date pedagogical methodology. Living up to our name - The IELTS Workshop - we
always strive for perfection in every aspect, namely improving teaching quality of teachers
and teaching assistants, and republishing teaching curriculum; both of which aim to create
a multidimensional interactive learning environment to foster students’ love for English.
We hope that, by doing so, we can push students to their limit and help them achieve their
goals.
All of our teaching syllabi have been officially licensed by the Hanoi Department of
Education as internally circulated documents and formally warranted by the Copyright
Office - Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in the Education sector. Our IELTS trainers
are required to have an 8.0 IELTS score in their possession with at least a year of formal
English teaching, and to have undergone at least 2 months of probation, in addition to a
prior 3 rounds of teaching demonstration and interviews on average. During their tenure,
our teachers are also subjected to unannounced classroom observation for periodical
quality assessment, and compulsory attendance at IELTS training events organised by the
British Council. In case our teaching staffs want to receive postgraduate education (e.g. MA
TESOL) or Cambridge certifications (e.g. CELTA/DELTA) in Pedagogy and Linguistics, they
would be fully funded by The IELTS Workshop.
Trung tâm Ngoại ngữ Bảo An
www.theieltsworkshop.com
info@tiw.vn
The IELTS Workshop 2021
Fifth Edition, 2021
Printed in Vietnam
The IELTS Workshop has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for
external or third-party websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that
any content on such websites is or will remain accurate or appropriate.
Table of Content
Unit 01: Listening 01 1
Unit 02: Reading 01 7
Unit 03: Listening 02 16
Unit 04: Reading 02 23
Unit 05: Listening 03 32
Unit 06: Reading 03 39
Unit 07: Listening 04 48
Unit 08: Reading 04 56
Unit 09: Listening 05 64
Vocabulary
Read the following examples and guess the missing words based on their phonetic
transcription. Then fill in the blanks with the targeted vocabulary.
1 Vinfast is a nationally well-known _________________ /ˈɔː.tə.mə.biːl/ company in Vietnam.
2 Vincent Van Gogh digital art _________________ /ˌek.sɪˈbɪʃ.ən/ has been held in nearly 30 U.S
cities this year.
3 Paying a visit to natural history museums, tourists will have a chance to _________________
/əbˈzɜːv/ diversity of artifacts about ancient plants and animals in the natural world
throughout history.
4 For further information about how to book the tickets to Ho Chi Minh museum, please
Pre-listening
Read the questions and decide what type of information is needed for each question.
Question Information
Part 1
Questions 1–10
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Birmingham Exhibition
Example
Purpose of Calling: purchasing tickets
• Open in: 1 __________________________
• Length of exhibition: 2 __________________________
• A wide range of manufacturers will be showcased
• Some cars are available to observe
The others are for 3 __________________________
• The 4 __________________________ are prohibited to take into the museum
• Every ticket includes one free photo
• Price of ticket: 5 £ __________________________ (in advance)
• Transfer to Mark 6 __________________________ (Box Office Manager)
• Held in the 7 __________________________ Palace this year
• Not far from 8 __________________________
• Website: 9 www. __________________________ .com
• Best way to contact: 10 __________________________
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Requirements
• Maximum size of photos is 30cm, minimum size 4cm.
• Photos must not be in a 1 _________________ or an album.
Cost
• the cost for 350 is 2 £ _________________ (including one disk).
• Before the completed order is sent, 3 _________________ is required.
Services included in the price
• Photo can be placed in a folder, e.g. with the name 4 _________________ .
• The 5 _________________ and contrast can be improved if necessary.
• Photo which are very fragile will be scanned by 6 _________________ .
Special restore service (costs extra)
• It may be possible to remove an object from a photo, or change the
7 _________________ .
• A photo which is not correctly in 8 _________________ cannot be fixed.
Other information
• Orders are completed within 9 _________________ .
• Send the photos in a box (not 10 _________________ ).
Post-listening
Match the words 1-4 below with the ones with similar meanings.
1 cost (n.) a change (v.)
2 name (v.) b correctly (adv.)
3 alter (v.) c charge (n.)
4 properly (adv.) d call (v.)
Part 1
Questions 1–10
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Example
Name: Jane Ryder
Contact phone number: 1 (0044) _________________
Email address: 2 richard@ _________________ co.uk
Occupation: a local 3 _________________
Type of accommodation: • a 2-bedroom apartment wanted
(must have its own 4 _________________ )
• no 5 _________________ required
( family bringing theirs)
• a 6 _________________ in the kitchen is preferable
Preferred location: near a 7 _________________
Maximum rent: 8 £ _________________ per month
Other requests: the accommodation has to be
9 _________________ in the daytime
How did you first hear about us? through a 10 _________________
Job Enquiry
Example
Work at: a restaurant
Type of work: 1 __________________________
Number of hours per week: 12 hours
Would need: work permit
Work in the: 2 __________________________ branch
Nearest bus stop: next to 3 __________________________
Pay: 4 £ __________________________
Extra benefits: a free dinner
extra pay when you work on 5 __________________________
transport home when you work 6 __________________________
Qualities required: 7__________________________
ability to 8 __________________________
Interview arranged for: Thursday 9 __________________________ at 6PM
Bring the names of two referees
Ask for: Samira 10 __________________________
Getting started
Which of the following features do you associate with organic food? Circle the number 1-8.
1 use of pesticides 5 no synthetic chemicals
2 more nutrients 6 use of antibiotics
3 lower chances of having heart disease 7 cheaper than conventional food
4 use of growth hormones 8 bioengineered genes (GMOs)
Pre-reading
Exercise 1
Skim the reading passage Organic food: Why?. What is the main topic of the text?
A The differences between organic farming and conventional farming
B The reasons why people feel the need to eat organic food
C The fact that organic food and farming is not as good as humans think
Exercise 2
Read the given headings i-ix. What are the main points of each heading?
Underline the words that you find important.
List of Headings
i Research into whether organic food is better for us
ii Adding up the cost of organic food
iii The factors that can affect food quality
iv The rich and poor see things differently
v A description of organic farming
vi Testing the taste of organic food
vii Fear of science has created the organic trend
viii The main reason for the popularity of organic food
ix The need to remove hidden dangers from food
Questions 7 and 8
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO of the following points does the writer mention in connection with organic
farming?
A the occasional use of pesticides
B using the same field for different crops
C testing soil quality
D reducing the number of farm workers
E the production of greenhouse gases
Questions 9 and 10
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
According to the writer, which TWO factors affect the nutritional content of food?
A who prepares the food
B the weather conditions during growth
C where the food has been stored
D when the plants were removed from the earth
E the type of farm the food was grown on
Questions 11 and 12
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO negative aspects of organic farming does the writer mention?
A Consumers complain about the extra cost.
B Organic food may make people ill.
C Farm workers have to be specially trained.
D It requires too much technological expertise.
E It is not possible in some countries.
_____ . This is because organic farming strictly uses plant and animal waste for fertilizers
and avoids the usage of chemical fertilizers. As a result, air and water pollution will reduce
considerably. Also, recent studies show that chemical fertilizers are one of the most
important factors which turn fertile agricultural land into barren land on which no crops
can grow. This is another important reason for preferring organic food over conventionally
produced food.
2 A Good health is the only concern to most consumers now.
B Organic food should be sold at a higher price than it is now.
C Organic food is actually not as expensive as it might look.
_____ . Direct comparison of costs between organic and conventionally grown food,
indicates higher costs of organic food. However, the extra cost is nothing when compared
to the hospital bills that one might incur as a result of the side effects of ingesting the
chemicals. Ensuring good health is a wise investment. This can bring in a whole lot of
benefits to all the members of the family and in extension to society at large.
3 A More people are including organic food in their diets.
B People are getting more concerned about the quality of food they eat.
C Genetically modified food can be the main culprit for cancer.
_____ . The rich and the famous have already switched to organic foods. Such foods are
costly and nutritious. Unfortunately, few people can afford them. Those who cannot afford
to buy organic foods are also making a conscious effort to choose foods wisely. They
refuse to buy foods containing additives and preservatives. Some of them are also against
genetically modified (GM) foods. They are worried that GM foods might cause diseases like
cancer.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14‒26 which are based on Reading Passage
2 below.
Questions 14̶20
Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A̶G.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i Different accounts of the same journey
ii Bingham gains support
iii A common belief
iv The aim of the trip
v A dramatic description
vi A new route
vii Bingham publishes his theory
viii Bingham’s lack of enthusiasm
Question 25̶26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
25 The track that took Bingham down the Urubamba valley had been created for the
transportation of _________________ .
26 Bingham found out about the ruins of Machu Picchu from a _________________ in the
Urubamba valley.
Getting started
Look at the movie posters below. Match the movies to their genres a-h.
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Pre-listening
There are several types of presentation materials, each with its own purpose.
Work in groups and discuss the purpose of some materials below. What can be possible
problems when speakers misuse the materials?
Comments
A clearly shows the historical period
B contains only parts of the play
C is too similar to another kind of film
D turned out to be unpopular with audiences
E presents the play in a different period from the original
F sets the original in a different country
G incorporates a variety of art forms
Films
25 Ran
26 Much Ado About Nothing
27 Romeo & Juliet
28 Hamlet
29 Prospero’s Books
30 Looking for Richard
Landmarks in cinematography
Questions 8–10
Complete this list of factors which made California attractive to film makers.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Example: Constant sunshine
8 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
9 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
10 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions 6–10
Complete the table below. Write ONE WORD AND/ORE A NUMBER for each answer.
Cancellation 6 £ _________________
Activity Notes
Introduction by manager
Day 1 Arrive Hotel dining has view of the
15 _________________
Getting started
Match the game names 1-6 to pictures a-f.
a b c
d e f
Vocabulary
Complete the following sentences with the adjectives in the box.
_________________ .
6 Pretend play is highly _________________ because it does not require toys or a certain
number of players.
Pre-reading
Read the pieces of information below and underline the key points. Then scan the reading
passage The Importance of Children's Play. Which paragraphs contain the information?
1 Uses of children's play
2 Recent changes affecting children’s play
3 International policies on children’s play
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1‒13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of playing schools with her younger
brother. When she bosses him around as his ‘teacher’, she’s practising how to regulate her emotions
through pretence. Later on, when they tire of this and settle down with a board game, she’s learning
about the need to follow rules and take turns with a partner.
Recognizing the importance of play is not new: over two millennia ago, the Greek philosopher Plato
extolled its virtues as a means of developing skills for adult life, and ideas about play-based learning
have been developing since the 19th century.
But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is mindful of a worldwide decline in play, pointing
out that over half the people in the world now live in cities. ‘The opportunities for free play, which I
experienced almost every day of my childhood, are becoming increasingly scarce,’ he says. Outdoor
play is curtailed by perceptions of risk to do with traffic, as well as parents’ increased wish to protect
their children from being the victims of crime, and by the emphasis on ‘earlier is better’ which is
leading to greater competition in academic learning and schools.
International bodies like the United Nations and the European Union have begun to develop policies
concerned with children’s right to play, and to consider implications for leisure facilities and
educational programmes. But what they often lack is the evidence to base policies on.
‘The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated, spontaneous and unpredictable – but, as soon
as you ask a five-year-old “to play”, then you as the researcher have intervened,’ explains Dr Sara
Baker. ‘And we want to know what the long-term impact of play is. It’s a real challenge.’
Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of the steps in the puzzle of how and why
play is important have been looked at, there is very little data on the impact it has on the child’s later
life.
Now, thanks to the university’s new Centre for Research on Play in Education, Development and
Learning (PEDAL), Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to provide evidence
on the role played by play in how a child develops.
‘A strong possibility is that play supports the early development of children’s self-control,’ explains
Baker. ‘This is our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking progresses – it influences how
effectively we go about undertaking challenging activities.’
If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, say the researchers, it could be
extremely significant for educational practices, because the ability to self-regulate has been shown to
be a key predictor of academic performance.
Gibson adds: ‘Playful behavior is also an important indicator of healthy social and emotional
development. In my previous research, I investigated how observing children at play can
give us important clues about their well-being and can even be useful in the diagnosis of
neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.’
Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school teacher in the early 1970s, when, as he
describes, ‘the teaching of young children was largely a quiet backwater, untroubled by any serious
intellectual debate or controversy.’ Now, the landscape is very different, with hotly debated topics
such as school starting age.
‘Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent decades. It’s regarded as something trivial,
or even as something negative that contrasts with “work”. Let’s not lose sight of its benefits, and
the fundamental contributions it makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and technology.
Let’s make sure children have a rich diet of play experiences.’
Children's play
Uses of children’s play
• building a ‘magical kingdom’ may help develop 1 _________________
• board games involve 2 _________________ and turn-taking
Recent changes affecting children’s play
• population of 3 _________________ have grown
• opportunities for free play are limited due to
‒ fear of 4 _________________
‒ fear of 5 _________________
‒ increased 6 _________________ in schools
International policie s on children’s play
• it is difficult to find 7 _________________ to support new policies
• research needs to study the impact of play on the rest of the child’s 8 ________________
Question 9̶13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?
Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
9 Children with good self-control are known to be likely to do well at school later on.
10 The way a child plays may provide information about possible medical problems.
11 Playing with dolls was found to benefit girls’ writing more than boys’ writing.
12 Children had problems thinking up ideas when they first created the story with Lego.
13 People nowadays regard children’s play as less significant than they did in the past.
Some people believe that young children should spend most of their time playing
instead of beginning their formal education at very early age.
Do you agree or disagree?
Statements
1 Children should have more playtime for the sake of their social development.______________
2 Playing also can be beneficial for children’s formal education.______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Such age-defying feats are rare in the animal kingdom. Naked mole rats can live for almost 30
years and stay fit for nearly their entire lives. They can still reproduce even when old, and they
never get cancer. But the vast majority of animals deteriorate with age just like people do. Like
the naked mole rat, ants are social creatures that usually live in highly organised colonies. ‘It’s
this social complexity that makes P. dentata useful for studying aging in people,’ says Giraldo,
now at the California Institute of Technology. Humans are also highly social, a trait that has been
connected to healthier aging. By contrast, most animal studies of aging use mice, worms or fruit
flies, which all lead much more isolated lives.
In the lab, P. dentata worker ants typically live for around 140 days. Giraldo focused on ants at four
age ranges: 20 to 22 days, 45 to 47 days, 95 to 97 days and 120 to 122 days. Unlike all previous
studies, which only estimated how old the ants were, her work tracked the ants from the time the
pupae became adults, so she knew their exact ages. Then she put them through a range of tests.
Giraldo watched how well the ants took care of the young of the colony, recording how often each
ant attended to, carried and fed them. She compared how well 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants
followed the telltale scent that the insects usually leave to mark a trail to food. She tested how ants
responded to light and also measured how active they were by counting how often ants in a small
dish walked across a line. And she experimented with how ants react to live prey: a tethered fruit
fly. Giraldo expected the older ants to perform poorly in all these tasks. But the elderly insects were
all good caretakers and trail-followers – the 95-day-old ants could track the scent even longer than
their younger counterparts. They all responded do light well, and the older ants were more active.
And when it came to reacting to prey, the older ants attacked the poor fruit fly just as aggressively
as the young ones did, flaring their mandibles or pulling at the fly’s legs.
‘This is the first time anyone has looked at both behavioral and neural changes in these ants
so thoroughly,’ says Giraldo, who recently published the findings in the Proceeding of the Royal
Society B., Scientists have looked at some similar aspects in bees, but the results of recent bee
studies were mixed – some studies showed age-related declines, which biologists call senescence,
and others didn’t. ‘For now, the study raises more questions than it answers,’ Giraldo says,
‘including how P. dentata stays in such good shape.’
Also, if the ants don’t deteriorate with age, why do they die at all? Out in the wild, the ants probably
don’t live for a full 140 days thanks to predators, disease and just being in an environment that’s
much harsher than the comforts of the lab. ‘The lucky ants that do live into old age may suffer a
steep decline just before dying,’ Giraldo says, but she can’t say for sure because her study wasn’t
designed to follow an ant’s final moments.
‘It will be important to extend these findings to other species of social insects,’ says Gene E.
Robinson, an entomologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This ant might be
unique, or it might represent a broader pattern among other social bugs with possible clues to
the science of aging in larger animals. Either way, it seems that for these ants, age really doesn’t
matter.
Question 9̶13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?
Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
9 Pheidole dentata ants are the only known animals which remain active for almost their
whole lives.
10 Ysabel Giraldo was the first person to study Pheidole dentata ants using precise data
about the insects’ ages.
11 The ants in Giraldo’s experiments behaved as she had predicted that they would.
12 The recent studies of bees used different methods of measuring age-related decline.
13 Pheidole dentata ants kept in laboratory conditions tend to live longer lives.
Vocabulary
What are the meanings of the words in bold? Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.
1 There is an assumption that professional journalists do not tell the whole truth.
A belief B opinion C myth D fact
2 The latest article on COVID-19 attracted a lot of attention from the public.
A gained interest C published worldwide
B distracted the public D spreaded uncontrollably
3 What we read plays a major part in shaping our worldview.
A manufacturing B forming C constructing D diminishing
4 The chief editor briefed his employees about the following month's tasks.
A validated B acknowledged C informed D enacted
5 The newspapers took Daniel Craig's quote completely out of context.
A citation B life C meaning D snippet
6 Her writing style were very straightforward and to the point.
A irrelevant B constructive C relevant D useful
7 You should bear in mind that not everything you see on the internet is true.
A forget B concentrate C remember D think
8 One of the biggest cliches in movies is that journalists are hungry for a story.
A truths B stereotypes C lies D new idea
9 The interviews illustrated the Duchess as compassionate and sensitive.
A showed B developed C differentiated D concluded
Start End
_________________ .
33 In the past, someone who wanted to express an opinion used to write a _________________ ,
while now they write a blog.
34 An amateur journalist's subject is more likely to be a _________________ rather than national
or international news.
35 Amateur news websites, such as Ohmynews in South Korea, earn money from
_________________ .
adapt
evolutionary
immigrant immigratory
ø find
anatomic anatomize
variety / variation
exception
In IELTS Test
When studying vocabulary for the IELTS test, you should learn other forms of the word as
well (adjective, adverb, noun, person, verb).
Questions 26–30
Complete the flow-chart below.
Which FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 26̶30.
A container
B soil
C weight
D condition
E height
F colour
G types
H depths
Stage in the experiment
Pre-reading
Quickly locate the lines in the text which contain the information provided below.
1 Rochman and her colleagues - research - marine debris
2 creatures - in danger - seabirds
3 Rochman - reviewed - studies - bird population - extinct
4 Rochman - analysed - paper - different kinds of danger
5 research - analysed - badly designed
6 one study - mussels - harmed by eating plastic
7 mussels - eat plastic - natural diet
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27‒40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
Chelsea Rochman, an ecologist at the University of California, Davis, has been trying to answer a
dismal question: Is everything terrible, or are things just very, very bad?
Rochman is a member of the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis’s marine-debris
working group, a collection of scientists who study, among other things, the growing problem of
marine debris, also known as ocean trash. Plenty of studies have sounded alarm bells about the state
of marine debris; in a recent paper published in the journal Ecology, Rochman and her colleagues set
out to determine how many of those perceived risks are real.
Often, Rochman says, scientists will end a paper by speculating about the broader impacts of what
they’ve found. For example, a study could show that certain seabirds eat plastic bags, and go on to
warn that whole bird populations are at risk of dying out. ‘But the truth was that nobody had yet
tested those perceived threats,’ Rochman says. ‘There wasn’t a lot of information.’
Rochman and her colleagues examined more than a hundred papers on the impacts of marine debris
In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash were proven true. In the remaining
cases, the working group found the studies had weaknesses in design and content which affected the
validity of their conclusions – they lacked a control group, for example, or used faulty statistics.
Strikingly, Rochman says, only one well-designed study failed to find the effect it was looking
for, an investigation of mussels ingesting microscopic bits. The plastic moved from the mussels’
stomachs to their bloodstreams, scientists found, and stayed there for weeks – but didn’t seem to
stress out the shellfish.
While mussels may be fine eating trash, though, the analysis also gave a clearer picture of the many
ways that ocean debris is bothersome.
Within the studies they looked at, most of the proven threats came from plastic debris, rather than
other materials like metal or wood. Most of the dangers also involved large pieces of debris –
animals getting entangled in trash, for example, or eating it and severely injuring themselves.
But a lot of ocean debris is ‘microplastic’, or pieces smaller than five millimeters. These may be
ingredients used in cosmetics and toiletries, fibers shed by synthetic clothing in the wash, or eroded
remnants of larger debris. Compared to the number of studies investigating large-scale debris,
Rochman’s group found little research on the effects of these tiny bits. ‘There are a lot of open
questions still for microplastic,’ Rochman says, though she notes that more papers on the subject
have been published since 2013, the cutoff point for the group’s analysis.
There are also, she adds, a lot of open questions about the ways that ocean debris can lead to
sea-creature death. Many studies have looked at how plastic affects an individual animal, or that
animal’s tissues or cells, rather than whole populations. And in the lab, scientists often use higher
concentrations of plastic than what’s really in the ocean. None of that tells us how many birds or
fish or sea turtles could die from plastic pollution – or how deaths in one species could affect that
animal’s predators, or the rest of the ecosystem.
‘We need to be asking more ecologically relevant questions,’ Rochman says. Usually, scientists
don’t know exactly how disasters such as a tanker accidentally spilling its whole cargo of oil and
polluting huge areas of the ocean will affect the environment until after they’ve happened. ‘We don’t
Asking the right questions can help policy makers, and the public, figure out where to focus their
attention. The problems that look or sound most dramatic may not be the best places to start. For
example, the name of the ‘Great Pacific Garbage Patch’ – a collection of marine debris in the
northern Pacific Ocean – might conjure up a vast, floating trash island. In reality though, much of
the debris is tiny or below the surface; a person could sail through the area without seeing any trash
at all. A Dutch group called ‘The Ocean Cleanup’ is currently working on plans to put mechanical
devices in the Pacific Garbage Patch and similar areas to suck up plastic. But a recent paper used
simulations to show that strategically positioning the cleanup devices closer to shore would more
effectively reduce pollution over the long term.
‘I think clearing up some of these misperceptions is really important,’ Rochman says. Among
scientists as well as in the media, she says, ‘A lot of the images about strandings and entanglement
and all of that cause the perception that plastic debris is killing everything in the ocean.’
Interrogating the existing scientific literature can help ecologists figure out which problems really
need addressing, and which ones they’d be better off – like the mussels – absorbing and ignoring.
Question 27̶33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?
Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27 Rochman and her colleagues were the first people to research the problem of marine
debris.
28 The creatures most in danger from ocean trash are certain seabirds.
29 The studies Rochman has reviewed have already proved that populations of some birds
will soon become extinct.
30 Rochman analysed papers on the different kinds of danger caused by ocean trash.
31 Most of the research analysed by Rochman and her colleagues was badly designed.
32 One study examined by Rochman was expecting to find that mussels were harmed by
eating plastic.
33 Some mussels choose to eat plastic in preference to their natural diet.
Questions 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
40 What would be the best title for this passage?
A Assessing the threat of marine debris
B Marine debris: who is to blame?
C A new solution to the problem of marine debris
D Marine debris: the need for international action
1 ___________________________________________ 2 ___________________________________________
3 ___________________________________________ 4 ___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2 large piece / plastic debris / could / cause / ocean creatures / entangled / or / severe /
injured.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4 one / effective / methods / protect / environment / reduce / use / throw-away plastic / such
/ plastic shopping bags / single-use cups
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5 another way / deter / consumers / use / so many / plastic bag / put / high price on them
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1‒13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
The power of modern electronic media - the net, mobile phones and video games - to capture the
attention of the human mind, particularly the young mind, and then distract it, has lately become
a subject of concern. We are, say the worriers, losing the ability to apply ourselves properly to a
single task, like reading a book in its entirety or mastering a piece of musk on an instrument, with
the result that our thinking is becoming shallower.
Nicholas Carr, the American science writer, has explored this theme for his new book, The
Shallows, In which he argues that new media are not just changing our habits but our brain too.
It turns out that the mature human brain is not an immutable seat of personality and intellect but
a changeable thing, subject to ‘neuroplasticity’. When our activities alter, so does the architecture
of our brain. ‘I’m not thinking the way I used to think’ writes Carr. ‘l feel it most strongly when I’m
reading.’ Years of Internet use have, he suspects, dented his ability to read deeply, to absorb
himself in books: ‘My brain wasn’t just drifting. It was hungry, it was demanding to be fed the
way the net fed it: He describes getting fidgety when faced with a long text: ‘When we go online,
we enter an environment that promotes cursory reading, hurried and distracted thinking, and
superficial learning.’
But is a changing mind a more stupid one? Jake Vigdor and Helen Ladd are researchers at Duke
University, North Carolina. In a study spanning five years and involving more than 100,000 children,
they discovered a correlation between declining test scores in both mathematics and reading and
the spread of home computers and broadband. ‘The decline in scores was in the order of one or
two percent but it was statistically significant’, says Vigdor ‘The drop may not be that great but one
can say that the increase in computer use was certainly not positive: The cut-off year for the study
was 2005, when socializing was more primitive. Since then, social networking sites have become
enormously powerful consumers of young people’s time. Vigdor and Ladd concluded that the
educational value of home computing was best realized when youngsters were actively supervised
by parents.
This tendency to skim is compounded by the temptation of new media users to ‘multi-task’. Watch
a youngster on a computer and he could be Facebook-ing while burning a CD or Tweeting on his
mobile phone. Modern management tends to promote multi-tasking as an expression of increased
efficiency. Science, on the other hand, does not. The human brain is, it seems, not at all good at
multitasking - unless it involves a highly developed skill like driving. David Meyer, a neuroscientist
at the University of Michigan, says: ‘The bottom line is that you can’t simultaneously be thinking
about your tax return and reading an essay, just as you can’t talk to yourself about two things at
once. People may think otherwise but it’s a myth. With complicated tasks, you will never, ever be
able to overcome the inherent limitations in the brain’.
Paying attention is the prerequisite of memory: the sharper the attention, the sharper the memory.
Cursory study born of the knowledge that information is easily available online results, say the
worriers, in a failure to digest it. In addition, the brain needs rest and recovery time to consolidate
thoughts. Teenagers who fill every moment with a text or Tweet are not allowing their minds
necessary downtime. All rather worrying, but is it that bad?
The net is supposed to consume the lives of young people, yet the only reliable studies about the
time spent online, collated by the World Health Organization, suggest children spend between
two and four hours in front of screens, including television screens, and not six or seven, as often
suggested. Moreover, there is evidence that youngsters who use social networking sites have more
rewarding offline social lives than those who do not.
A study on children and new technology in the UK included a ‘study of studies’ by Professor David
Buckingham of the University of London’s Institute of Education. He concluded: ‘Broadly speaking,
the evidence about the effects of new media is weak and inconclusive -and this applies to both
positive and negative effects.
Certainly the ‘old’ media don’t seem to be doing that badly. An annual survey shows that sales of
children’s books this year were 4.9 per cent greater than last year, with more than 60 million sold.
The damage, if any, done by excessive computer time may not be so much to do with what is being
done online as what is being missed - time spent with family or playing in trees with friends.
Question 1̶6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?
Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Some people believe that modern electronic media only have a negative effect on young
people.
2 Nicholas Carr’s book on the subject is a bestseller.
3 Nicholas Carr believes that electronic media have affected his’ enjoyment of reading
books.
4 Gary Small’s research supports Nicholas Carr’s belief.
5 Management beliefs on multitasking are proven correct by scientific research.
6 David Meyer’s views on the limitations of the brain have caused controversy.
Question 11̶13
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
11 Which invention was criticized by an 18th century French politician?
12 According to studies that can be trusted, what is the maximum amount of time per day
that children spend looking at screens?
13 Which products have become more popular recently?
Pre-listening
Work in groups.
Rearrange steps A-G below into the correct order to conduct a study.
The process of conducting research
Step 1: __________
Step 2: __________
Step 3: __________
Step 4: __________
Step 5: __________
Step 6: __________
Step 7: __________
Questions 24–30
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Study of local library: possible questions
• whether it has a 24 _________________ of its own
• its policy regarding noise of various kinds
• how it’s affected by laws regarding all aspects of 25 _________________
• how the design needs to take the 26 _________________ of customers into account
• what 27 _________________ is required in case of accidents
• why a famous person’s 28 _________________ is located in the library
• whether it has a 29 _________________ of local organisations
• how it’s different from a library in a 30 _________________
Exercise 1
Work in groups.
Imagine you are experts in a specific field (science, education, marketing, technology, beauty...).
What are possible topics that you would like to conduct research on?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2
Work in groups.
Form a hypothesis for your research question.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
RESEARCH
Locate and read relevant articles, noting key information and also 21 __________
Identify a problem or need
Select interviewees – these may be site 22 __________ , visitors or city 23 __________
Prepare and carry out interviews. If possible, collect statistics.
Check whether 24 __________ of interviewees can be used.
ANALYSIS
Select relevant information and try to identify 25 __________
Decide on the best form of visuals
Questions 27–30
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
The Horton Castle site
27 Natalie and Dave agree one reason why so few people visit Horton Castle is that
A the publicity is poor.
B it is difficult to get to.
C there is little there of interest.
Vocabulary
Work in group.
Find the words highlighted in the text that have the same meaning as the given words below.
1 a lot of _____________________________________________________________________________________
2 benefit ____________________________________________________________________________________
3 difficult ___________________________________________________________________________________
4 encouraged _______________________________________________________________________________
5 from the very beginning ___________________________________________________________________
6 studied ____________________________________________________________________________________
7 treating (a disease) ________________________________________________________________________
8 understanding ____________________________________________________________________________
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14‒26 which are based on Reading Passage
2 below.
Saving bugs to find new drugs
Zoologist Ross Piper looks at the potential of insects in pharmaceutical research
A More drugs than you might think are derived from, or inspired by, compounds found in living
things. Looking to nature for the soothing and curing of our ailments is nothing new – we
have been doing it for tens of thousands of years. You only have to look at other primates
– such as the capuchin monkeys who rub themselves with toxin-oozing millipedes to deter
mosquitoes, or the chimpanzees who use noxious forest plants to rid themselves of intestinal
parasites – to realise that our ancient ancestors too probably had a basic grasp of medicine.
B Pharmaceutical science and chemistry built on these ancient foundations and perfected
the extraction, characterization, modification and testing of these natural products. Then,
for a while, modern pharmaceutical science moved its focus away from nature and into the
laboratory, designing chemical compounds from scratch. The main cause of this shift is that
although there are plenty of promising chemical compounds in nature, finding them is far from
easy. Securing sufficient numbers of the organism in question, isolating and characterizing
Questions 14̶20
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A̶I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
14 mention of factors driving a renewed interest in natural medicinal compounds.
15 how recent technological advances have made insect research easier
16 examples of animals which use medicinal substances from nature
17 reasons why it is challenging to use insects in drug research
18 reference to how interest in drug research may benefit wildlife
19 a reason why nature-based medicines fell out of favour for a period
20 an example of an insect-derived medicine in use at the moment
Questions 21 and 22
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO of the following make insects interesting for drug research?
A the huge number of individual insects in the world
B the variety of substances insects have developed to protect themselves
C the potential to extract and make use of insects’ genetic codes
D the similarities between different species of insect
E the manageable size of most insects
Exercise 1
According to the information from Paragraph E, how can insects be helpful to humans?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2
Match the causes of environmental problems 1-5 to their effects a-b.
1 deforestation a extreme weather conditions
2 intense exploitation (fishing, hunting,...) b habitat loss
3 oil spill accident c reducing global warming
4 greenhouse effect d some impurities in the oceans
5 limiting fumes from factories e resources’ exhaustion
Exercise 3
Use different expressions lead to, be attributed to, cause, result in, contribute to to make full
sentences from 10 phrases in Exercise 2.
1 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4
Work in groups. Choose one sentence from Exercise 3 and add more information to support it.
You can answer the questions below:
• How does the cause lead to the result?
• What can be the consequences of the result?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
A For years, the Sahara has been regarded by many Europeans as a terra incognita* of little
economic value or importance. But this idea may soon change completely. Politicians and
scientists on both sides of the Mediterranean are beginning to focus on the Sahara’s potential
to provide power for Europe in the future. They believe the desert’s true value comes from the
fact that it is dry and empty. Some areas of the Sahara reach 45 degrees centigrade on many
afternoons. It is, in other words, a gigantic natural storehouse of solar energy.
B A few years ago, scientists began to calculate just how much energy the Sahara holds. They
were astonished at the answer. In theory, a 90,600 square kilometre chunk of the Sahara
- smaller than Portugal and a little over 1% of its total area - could yield the same amount
of electricity as all the world’s power plants combined. A smaller square of 15,500 square
kilometres - about the size of Connecticut - could provide electricity for Europe’s 500 million
people.
‘I admit I was sceptical until 1 did the calculations myself,’ says Michael Pawlyn, director of
Exploration Architecture, one of three British environmental companies comprising the Sahara
Forest Project, which is testing solar plants in Oman and the United Arab Emirates. Pawlyn
calls the Sahara’s potential ’staggering’.
C At the moment, no one is proposing the creation of a solar power station the size of a small
country. But a relatively well-developed technology exists, which proponents say could turn
the Sahara’s heat and sunlight into a major source of electricity - Concentrating Solar Power
[CSP], Unlike solar panels, which convert sunlight directly into electricity, CSP utilises mirrors
which focus light on water pipes or boilers to produce very hot steam to operate the turbines
of generators. Small CSP plants have produced power in California’s Mojave Desert since the
1980s. The Sahara Forest Project proposes building CSP plants in areas below sea level (the
Sahara has several such depressions) so that sea water can flow into them. This water would
then be purified and used for powering turbines and washing dust off the mirrors. Waste water
would then supply irrigation to areas around the stations, creating lush oases - hence the
’forest’ in the group’s name.
Questions 6̶9
Look at the following statements (Questions 6-9) and the list of organisations below.
Match each statement with the correct organisation, A‒G.
6 They have set a time for achieving an objective.
7 They believe that successful small-scale projects will demonstrate that larger projects are
possible.
8 They have a number of renewable energy projects under construction.
9 They are already experimenting with solar- energy installations in other parts of the world.
List of Organisations
A Exploration Architecture E Abengoa
B DESERTEC F The European Parliament
C ABB Power Technologies G e-Parliament
D Aerospace Centre
Questions 10̶13
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
Unlike solar panels, CSP concentrates the sun’s rays on boilers by using 10 _________________ .
The resulting heat produces high-temperature 11 _________________ , which in turn moves the
turbines which generate electricity. CSP plants will be situated in 12 _________________ to allow
sea water to run in. This, when purified, can be used to wash the equipment. The resulting dirty
water will be used for 13 _________________ around the power plant, and in this way oases will be
formed.
Vocabulary
Exercise 1
Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.
1 Exercise helps your muscles _________________ (to absorb) glucose.
2 If you eat many small snacks throughout the day, the calorie count _________________ (to
add up).
3 My coach has me _________________ (to keep track of) my diet to lose weight.
4 The coffee beans _________________ (to grind up) before they are brewed.
5 It _________________ ages (to take) to burn the calories from that pizza just from brisk
walking.
6 Some artificial sweeteners _________________ (to suspect) to lead to obesity.
What _________________ (you - to reckon)?
Exercise 2
Match the words 1-9 to their correct meanings a-i.
1 accurate a correct
2 actually b hard to understand
3 artificial c fairly, impartially, not influenced by feeling or prejudice
4 confusing d manufactured, man-made
5 deliberately e nourishing, healthy
6 likely f on purpose
7 nutritional g probably, might happen or be true
8 nutritious h relating to nutrition
9 objectively i used to emphasize that something done is surprising
Pre-listening
Exercise 4
Underline the key words in sentences 1-5.
1 The results were what he had predicted.
2 The experiment was simple to set up.
3 A large sample of people was tested.
4 The subjects were unaware of what they were drinking.
5 The test was repeated several times for each person.
Exercise 5
In the IELTS Listening test, the words in the recording and those in the questions may not be
the same. Synonyms and paraphrases are often used.
Complete the following sentences with the given words in the box so that they have the same
meanings with the sentences in Exercise 4. The order of the sentences has been changed.
didn't know doing the test organise thought took the test
Questions 23 and 24
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO problems did Rosie have when measuring the fat content of nuts?
A She used the wrong sort of nuts.
B She used an unsuitable chemical.
C She did not grind the nuts finely enough.
D The information on the nut package was incorrect.
E The weighing scales may have been unsuitable.
Questions 25-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
25 Adam suggests that restaurants could reduce obesity if their menus
A offered fewer options.
B had more low-calorie foods.
C were organised in a particular way.
26 The students agree that food manufacturers deliberately
A make calorie counts hard to understand.
B fail to provide accurate calorie counts.
C use ineffective methods to reduce calories.
27 What does Rosie say about levels of exercise in England?
A The amount recommended is much too low.
B Most people overestimate how much they do.
C Women now exercise more than they used to.
Post-listening
Answer the questions below based on the information from the recording.
1 Can consumer tell real sugar apart from artificial sweetener?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2 What can restaurants do to decrease health problems?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
3 Why do manufactures put confusing calories count on food packaging?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4 What is the current recommended amount of exercise for each person?
Do English people follow this guideline?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5 According to Adam, what is the minor modification in the enviroment that can chang
people's behavior?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Idea from listening task: Idea from listening task: Idea from listening task:
people are not following • unconscious process has
the recommended amount long-term influence
of exercise
Idea from listening task: Other idea: Idea from listening task:
• consumers be more
informed and aware
•
Questions 27 and 28
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO things surprised the students about the traffic-light system for nutritional labels?t
A its widespread use
B the fact that it is voluntary for supermarkets
C how little research was done before its introduction
D its unpopularity with food manufacturers
E the way that certain colours are used
Questions 29 and 30
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO things are true about the participants in the study on the traffic-light system?
A They had low literacy levels.
B They were regular consumers of packaged food.
C They were selected randomly.
D They were from all socio-economic groups.
E They were interviewed face-to-face.
Questions 23 and 24
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO reasons does Jeannie give for deciding to leave some college clubs?
A She is not sufficiently challenged.
B The activity interferes with the studies.
C She does not have enough time.
D The activity is too demanding physically.
E She does not think she is any good at the activity.
Questions 25-26
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
25 What does Dan say about the seminars on the course ?
A The other students do not give him a chance to speak.
B The seminars make him feel inferior to the other students.
C The preparation for seminars takes too much time.
26 What does Jeannie say about the tutorials on the course?
A They are an inefficient way of providing guidance.
B They are more challenging than she had expected.
C They are helping her to develop her study skills.
Questions 25-27
Choose THREE letters, A-G.
Which THREE topics does Sandra agree to include in the proposal?
A climate change
B field trip activities
C geographical features
D impact to ftourism
E my thousand legends
F plant and animal life
G social history
Questions 28-30
Complete the sentences below.
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
28 The tribal park covers _________________ hectares.
29 Sandra suggests that they share the _________________ for transport.
30 She says they could also explore the local _________________ .
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets.
1 The _________________ (dominate) of the car makes cycling and walking increasingly
difficult.
2 Consuming some artificial _________________ (preserve) such as nitrites or nitrates used
in processed meats has been shown to increase our risk of colon cancer and should be
limited in our diets.
3 Since each crop does not have the same nutrient requirements, the crop _________________
(rotate) allows the uptake of the various nutrients from year to year depending on the
crop.
4 _________________ (convene) teaching forces students to demonstrate knowledge and
content mastery via tests which can be jeopardizing to their learning because they only
have minimal control over this matter.
5 The world today uses more _________________ (alter) energy than ever before since it
contributes to the preservation of the environment.
6 _________________ (art) ability includes skills and talent to create works of art such as
painting, drawing,and musical composition.
7 The changes in our behavioral patterns and adaptations that are caused by these
technological advances could prove to be the primary driving forces behind the next stage
of _________________ (evolve) for our species.
8 Some people are under the _________________ (assume) that playing with computer games
is useful for children because it has advantages such as preventing them from going
outside and learning bad things.
9 The most known consequence of _________________ (forest) is its threat to biodiversity.
10 While natural ecosystems are essential for plant and animal growth, intense
_________________ (exploit) can lead to severe issues like global warming, food insecurity,
climate change, and mineral depletion.
_________________ .
In IELTS Test
It is highly advised that you learn all the forms of a new vocabulary (adjective, adverb,
noun, person, verb). Then, you should revise your lexical resource using different methods.
The exercises above apply cued and free recall techniques to help refresh your memory.
Questions 14̶20
Reading passage 2 has six sections, A̶G.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i Getting the finance for production
ii An unexpected benefit
iii From initial inspiration to new product
iv The range of potential customers for the device
v What makes the device different from alternatives
vi Cleaning water from a range of sources
vii Overcoming production difficulties
viii Profit not the primary goal
ix A warm welcome for the device
x The number of people affected by water shortages
14 Section A
15 Section B
16 Section C
17 Section D
18 Section E
19 Section F
20 Section G
Questions 21-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
How the Desolenator works
The energy required to operate the Desolenator comes from sunlight. The device can be used
in different locations, as it has 21 _________________ . Water is fed into a pipe, and a
22 _________________ of water flows over a solar panel. The water then enters a boiler, where it
turns into steam. Any particles in the water are caught in a 23 _________________ . The purified
water comes out through one tube, and all types of 24 _________________ come out through
another. A screen displays the 25 _________________ of the device, and transmits the information
to the company so that they know when the Desolenator requires 26 _________________ .
Vocabulary
Choose the the correct meaning of the words in bold.
1 Hansel and Gretel’s mother wanted to dispose of them.
A take care of B help C get rid of D find
2 She played well, but her opponent got the better of her.
A lost B defeated C understood D gave up on
3 She had to alter her clothes after losing weight.
A adjust B replace C narrow D discard
4 The state bank has taken further steps to retain control over the value of the dollar.
A abandon B withdraw C gain D keep
5 Pinocchio’s growing nose can indicate if he is lying.
A show B hide C verify D justify
6 I found the book so gripping that I couldn’t put it down.
A catching B shocking C interesting D fabulous
7 Cinderella story is now still a perennial favorite.
A lasting B short-term C popular D temporary
8 Christianity is central to Hans Andersen’s tales.
A middle B among C crucial D beneficial
9 Magic is a fundamental aspect of a fairy tale.
A basic B key C objective D valuable
10 The lesson of The Princess and The Pea is that only a true princess can notice such a trivial
thing like a tiny pea under the mattress.
A insignificant B informative C silly D worthless
A got married to the prince and they lived happily ever after.
B gave birth to twins.
C left a breadcrumb trail to find their way back home.
D protested how few rights women had, particularly when it came to marriage.
E sacrificed herself and became sea foam at the end of the story.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27‒40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
People of every culture tell each other fairy tales but the same story often takes a variety of forms
in different parts of the world. In the story of Little Red Riding Hood that European children are
familiar with, a young girl on the way to see her grandmother meets a wolf and tells him where she
is going. The wolf runs on ahead and disposes of the grandmother, then gets into bed dressed in the
grandmother’s clothes to wait for Little Red Riding Hood. You may think you know the story – but
which version? In some versions, the wolf swallows up the grandmother, while in others it locks
The universal appeal of these tales is frequently attributed to the idea that they contain cautionary
messages: in the case of Little Red Riding Hood, to listen to your mother, and avoid talking to
strangers. ‘It might be what we find interesting about this story is that it’s got this survival-relevant
information in it,’ says anthropologist Jamie Tehrani at Durham University in the UK. But his
research suggests otherwise. ‘We have this huge gap in our knowledge about the history and
prehistory of storytelling, despite the fact that we know this genre is an incredibly ancient one,’
he says. That hasn’t stopped anthropologists, folklorists* and other academics devising theories to
explain the importance of fairy tales in human society. Now Tehrani has found a way to test these
ideas, borrowing a technique from evolutionary biologists.
To work out the evolutionary history, development and relationships among groups of organisms,
biologists compare the characteristics of living species in a process called ‘phylogenetic analysis’.
Tehrani has used the same approach to compare related versions of fairy tales to discover how they
have evolved and which elements have survived longest.
Tehrani’s analysis focused on Little Red Riding Hood in its many forms, which include another
Western fairy tale known as The Wolf and the Kids. Checking for variants of these two tales and
similar stories from Africa, East Asia and other regions, he ended up with 58 stories recorded from
oral traditions. Once his phylogenetic analysis had established that they were indeed related, he used
the same methods to explore how they have developed and altered over time.
First he tested some assumptions about which aspects of the story alter least as it evolves, indicating
their importance. Folklorists believe that what happens in a story is more central to the story than
the characters in it – that visiting a relative, only to be met by a scary animal in disguise, is more
fundamental than whether the visitor is a little girl or three siblings, or the animal is a tiger instead
of a wolf.
However, Tehrani found no significant difference in the rate of evolution of incidents compared
with that of characters. ‘Certain episodes are very stable because they are crucial to the story, but
there are lots of other details that can evolve quite freely,’ he says. Neither did his analysis support
the theory that the central section of a story is the most conserved part. He found no significant
difference in the flexibility of events there compared with the beginning or the end.
But the really big surprise came when he looked at the cautionary elements of the story. ‘Studies on
The answer, it would appear, is fear – blood-thirsty and gruesome aspects of the story, such as the
eating of the grandmother by the wolf, turned out to be the best preserved of all. Why are these
details retained by generations of storytellers, when other features are not? Tehrani has an idea: ‘In
an oral context, a story won’t survive because of one great teller. It also needs to be interesting when
it’s told by someone who’s not necessarily a great storyteller.’ Maybe being swallowed whole by a
wolf, then cut out of its stomach alive is so gripping that it helps the story remain popular, no matter
how badly it’s told.
Mathias Clasen at Aarhus University in Denmark isn’t surprised by Tehrani’s findings. ‘Habits
and morals change, but the things that scare us, and the fact that we seek out entertainment that’s
designed to scare us – those are constant,’ he says. Clasen believes that scary stories teach us what
it feels like to be afraid without having to experience real danger, and so build up resistance to
negative emotions.
Questions 27̶31
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A̶F below.
27 In fairy tales, details of the plot
28 Tehrani rejects the idea that the useful lessons for life in fairy tales
29 Various theories about the social significance of fairy tales
30 Insights into the development of fairy tales
31 All the fairy tales analysed by Tehrani
Questions 32̶36
Complete the summary using the list of words A‒I below.
Phylogenetic analysis of Little Red Riding Hood
Tehrani used techniques from evolutionary biology to find out if 32 _________________ existed
among 58 stories from around the world. He also wanted to know which aspects of the stories
had fewest 33 _________________ as he believed these aspects would be the most important
ones. Contrary to other beliefs, he found that some 34 _________________ that were included in
a story tended to change over time, and that the middle of a story seemed no more important
than the other parts. He was also surprised that parts of a story which seemed to provide some
sort of 35 _________________ were unimportant. The aspect that he found most important in a
story’s survival was 36 _________________ .
Questions 37̶40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
37 What method did Jamie Tehrani use to test his ideas about fairy tales?
A He compared oral and written forms of the same stories.
B He looked at many different forms of the same basic story.
C He looked at unrelated stories from many different countries.
D He contrasted the development of fairy tales with that of living creatures.
38 When discussing Tehrani’s views, Jack Zipes suggests that
A Tehrani ignores key changes in the role of women.
B stories which are too horrific are not always taken seriously.
C Tehrani overemphasises the importance of violence in stories.
D features of stories only survive if they have a deeper significance.
Post-reading
Scan the reading passage again to find the words that match the definitions below.
1 c _ _ t _ _ _ ary (adj.) serving as a warning.
2 f _ _ _ _ _ _ ists (n.) those who study traditional stories
3 g _ _ _ _ (n.) a category literature
4 g___s___ (adj.) causing great horror
5 m _ _ _l (n.) concerned with the goodness or badness of human character
6 n _ _ _ _ ive (n.) a story
7 _ _ _ _ (adj.) by word of mouth; spoken rather than written
8 story _ _ _ _ ers (n.) those who deliver a story
9 folk _ _ _ _ (n.) an old story that's been told again and again
10 v _ _ _ _ _ _ (n.) the bad guy in a story
Why does music make us feel? One the one hand, music is a purely abstract art form, devoid of
language or explicit ideas. And yet, even though music says little, it still manages to touch us deeply.
When listening to our favourite songs, our body betrays all the symptoms of emotional arousal. The
pupils in our eyes dilate, our pulse and blood pressure rise, the electrical conductance of our skin is
lowered, and the cerebellum, a brain region associated with bodily movement, becomes strangely
active. Blood is even re-directed to the muscles in our legs. In other words, sound stirs us at our
biological roots.
A recent paper in Nature Neuroscience by a research team in Montreal, Canada, marks an important
step in revealing the precise underpinnings of the potent pleasurable stimulus’ that is music.
Although the study involves plenty of fancy technology, including functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) and ligand-based positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, the experiment
itself was rather straightforward. After screening 217 individuals who responded to advertisements
requesting people who experience ‘chills’ to instrumental music, the scientists narrowed down
the subject pool to ten. They then asked the subjects to bring in their playlist of favourite songs –
virtually every genre was represented, from techno to tango – and played them the music while
their brain activity was monitored. Because the scientists were combining methodologies (PET and
fMRI), they were able to obtain an impressively exact and detailed portrait of music in the brain.
The first thing they discovered is that music triggers the production of dopamine – a chemical with
a key role in setting people’s moods – by the neurons (nerve cells) in both the dorsal and ventral
regions of the brain. As these two regions have long been linked with the experience of pleasure, this
finding isn’t particularly surprising.
What is rather more significant is the finding that the dopamine neurons in the caudate – a region
of the brain involved in learning stimulus-response associations, and in anticipating food and other
‘reward’ stimuli – were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants’ favourite
moments in the music. The researchers call this the ‘anticipatory phase’ and argue that the purpose
One way to answer the question is to look at the music and not the neurons. While music can
often seem (at least to the outsider) like a labyrinth of intricate patterns, it turns out that the most
important part of every song or symphony is when the patterns break down, when the sound
becomes unpredictable. If the music is too obvious, it is annoyingly boring, like an alarm clock.
Numerous studies, after all, have demonstrated that dopamine neurons quickly adapt to predictable
rewards. If we know what’s going to happen next, then we don’t get excited. This is why composers
often introduce a key note in the beginning of a song, spend most of the rest of the piece in the
studious avoidance of the pattern, and then finally repeat it only at the end. The longer we are denied
the pattern we expect, the greater the emotional release when the pattern returns, safe and sound.
To demonstrate this psychological principle, the musicologist Leonard Meyer, in his classic book
Emotion and Meaning in Music (1956), analysed the 5th movement of Beethoven’s String Quartet in
C-sharp minor, Op. 131. Meyer wanted to show how music is defined by its flirtation with – but not
submission to – our expectations of order. Meyer dissected 50 measures (bars) of the masterpiece,
showing how Beethoven begins with the clear statement of a rhythmic and harmonic pattern and
then, in an ingenious tonal dance, carefully holds off repeating it. What Beethoven does instead
is suggest variations of the pattern. He wants to preserve an element of uncertainty in his music,
making our brains beg for the one chord he refuses to give us. Beethoven saves that chord for the
end.
According to Meyer, it is the suspenseful tension of music, arising out of our unfulfilled
expectations, that is the source of the music’s feeling. While earlier theories of music focused on
the way a sound can refer to the real world of images and experiences – its ‘connotative’ meaning –
Meyer argued that the emotions we find in music come from the unfolding events of the music itself.
This ‘embodied meaning’ arises from the patterns the symphony invokes and then ignores. It is this
uncertainty that triggers the surge of dopamine in the caudate, as we struggle to figure out what will
happen next. We can predict some of the notes, but we can’t predict them all, and that is what keeps
us listening, waiting expectantly for our reward, for the pattern to be completed.
Researchers also observed that the neurons in the area of the brain called the
29 _________________ were particularly active just before the participants’ favourite moments
in the music – the period known as the 30 _________________ . Activity in this part of the brain is
associated with the expectation of ‘reward’ stimuli such as 31 _________________ .
Questions 32̶36
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
32 What point does the writer emphasise in the first paragraph?
A how dramatically our reactions to music can vary
B how intense our physical responses to music can be
C how little we know about the way that music affects us
D how much music can tell us about how our brains operate
33 What view of the Montreal study does the writer express in the second paragraph?
A Its aims were innovative.
B The approach was too simplistic.
C It produced some remarkably precise data.
D The technology used was unnecessarily complex.
34 What does the writer find interesting about the results of the Montreal study?
A the timing of participants’ neural responses to the music
B the impact of the music of participants’ emotional state
C the section of participants’ brains which was activated by the music
D the type of music which had the strongest effect on participants’ brains
Questions 37̶40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A̶F below.
37 The Montreal researchers discovered that
38 Many studies have demonstrated that
39 Meyer’s analysis of Beethoven’s music shows that
40 Earlier theories of music suggested that
Pre-listening
Read the sentences 1-12. Do they have the same meanings with the phrases A-G?
Put the numbers 1-12 into the correct place on the table.
There is an example that has been done for you.
1 accessible for anyone 7 hard to chat with people
2 any time of the year 8 impossible with snow, ice, wind, rain
3 boring 9 less chance of hurting
4 challenging if not flexible 10 likely to give up
5 encouraging 11 permanent damage
6 fun 12 takes a short period of time
E sociable Ø
F fast results Ø
G motivating
Advantages
A not dependent on season E sociable
B enjoyable F fast results
C low risk of injury G motivating
D fitness level unimportant
Physical activities
11 using a gym
12 running
13 swimming
14 cycling
15 doing yoga
16 training with a personal trainer
Questions 17 and 18
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
For which TWO reasons does the speaker say people give up going to the gym?
A lack of time
B loss of confidence
C too much effort required
D high costs
E feeling less successful than others
Questions 19 and 20
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO pieces of advice does the speaker give for setting goals?
A write goals down
B have achievable aims
C set a time limit
D give yourself rewards
E challenge yourself
1 2 3
4 5 6
1 We had to book in advance to get a table at the Gusteau's. That restaurant is so high-class,
they even use silver ________________________ .
2 We visited Mauna Kea ________________________ during our trip to America.
3 My family took a short trip to Bat Trang ________________________ and made some ceramics.
4 The ________________________ was amazing, we've got to see jousting, which is a sport where
the riders try to knock their competitor off their horses.
5 The girls are shopping for some gowns to prepare for the ________________________ this
week.
6 When we are staying at our beach house, we always take a ________________________ at
sunrise.
Information
A all downhill E no charge
B suitable for beginners F swimming possible
C only in good weather G fully booked today
D food included H transport not included
Excursions
11 dolphin watching
12 forest walk
13 cycle trip
14 local craft tour
15 observatory trip
16 horse riding
Questions 17 and 18
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO things does the speaker say about the attraction called Musical Favourites?
A You pay extra for drinks.
B You must book it in advance.
C You get a reduction if you buy two tickets.
D You can meet the performers.
E You can take part in the show.
Questions 19 and 20
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO things does the speaker say about the Castle Feast?
A Visitors can dance after the meal.
B There is a choice of food.
C Visitors wear historical costume.
D Knives and forks are not used.
E The entertainment includes horse races.
Some people think that governments should ban dangerous sports, while others think
people should have freedom to do any sports or activity.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
1 All physical activities carry a certain degree of risks ________________________ this can be
avoided with proper preparation.
2 ________________________ extreme sports can be hazardous than others, athletes can take
tests to ensure they are physically and mentally capable before participating.
3 ________________________ the possible consequences, extreme sports remain their popularity
among the public.
4 ________________________ general notion, concerns over the safety of extreme sports are
quite irrelevent.
5 Risk factors are present in all sports. ________________________, people should have the
autonomy to play any sports they want.
6 Skydivers are prone to deathly injuries ________________________ football players are likely to
suffer from ankle sprains.
Information
A It has a good place to stop and rest.
B It is suitable for all abilities.
C It involves crossing a river.
D It demands a lot of skill.
E It may be closed in bad weather.
F It has some very narrow sections.
Mountain trails
17 Highland Trail
18 Pine Trail
19 Stony Trail
20 Loser’s Trail
Questions 15-20
What has each of the following volunteers helped someone to do?
Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to Questions 15-20.
Volunteers
15 Habib
16 Consuela
17 Minh
18 Tanya
19 Alexei
20 Juba
Getting started
Work with a partner. Ask and answer the following questions.
1 What skills do you think are needed to get a good job these days?
2 How has technology changed the way we work?
3 What kinds of jobs are most likely to be taken over by robots?
Vocabulary
Match the words 1-11 to the words a-k to create correct collocations.
1 artificial a changes
2 business b consultancy
3 cognitive c contract
4 fundamental d economy
5 global e instinct
6 human f intelligence
7 knowledge g intelligence
8 labour h market
9 legal i task
10 market j retirement
11 pensioned k workforce
Pre-reading
Exercise 1
Skim the first paragraph of the reading passage The Future of Work.
Summarise the ideas mentioned using your own words. Try not to use the phrases from the
text unless absolutely necessary.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27‒40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
The future of work
According to a leading business consultancy, 3-14% of the global workforce will need to switch
to a different occupation within the next 10-15 years, and all workers will need to adapt as their
occupations evolve alongside increasingly capable machines. Automation – or ‘embodied artificial
intelligence’ (AI) – is one aspect of the disruptive effects of technology on the labour market.
‘Disembodied AI’, like the algorithms running in our smartphones, is another.
Dr Stella Pachidi from Cambridge Judge Business School believes that some of the most
fundamental changes are happening as a result of the ‘algorithmication’ of jobs that are dependent
on data rather than on production – the so-called knowledge economy. Algorithms are capable of
learning from data to undertake tasks that previously needed human judgement, such as reading
legal contracts, analysing medical scans and gathering market intelligence.
‘But these enhancements are not without consequences,’ says Pachidi. ‘If routine cognitive tasks are
taken over by AI, how do professions develop their future experts?’ she asks. ‘One way of learning
about a job is “legitimate peripheral participation” – a novice stands next to experts and learns by
observation. If this isn’t happening, then you need to find new ways to learn.’
Another issue is the extent to which the technology influences or even controls the workforce. For
over two years, Pachidi monitored a telecommunications company. ‘The way telecoms salespeople
work is through personal and frequent contact with clients, using the benefit of experience to assess
a situation and reach a decision. However, the company had started using a(n) … algorithm that
defined when account managers should contact certain customers about which kinds of campaigns
and what to offer them.’
The algorithm – usually build by external designers – often becomes the keeper of knowledge, she
explains. In cases like this, Pachidi believes, a short-sighted view begins to creep into working
practices whereby workers learn through the ‘algorithm’s eyes’ and become dependent on its
instructions. Alternative explorations – where experimentation and human instinct lead to progress
and new ideas – are effectively discouraged.
Pachidi and colleagues even observed people developing strategies to make the algorithm work to
their own advantage. ‘We are seeing cases where workers feed the algorithm with false data to reach
their targets,’ she reports.
It’s scenarios like these that many researchers are working to avoid. Their objective is to make AI
technologies more trustworthy and transparent, so that organisations and individuals understand how
AI decisions are made. In the meantime, says Pachidi, ‘We need to make sure we fully understand
the dilemmas that this new world raises regarding expertise, occupational boundaries and control.’
Economist Professor Hamish Low believes that the future of work will involve major transitions
across the whole life course for everyone: ‘The traditional trajectory of full-time education followed
by full-time work followed by a pensioned retirement is a thing of the past,’ says Low. Instead, he
envisages a multistage employment life: one where retraining happens across the life course, and
where multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages.
Dr Ewan McGaughey, at Cambridge’s Centre for Business Research and King’s College London,
agrees that ‘apocalyptic’ views about the future of work are misguided. ‘It’s the laws that restrict the
supply of capital to the job market, not the advent of new technologies that causes unemployment.’
His recently published research answers the question of whether automation, AI and robotics will
mean a ‘jobless future’ by looking at the causes of unemployment. ‘History is clear that change can
mean redundancies. But social policies can tackle this through retraining and redeployment.’
He adds: ‘If there is going to be change to jobs as a result of AI and robotics then I’d like to see
governments seizing the opportunity to improve policy to enforce good job security. We can
“reprogramme” the law to prepare for a fairer future of work and leisure.’ McGaughey’s findings are
a call to arms to leaders of organisations, governments and banks to pre-empt the coming changes
with bold new policies that guarantee full employment, fair incomes and a thriving economic
democracy.
‘The promises of these new technologies are astounding. They deliver humankind the capacity to
live in a way that nobody could have once imagined,’ he adds. ‘Just as the industrial revolution
brought people past subsistence agriculture, and the corporate revolution enabled mass production, a
third revolution has been pronounced. But it will not only be one of technology. The next revolution
will be social.’
Questions 27‒30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
27 The first paragraph tells us about
A the kinds of jobs that will be most affected by the growth of AI.
B the extent to which AI will alter the nature of the work that people do.
C the proportion of the world’s labour force who will have jobs in AI in the future.
D the difference between ways that embodied and disembodied AI with impact on
workers.
Questions 31̶34
Complete the summary using the list of words A‒G below.
The ‘algorithmication’ of jobs
Stella Pachidi of Cambridge Judge Business School has been focusing on the ‘algorithmication’
of jobs which rely not on production but on 31 __________ .
While monitoring a telecommunications company, Pachidi observed a growing 32 __________
on the recommendations made by AI, as workers begin to learn through the ‘algorithm’s eyes’.
Meanwhile, staff are deterred from experimenting and using their own 33 __________ , and are
therefore prevented from achieving innovation.
To avoid the kind of situations which Pachidi observed, researchers are trying to make AI’s
decision-making process easier to comprehend, and to increase users’ 34 __________ with
regard to the technology.
List of people
A Stella Pachidi
B Hamish Low
C Ewan McGaughey
It is easy for the rest of us to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people. But
blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities but
profit-making companies, and that publicly owned companies with shareholders are under obligation
to those shareholders to maximize profits, provided that they do so by legal means. US laws make a
company’s directors legally liable for something termed ‘breach of fiduciary responsibility’ if they
knowingly manage a company in a way that reduces profits. The car manufacturer Henry Ford was
in fact successfully sued by shareholders in 1919 for raising the minimum wage of his workers to $5
per day: the courts declared that, while Ford’s humanitarian sentiments about his employees were
nice, his business existed to make profits for its stockholders.
Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the
condition that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it
is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive
policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable.
The public can do that by suing businesses for harming them, as happened after the Exxon Valdez
disaster, in which over 40,000m3 of oil were spilled off the coast of Alaska. The public may also
make their opinion felt by preferring to buy sustainably harvested products; by making employees
of companies with poor track records feel ashamed of their company and complain to their own
In turn, big businesses can expert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public
or government pressure. For instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread
of a disease known as BSE, which was transmitted to humans through infected meat, the US
government’s Food and Drug Administration introduced rules demanding that the meat industry
abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading. But for five years the meat
packers refused to follow these, claiming that they would be too expensive to obey. However, when
a major fast-food company then made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers
plummeted, the meat industry complied within weeks. The public’s task is therefore to identify
which links in the supply chain are sensitive to public pressure: for instance, fast-food chains or
jewelry stores, but not meat packers or gold miners.
Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business
practices harming the public on the public itself. I also believe that the public must accept the
necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs, if any, of sound environmental
practices. My views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses should act in accordance with
moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their profits. But I think we have to recognize
that, throughout human history, in all politically complex human societies, government regulation
has arisen precisely because it was found that not only did moral principles need to be made explicit,
they also needed to be enforced.
To me, the conclusion that the public has the ultimate responsibility for the behavior of even the
biggest businesses is empowering and hopeful, rather than disappointing. My conclusion is not a
moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish, a good guy or a bad guy. In the
past, businesses have changed when the public came to expect and require different behavior, to
reward businesses for behavior that the public wanted, and to make things difficult for businesses
practicing behaviors that the public didn’t want. I predict that in the future, just as in the past,
changes in public attitudes will be essential for changes in businesses’ environmental practices.
Questions 32‒34
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
32 The main idea of the third paragraph is that environmental damage
A requires political action if it is to be stopped.
B is the result of ignorance on the part of the public.
C could be prevented by the action of ordinary people.
D can only be stopped by educating business leaders.
33 In the fourth paragraph, the writer describes ways in which the public can
A reduce their own individual impact on the environment.
B learn more about the impact of business of the environment.
C raise awareness of the effects of specific environmental disasters.
D influence the environmental policies of businesses and governments.
34 What pressure was exerted by big business in the case of the disease BSE?
A Meat packers stopped supplying hamburgers to fast-food chains.
B A fast-food company forced their meat suppliers to follow the law.
C Meat packers persuaded the government to reduce their expenses.
D A fast-food company encouraged the government to introduce legislation.
Questions 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
40 What would be the best subheading for this passage?
A Will the world survive the threat caused by big businesses?
B How can big businesses be encouraged to be less driven by profit?
C What environmental dangers are caused by the greed of businesses?
D Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause the environment?
Getting Started
Work in pairs. Take turns to ask and answer the following questions.
1 Would you like to play in a public garden or park?
2 What do you like to do when visiting a park?
3 How have parks changed today compared to the time you were a kid?
4 Would you prefer to play in a private garden or public garden?
Pre-listening
Exercise 1
Look at the map of Croft Valley Park.
Describe the position of the places 1-4 using the given information.
1 adventure playground_____________________________________________________________________
2 old museum_______________________________________________________________________________
3 lake________________________________________________________________________________________
4 glass houses_______________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2
Match the phrases 1-6 below to the places A-H on the map.
There can be more than one correct answers.
1 near the south gate________________________________________________________________________
2 hidden in the trees ________________________________________________________________________
3 by the glass houses ________________________________________________________________________
4 near the playground _______________________________________________________________________
5 on a bend in the path______________________________________________________________________
6 next to the old museum ___________________________________________________________________
7 in the corner of the map ___________________________________________________________________
8 looking out over the lake __________________________________________________________________
9 south of the adventure playground ________________________________________________________
10 at the end of a path that lead off from the main path ______________________________________
North Gate
N
B Adventure playground
C
W E
A
S
E
D
Old museum
F
Lake
Glass houses
South Gate
11 café
12 toilets
13 formal gardens
14 outdoor gym
15 skateboard ramp
16 wild flowers
Questions 19 and 20
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
A They are closed at weekends.
B Volunteers are needed to work there.
C They were badly damaged by fire.
D More money is needed to repair some of the glass.
E Visitors can see palm trees from tropical regions.
1 block of flats
2 bridge
3 car park
4 church
5 hotel
6 market square
7 public park
8 shops
9 supermarket
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Pre-listening
Look at the following diagram of The Party Popper Machine.
Which of the verbs below might be used in the recording?
activate force hold push turn
drag generate pop rotate wind
explode hit pull spin wrap
Parts
A cooling fan
B storage 4 __________
C detonator
D party starter
E motor
F winder
3 __________
1 __________
2 __________
Questions 11-16
Label the map below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, next to Questions 15-20.
Minster Park
River
A
B
C
E
West gate East gate
Lily
D pond F
I
H
G
South gate
15 statue of Diane Gosforth
16 wooden sculptures
17 playground
18 maze
19 tennis courts
20 fitness area
2 ________________________ 5 ________________________
Questions 6-10
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Vocabulary
Guess the meanings of the words in bold based on the pictures and descriptions below.
1 2 3
4 5
1 To deal with high mountains, Romans dug deep tunnels right through them and shafts in
their roof for ventilation.
2 We are going to excavate here for the foundation of the building.
3 The bus had to deviate from its usual route because of a road closure.
4 The bright sun rays penetrate through fog and forest trees.
5 IKEA has developed an advanced tool that employs artificial intelligence to improve the
accuracy of its demand forecasting.
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1‒13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
Roman Tunnels
The Romans, who once controlled areas of Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor, adopted the construction
techniques of other civilizations to build tunnels in their territories
The Persians, who lived in present-day Iran, were one of the first civilizations to build tunnels that
provided a reliable supply of water to human settlements in dry areas. In the early first millennium
BCE, they introduced the qanat method of tunnel construction, which consisted of placing posts over
a hill in a straight line, to ensure that the tunnel kept to its route, and then digging vertical shafts
down into the ground at regular intervals. Underground, workers removed the earth from between
the ends of the shafts, creating a tunnel. The excavated soil was taken up to the surface using the
shafts, which also provided ventilation during the work. Once the tunnel was completed, it allowed
water to flow from the top of a hillside down towards a canal, which supplied water for human use.
Remarkably, some qanats built by the Persians 2,700 years ago are still in use today.
They later passed on their knowledge to the Romans, who also used the qanat method to construct
water-supply tunnels for agriculture. Roma qanat tunnels were constructed with vertical shafts dug
at intervals of between 30 and 60 meters. The shafts were equipped with handholds and footholds to
help those climbing in and out of them and were covered with a wooden or stone lid. To ensure that
the shafts were vertical, Romans hung a plumb line from a rod placed across the top of each shaft
and made sure that the weight at the end of it hung in the center of the shaft. Plumb lines were also
used to measure the depth of the shaft and to determine the slope of the tunnel. The 5.6-kilometer-
long Claudius tunnel, built in 41 CE to drain the Fucine Lake in central Italy, had shafts that were up
to 122 meters deep, took 11 years to build and involved approximately 30,000 workers.
By the 6th century BCE, a second method of tunnel construction appeared called the counter-
excavation method, in which the tunnel was constructed from both ends. It was used to cut through
high mountains when the qanat method was not a practical alternative. This method required greater
The Romans dug tunnels for their roads using the counter-excavation method, whenever they
encountered obstacles such as hills or mountains that were too high for roads to pass over.
An example is the 37-meter-long, 6-meter-high, Furlo Pass Tunnel built in Italy in 69-79 CE.
Remarkably, a modern road still uses this tunnel today. Tunnels were also built for mineral
extraction. Miners would locate a mineral vein and then pursue it with shafts and tunnels
underground. Traces of such tunnels used to mine gold can still be found at the Dolaucothi mines
in Wales. When the sole purpose of a tunnel was mineral extraction, construction required less
planning, as the tunnel route was determined by the mineral vein.
Roman tunnel projects were carefully planned and carried out. The length of time it took to
construct a tunnel depended on the method being used and the type of rock being excavated. The
qanat construction method was usually faster than the counter-excavation method as it was more
straightforward. This was because the mountain could be excavated not only from the tunnel mouths
but also from shafts. The type of rock could also influence construction times. When the rock was
hard, the Romans employed a technique called fire quenching which consisted of heating the rock
with fire, and then suddenly cooling it with cold water so that it would crack. Progress through hard
rock could be very slow, and it was not uncommon for tunnels to take years, if not decades, to be
built. Construction marks left on a Roman tunnel in Bologna show that the rate of advance through
solid rock was 30 centimeters per day. In contrast, the rate of advance of the Claudius tunnel can
be calculated at 1.4 meters per day. Most tunnels had inscriptions showing the names of patrons
who ordered construction and sometimes the name of the architect. For example, the 1.4-kilometer
Çevlik tunnel in Turkey, built to divert the floodwater threatening the harbor of the ancient city of
Seleucia Pieria, had inscriptions on the entrance, still visible today, that also indicate that the tunnel
was started in 69 CE and was completed in 81 CE.
rod
Question 11̶13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
11 What type of mineral were the Dolaucothi mines in Wales built to extract?
12 In addition to the patron, whose name might be carved onto a tunnel?
13 What part of Seleucia Pieria was the Çevlik tunnel built to protect?
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14‒26 which are based on Reading Passage
2 below.
The Falkirk Wheel
A unique engineering achievement
The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is the world’s first and only rotating boat lift. Opened in 2002, it is
central to the ambitious £84.5m Millennium Link project to restore navigability across Scotland by
reconnecting the historic waterways of the Forth & Clyde and Union Canals.
The major challenge of the project lays in the fact that the Forth & Clyde Canal is situated 35
metres below the level of the Union Canal. Historically, the two canals had been joined near the
town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks – enclosed sections of canal in which the water level
could be raised or lowered – that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km. This had been
dismantled in 1933, thereby breaking the link. When the project was launched in 1994, the British
Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would
not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic
regeneration of the region.
Numerous ideas were submitted for the project, including concepts ranging from rolling eggs to
tilting tanks, from giant seesaws to overhead monorails. The eventual winner was a plan for the
huge rotating steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk Wheel. The unique shape of the
structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources, both manmade and natural, most
notably a Celtic double headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a
whale or the spine of a fish.
The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all constructed and assembled, like one giant toy
building set, at Butterley Engineering’s Steelworks in Derbyshire, some 400 km from Falkirk. A team
The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-shaped arms, attached about 25 metres apart to
a fixed central spine. Two diametrically opposed water-filled ‘gondolas’, each with a capacity of
360,000 litres, are fitted between the ends of the arms. These gondolas always weigh the same,
whether or not they are carrying boats. This is because, according to Archimedes’ principle of
displacement, floating objects displace their own weight in water. So when a boat enters a gondola,
the amount of water leaving the gondola weighs exactly the same as the boat. This keeps the
Wheel balanced and so, despite its enormous mass, it rotates through 180° in five and a half
minutes while using very little power. It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-hours (5.4 MJ) of energy to rotate the
Wheel -roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of water.
Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of the Forth & Clyde Canal and
then enter the lower gondola of the Wheel. Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the
gondola off from the water in the canal basin. The water between the gates is then pumped out.
A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is
removed, allowing the Wheel to turn. In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors
then begins to rotate the central axle. The axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel, which
begin to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution per minute. As the wheel rotates, the gondolas are
kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system. Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed
inner cog of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to
the outer cogs – so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level. When the gondola reaches the
top, the boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above the canal basin.
The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair
of locks. The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference
between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which
was built by the Romans in the second century AD. Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then
through the locks, and finally on to the Union Canal.
Questions 20̶26
Label the diagram below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
How a boat is lifted on the Falkirk Wheel
A pair of 20 _________________ are lifted in order to
shut out water from canal basin
A 21 _________________ is taken out,
enabling Wheel to rotate
26 _________________
Hydraulic motors drive 22 _________________
raise boat 11m to
level of Union Canal
Boat is raised, floating
25 _________________
Vocabulary
Form 3 pairs of antonyms from the following words.
1 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
3 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Pre-listening
What is the intention of the phrases below? Write A, B, or C next to Questions 1‒10.
Questions 25-30
Who is going to do research into each topic?
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to Questions 25-30.
People
A Annie
B Jack
C both Annie and Jack
Topics
25 the goods that are refrigerated
26 the effects on health
27 the impact on food producers
28 the impact on cities
29 refrigerated transport
30 domestic fridges
Types of articles
27 national news item
28 editorial
29 human interest
30 arts
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Questions 13 and 14
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO things does the manager say mentors can help with?
A confidence-building
B making career plans
C completing difficult tasks
D making a weekly timetable
E reviewing progress
Questions 15-20
What does the manager say about each of the following aspects of the company policy for
apprentices?
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to Questions 15-20.
A It is encouraged.
B There are some restrictions.
C It is against the rules.
Comments
A translated into many other languages
B hard to read
C inspired a work in a different area of art
D more popular than the author’s other works
E original title refers to another book
F started a new genre
G unlikely topic
Stories
26 Perrault’s fairy tales
27 The Swiss Family Robinson
28 The Nutcracker and the Mouse King
29 The Lord of the Rings
30 War Horse
Vocabulary
Exercise 1
Match the highlighted words with the suitable meanings.
1 Plant-based meats are made entirely from vegetables but mimic the taste and texture of
animal meat.
2 It rained for days on end during our holiday.
3 Rising energy costs are constraining consumer and business spending.
4 Traditionally, weddings signify everlasting loyalty and love.
5 Research has shown that COVID-19 patients who are overweight or obese are more likely
to develop a more severe infection than patients of healthy weight.
Exercise 2
Which word is different from the others?
1 A extend B prolong C retain
2 A replicate B restrict C retard
3 A abundant B deficient C lack
4 A major B merely C only
As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow
human aging - the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity
as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie* yet nutritionally balanced
diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good
health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in
humans, too.
Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake
by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals
could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create
a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat
less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic’, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer,
postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until
very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon
a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction’s benefits. No
compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search
has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be
developed eventually.
Question 6̶10
Classify the following descriptions as relating to
A caloric-restricted monkeys
B control monkeys
C neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeys
CR mimetic
Theory 1 Theory 2
cells less damaged by disease because cells focus on 13 _________________
fewer 12 _________________ are emitted because food is in short supply
Discussion
Work in groups.
Note down ideas to answer the following questions. Then, share your opinion with the class.
1 What do you like/dislike about getting older?
2 What can the younger generation learn from the older generation?
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At the base of the deep shaft six meters below the modern streets, a wooden structure was revealed.
Cleaning away the waterlogged site overlying the timbers, archaeologists realized its true nature. They
had found a prehistoric boat, preserved by the type of sediment in which it was buried. It was then
named by Dover Bronze- Age Boat.
About nine meters of the boat’s length was recovered; one end lay beyond the excavation and had to
be left. What survived consisted essentially of four intricately carved oak planks: two on the bottom,
joined along a central seam by a complicated system of wedges and stitched to the others. The seams
had been made watertight by pads of moss, fixed by wedges and yew stitches.
The timbers that closed the recovered end of the boat had been removed in antiquity when it was
abandoned, but much about its original shape could be deduced. There was also evidence for missing
upper side planks. The boat was not a wreck, but had been deliberately discarded, dismantled and
broken. Perhaps it had been “ritually killed” at the end of its life, like other Bronze-Age objects.
With hindsight, it was significant that the boat was found and studied by mainstream archaeologists
who naturally focused on its cultural context. At the time, ancient boats were often considered only
from a narrower technological perspective, but news about the Dover boat reached a broad audience. In
2002, on the tenth anniversary of the discovery, the Dover Bronze-Age Boat Trust hosted a conference,
where this meeting of different traditions became apparent. Alongside technical papers about the boat,
other speakers explored its social and economic contexts, and the religious perceptions of boats in
Bronze- Age societies. Many speakers came from overseas, and debate about cultural connections
Within seven years of excavation, the Dover boat had been conserved and displayed, but it was apparent
that there were issues that could not be resolved simply by studying the old wood. Experimental
archaeology seemed to be the solution: a boat reconstruction, half-scale or full-sized, would permit
assessment of the different hypotheses regarding its build and the missing end. The possibility of
returning to Dover to search for a boat’s unexcavated northern end was explored, but practical and
financial difficulties were insurmountable- and there was no guarantee that the timbers had survived
the previous decade in the changed environment.
Detailed proposals to reconstruct the boat were drawn up in 2004. Archaeological evidence was
beginning to suggest a Bronze- Age community straddling the Channel, brought together by the sea,
rather than separated by it. In a region today divided by languages and borders, archaeologists had a
duty to inform the general public about their common cultural heritage.
The boat project began in England but it was conceived from the start as a European collaboration.
Reconstruction was only part of a scheme that would include a major exhibition and an extensive
educational and outreach programme. Discussions began early in 2005 with archaeological bodies,
universities and heritage organizations either side of the Channel. There was much enthusiasm and
support, and an official launch of the project was held at an international seminar in France in 2007.
Financial support was confirmed in 2008 and the project then named BOAT 1550BC got under way
in June 2011.
A small team began to make the boat at the start of 2012 on the Roman Lawn outside Dover museum.
A full- scale reconstruction of a mid-section had been made in 1996, primarily to see how Bronze- Age
replica tools performed. In 2012, however, the hull shape was at the centre of the work, so modern
power tools were used to carve the oak planks, before turning to prehistoric tools for finishing. It was
decided to make the replica haft-scale for reasons of cost and time, any synthetic materials were used
for the stitching, owing to doubts about the scaling and tight timetable.
Meanwhile, the exhibition was being prepared ready for opening in July 2012 at the Castle Museum in
Boulogne-sur-Mer. Entitled ‘Beyond the Horizon: Societies of the Channel & North Sea 3,500 years
ago’ it brought together for the first time a remarkable collection of Bronze- Age objects, including
many new discoveries for commercial archaeology and some of the great treasure of the past. The
reconstructed boat, as a symbol of the maritime connections that bound together the communities
either side of the Channel, was the centrepiece.
2012 ̶ the Bronze-Age 5 _________________ featured the boat and other objects
Question 6̶9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?
Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6 Archaeologists realized that the boat had been damaged on purpose.
7 Initially, only the technological aspects of the boat were examined.
8 Archaeologists went back to the site to try and find the missing northern.
9 Evidence found in 2004 suggested that the Bronze-Age Boat had been used for trade.
Question 10̶13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text for each answer.
10 How far under the ground was the boat found?
11 What natural material had been secured to the boat to prevent water entering?
12 What aspect of the boat was the focus of the 2012 reconstruction?
13 Which two factors influenced the decision not to make a full-scale reconstruction of the
boat?
Vocabulary
Match the words a-f to the correct pictures 1-6.
1 2 3
4 5 6
Questions 26-30
What decision do the students make about each of the following parts of their presentation?
Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to Questions 26-30
Decisions
A use visuals
B keep it short
C involve other students
D check the information is accurate
E provide a handout
F focus on one example
G do online research
Questions 23 and 24
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO things do the students think are necessary for successful bike-sharing schemes?
A Bikes should have a GPS system.
B The app should be easy to use.
C Public awareness should be raised.
D Only one scheme should be available.
E There should be a large network of cycle lanes.
Questions 25‒30
What is the speakers’ opinion of the bike-sharing schemes in each of the following cities?
Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to Questions 25̶30.
Vocabulary
Exercise 1
Form six pairs of synonym from the following word bank.
1 _________________________________________ 4 _________________________________________
2 _________________________________________ 5 _________________________________________
3 _________________________________________ 6 _________________________________________
Exercise 2
Guess the meanings of the following words based on the given pictures.
Questions 14-17
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
Why soil degradation could be a disaster for humans
Healthy soil contains a large variety of bacteria and other microorganisms, as well as plant
remains and 14 _________________ It provides us with food and also with antibiotics, and its
function in storing 15 _________________ has a significant effect on the climate. In addition, it
prevents damage to property and infrastructure because it holds 16 _________________ .
If these microorganisms are lost, soil may lose its special properties. The main factor
contributing to soil degradation is the 17 _________________ carried out by humans.
Questions 18-21
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F below.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.
18 Nutrients contained in the unused parts of harvested crops
19 Synthetic fertilisers produced with Haber-Bosch process
20 Addition of a mixture developed by Pius Floris to the soil
21 The idea of zero net soil degradation
• Example (if possible) – reflect components of the main ideas 1-2 sen
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A The typical way of talking to a baby – high-pitched, exaggerated and repetitious – is a source
of fascination for linguists who hope to understand how ‘baby talk’ impacts on learning.
Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful
parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some research even suggests that
infants are listening to adult speech as early as 10 weeks before being born, gathering the
basic building blocks of their family’s native tongue.
B Early language exposure seems to have benefits to the brain – for instance, studies suggest
that babies raised in bilingual homes are better at learning how to mentally prioritize
information. So how does the sweet if sometimes absurd sound of infant-directed speech
influence a baby’s development? Here are some recent studies that explore the science
behind baby talk.
C Fathers don’t use baby talk as often or in the same ways as mothers – and that’s perfectly
OK, according to a new study. Mark VanDam of Washington State University at Spokane
and colleagues equipped parents with recording devices and speech-recognition software
to study the way they interacted with their youngsters during a normal day. ‘We found that
moms do exactly what you’d expect and what’s been described many times over,’ VanDam
explains. ‘But we found that dads aren’t doing the same thing. Dads didn’t raise their pitch or
fundamental frequency when they talked to kids.’ Their role may be rooted in what is called
the bridge hypothesis, which dates back to 1975. It suggests that fathers use less familial
language to provide their children with a bridge to the kind of speech they’ll hear in public.
‘The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind
of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,’
says VanDam.
D Scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut collected
thousands of 30-second conversations between parents and their babies, fitting 26 children
with audio-recording vests that captured language and sound during a typical eight-hour
day. The study found that the more baby talk parents used, the more their youngsters began
to babble. And when researchers saw the same babies at age two, they found that frequent
List of Researchers
A Mark VanDam
B Nairán Ramirez-Esparza
C Patricia Kuhl
Questions 18-23
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Meanwhile, another study carried out by scientists from the University of Washington and the
University of Connecticut recorded speech and sound using special 22 _________________ that
the babies were equipped with. When they studies the babies again at age two, the found that
those who had heard a lot of baby talk in infancy had a much larger 23 _________________ than
those who had not.
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences below by using the correct form of the words in the box.
1 Stay on topic! Your presentation outline tends to _________________ from the general theme
of Vietnamese modern literature.
2 Apple Inc. only _________________ the most advanced technology to produce high
performance and user-friendly devices.
3 Without global action, our national efforts at _________________ development could be
meaningless.
4 The surrounding district is well cultivated and produces an _________________ of vegetables.
5 When it comes to _________________ disease, infants and young children are some of the
most vulnerable members of society.
6 Yellow roses are known to _________________ friendship and joy.
7 Rainfall is minimal and the land here is _________________ , marked by erosion and extreme
dryness.
8 Nestlé is the largest food company in the world. Therefore, it’s _________________ that a
certain number of errors will happen, and the occasional scandal will occur.
Exercise 2
Choose the options with the same meaning as the words in bold.
1 The house should be opened for air circulation in all mild weather in winter, and daily
throughout the rest of the year.
A ventilation B escape C blow D conditioner
2 Many international fast food corporations have failed to get into Vietnam’s market because
we have such a diverse culture of street food.
A succeed B transform C penetrate D expand
Questions 25‒30
Complete the flow chart below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Assignment plan
Decide on sample:
Twelve students from the 25 _________________ department
Decide on methodology:
Self-reporting
Decide on procedure:
Answers on 26 _________________
Questions 27̶32
Reading passage 3 has six sections, A̶F.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i
An increasing divergence of attitudes towards AI
ii Reasons why we have more faith in human judgement than in AI
iii The superiority of AI projections over those made by humans
iv The process by which AI can help us make good decisions
v The advantages of involving users in AI processes
vi Widespread distrust of an AI innovation
vii Encouraging openness about how AI functions
viii A surprisingly successful AI application
27 Section A
28 Section B
29 Section C
30 Section D
31 Section E
32 Section F
B Take the case of Watson for Oncology, one of technology giant IBM’s supercomputer programs.
Their attempt to promote this program to cancer doctors was a PR disaster. The AI promised
to deliver top-quality recommendations on the treatment of 12 cancers that accounted for 80%
of the world’s cases. But when doctors first interacted with Watson, they found themselves in
a rather difficult situation. On the one hand, if Watson provided guidance about a treatment
that coincided with their own opinions, physicians did not see much point in Watson’s
recommendations. The supercomputer was simply telling them what they already knew, and
these recommendations did not change the actual treatment.
On the other hand, if Watson generated a recommendation that contradicted the experts’
opinion, doctors would typically conclude that Watson wasn’t competent. And the machine
wouldn’t be able to explain why its treatment was plausible because its machine-learning
algorithms were simply too complex to be fully understood by humans. Consequently, this
has caused even more suspicion and disbelief, leading many doctors to ignore the seemingly
outlandish AI recommendations and stick to their own expertise.
C This is just one example of people’s lack of confidence in AI and their reluctance to accept what
AI has to offer. Trust in other people is often based on our understanding of how others think
and having experience of their reliability. This helps create a psychological feeling of safety. AI,
on the other hand, is still fairly new and unfamiliar to most people. Even if it can be technically
explained (and that’s not always the case), AI’s decision-making process is usually too difficult
for most people to comprehend. And interacting with something we don’t understand can cause
anxiety and give us a sense that we’re losing control.
D Feelings about AI run deep. In a recent experiment, people from a range of backgrounds were
given various sci-fi films about AI to watch and then asked questions about automation in
everyday life. It was found that, regardless of whether the film they watched depicted AI in
a positive or negative light, simply watching a cinematic vision of our technological future
polarised the participants’ attitudes. Optimists became more extreme in their enthusiasm for AI
and sceptics became even more guarded.
This suggests people use relevant evidence about AI in a biased manner to support their existing
attitudes, a deep-rooted human tendency known as “confirmation bias”. As AI is represented
more and more in media and entertainment, it could lead to a society split between those who
benefit from AI and those who reject it. More pertinently, refusing to accept the advantages
offered by AI could place a large group of people at a serious disadvantage.
E Fortunately, we already have some ideas about how to improve trust in AI. Simply having
previous experience with AI can significantly improve people’s opinions about the technology,
as was found in the study mentioned above. Evidence also suggests the more you use other
technologies such as the internet, the more you trust them.Another solution may be to reveal
more about the algorithms which AI uses and the purposes they serve. Several high-profile
social media companies and online marketplaces already release transparency reports about
government requests and surveillance disclosures. A similar practice for AI could help people
have a better understanding of the way algorithmic decisions are made.
F Research suggests that allowing people some control over AI decision-making could also
improve trust and enable AI to learn from human experience. For example, one study showed
that when people were allowed the freedom to slightly modify an algorithm, they felt more
satisfied with its decisions, more likely to believe it was superior and more likely to use it in the
future.
We don’t need to understand the intricate inner workings of AI systems, but if people are given
a degree of responsibility for how they are implemented, they will be more willing to accept AI
into their lives.
Question 36̶40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
Write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
36 Subjective depictions of AI in sci-fi films make people change their opinions about
automation.
37 Portrayals of AI in media and entertainment are likely to become more positive.
38 Rejection of the possibilities of AI may have a negative effect on many people’s lives.
39 Familiarity with AI has very little impact on people’s attitudes to the technology.
40 AI applications which users are able to modify are more likely to gain consumer approval.
Exercise 1
Fill in the blank using the words in the box.
1 The workmanship that went into some of these pieces of _________________ was truly
remarkable.
2 To use _________________ effectively when taking photos, you will have to pay close attention
to the lighting conditions and the way different colors affect each other within a scene
3 Instead of keeping photos on my phone, I often _________________ some of them to give to
my boyfriend or family members as gifts for their special occasions.
4 If not cared for _________________ , photographs can crack and curl.
5 Old photographic prints can become _________________ over time, so more people prefer
keeping digital photos.
Exercise 2
Listen to the recording and write down the names you hear. Not all names will be spelt.
1 Dr _________________
2 Richard _________________
3 Miss _________________
4 Mr _________________
5 Robert _________________
6 Emily _________________
7 Nora _________________
8 Mrs Caroline _________________
9 Charles _________________
10 _________________ Ford
Example
Name: Jenny Chan
Present Address: Sea View Guesthouse 1 _________________
Day time telephone number: 2237676
[N.B. best time to contact is between 9 and
2 _________________ ]
Age: 19
Intended length of stay: 3 _________________
Occupation while in UK: Student
General Level of English: 4 _________________
Preferred location: In the 5 _________________
Special diet: 6 _________________
Other requirements: • own facilities
• own television
• have a real 7 _________________
• to be 8 _________________
• Maximum price to be the only
9 £ _________________ per week
Preferred starting date: Monday 10 _________________
Exercise 1
Fill in the blank using the words in the box.
1 Four months on from the fateful moment the first person likely fell ill with Covid-19,
scientists still have some _________________ questions to answer.
2 High achievement in academic subjects can bring students a chance to have more
promising career _________________ in the future.
3 Wealth and material _________________ should be viewed as a sign of success rather than
happiness.
4 Today, in most countries, archaeological _________________ become the property of the
country where they were found, regardless of who finds them.
5 Students studying at an international school often have an _________________ over those at
a public school.
Exercise 2
Find five pairs of synonyms from words given in the box.
1 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
3 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
5 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions 14̶20
Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A̶G.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i The areas and artefacts within the pyramid itself
ii A difficult task for those involved
iii A king who saved his people
iv A single certainty among other less definite facts
v An overview of the external buildings and areas
vi A pyramid design that others copied
vii An idea for changing the design of burial structures
viii An incredible experience despite the few remains
ix The answers to some unexpected questions
14 Section A
15 Section B
16 Section C
17 Section D
18 Section E
19 Section F
20 Section G
Questions 21̶24
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
A wall ran around the outside of the complex and a number of false entrances were built into
this. In addition, a long 23 _________________ encircled the wall. As a result, any visitors who had
not been invited were cleverly prevented from entering the pyramid grounds unless they knew
the 24 _________________ of the real entrance.
Questions 25 and 26
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO of the following points does the writer make about King Djoser?
A Initially he had to be persuaded to build in stone rather than clay.
B There is disagreement concerning the length of his reign.
C He failed to appreciate Imhotep’s part in the design of the Step Pyramid.
D A few of his possessions were still in his tomb when archaeologists found it.
E He criticised the design and construction of other pyramids in Egypt.
Exercise 1
Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks.
1 Travelers always enjoy relaxing on a private _____ with a panoramic view of a river.
A hotel B balcony C stair
2 The government provides help for small businesses, but it cannot _____ their success.
A guarantee B overlook C found
3 The new government’s policy is to _____ state industries from the public sector to the
private sector.
A arrive B transfer C guarantee
4 My room is on the third floor and it _____ a public garden nearby.
A passes B transfers C overlooks
5 From jagged mountains in the north to tropical beaches in the south and the wealth of
history and culture in between, these are the best _____ to visit in Vietnam.
A industries B competitors C destinations
Exercise 2
Questions 1‒5
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
3D Film Choice
Name of film Time What you will see
The Secrets of the Nile 10.00 a.m. The first 1 ________________ along
the river Nile
Exercise 3
Questions 1‒8
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
I’m not touching that Snakes and other Workshop 8 ________________ lab
7 ________________
Exercise 1
Match the words 1-6 with their definitions a-f.
1 immortal a far away from other places, buildings, or people; remote.
2 deteriorate b an animal that kills and eats other animals
3 isolated c in a way that is angry and threatening
4 prey d an animal, a bird, etc. that is hunted, killed and eaten by another
5 aggressively e to become worse
6 predator f that lives or lasts forever
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with a correct preposition.
1 China has reacted _____ reports of unsafe products by cracking down on its own
manufacturers.
2 Efforts must double to respond _____ the outbreak of the epidemic.
3 Global climate change has already had observable effects _____ the environment.
4 Most employers understand that parents need to take care _____ important family matters.
5 Aging can be associated _____ serious health issues such as cardiovascular disease, cancer
and arthritis.
6 The media focus _____ politicians’ private lives inevitably switches the attention away from
the real issues.
Glass blowing became the most common way to make glass containers from the first century BC.
The glass made during this time was highly coloured due to the impurities of the raw material. In
the first century AD, methods of creating colourless glass were developed, which was then tinted
by the addition of colouring materials. The secret of glass making was taken across Europe by
the Romans during this century. However, they guarded the skills and technology required to
make glass very closely, and it was not until their empire collapsed in 476 AD that glass-making
knowledge became widespread throughout Europe and the Middle East. From the 10th century
onwards, the Venetians gained a reputation for technical skill and artistic ability in the making of
glass bottles, and many of the city’s craftsmen left Italy to set up glassworks throughout Europe.
A major milestone in the history of glass occurred with the invention of lead crystal glass by the
English glass manufacturer George Ravenscroft (1632-1683). He attempted to counter the effect
of clouding that sometimes occurred in blown glass by introducing lead to the raw materials used
in the process. The new glass he created was softer and easier to decorate, and had a higher
refractive index, adding to its brilliance and beauty, and it proved invaluable to the optical industry. It
is thanks to Ravenscroft’s invention that optical lenses, astronomical telescopes, microscopes and
the like became possible.
In Britain, the modern glass industry only really started to develop after the repeal of the Excise
Act in 1845. Before that time, heavy taxes had been placed on the amount of glass melted in a
glasshouse, and were levied continuously from 1745 to 1845. Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace at
From 1887 onwards, glass making developed from traditional mouth-blowing to a semi-automatic
process, after factory-owner HM Ashley introduced a machine capable of producing 200 bottles
per hour in Castleford, Yorkshire, England – more than three times quicker than any previous
production method. Then in 1907, the first fully automated machine was developed in the USA by
Michael Owens – founder of the Owens Bottle Machine Company (later the major manufacturers
Owens-Illinois) – and installed in its factory. Owens’ invention could produce an impressive 2,500
bottles per hour. Other developments followed rapidly, but it was not until the First World War, when
Britain became out off from essential glass suppliers, that glass became part of the scientific sector.
Previous to this, glass had been as a craft rather than a precise science.
Today, glass making is big business. It has become a modern, hi-tech industry operating in a
fiercely competitive global market where quality, design and service levels are critical to maintaining
market share. Modern glass plants are capable of making millions of glass containers a day in
many different colours, with green, brown and clear remaining the most popular. Few of us can
imagine modern life without glass. It features in almost every aspect of our lives – in our homes, our
cars and whenever we sit down to eat or drink. Glass packaging is used for many products, many
beverages are sold in glass, as are numerous foodstuffs, as well as medicines and cosmetics.
Glass is an ideal material for recycling, and with growing consumer concern for green issues, glass
bottles and jars are becoming ever more popular. Glass recycling is good news for the environment.
It saves used glass containers being sent to landfill. As less energy is needed to melt recycled
glass than to melt down raw materials, this also saves fuel and production costs. Recycling also
reduces the need for raw materials to be quarried, thus saving precious resources.
Question 9̶13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?
Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
9 In 1887, HM Ashley had the fastest bottle-producing machine that existed at the time.
10 Michael Owens was hired by a large US company to design a fully-automated bottle
manufacturing machine for them.
11 Nowadays, most glass is produced by large international manufacturers.
12 Concern for the environment is leading to an increased demand for glass containers.
13 It is more expensive to produce recycled glass than to manufacture new glass.
Exercise 1
Write the correct form of the given words.
1 Data _________________ (analyze) is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and
modeling data to discover useful information for business decision-making.
2 _________________ (politics) change is so important because our government controls many
different aspects of our lives.
3 A great deal of _________________ (science) research is being performed in this area.
4 There is concern about the _________________ (appropriate) of the use of force by police
officers.
5 _________________ (theory) , there is the challenge of contributing to current debates on how
music is perceived, understood and used as an effective means of communication.
Exercise 2
Questions 1‒5
Complete the flowchart below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
LATEST AUVs
• much easier to use, relatively cheap, sophisticated
Tests
• Marzamemi, Sicily: found ancient Roman ships carrying architectural elements
made of 35 _________________
Underwater internet
• 36 _________________ is used for short distance communication, acoustic waves
for long distance
• plans for communication with researchers by satellite
• AUV can send data to another AUV that has better 37 _________________ , for
example
Planned research in Gulf of Baratti
• to find out more about wrecks of ancient Roman ships, including
‒ one carrying 38 _________________ supplies; tables may have been used for
cleaning the 39 _________________
‒ others carrying containers of olive oil or 40 _________________
Exercise 1
Write the noun form of the given words.
1 limit____________________________________ 5 pursue__________________________________
2 supervise_______________________________ 6 specialize_______________________________
3 involve__________________________________ 7 correlate________________________________
4 criticize_________________________________ 8 apprentice______________________________
Exercise 2
Choose suitable words in Exercise 1 to fill in the blanks.
1 There is a significant positive _________________ between parental warmth and children’s
traits.
2 Whether you’re a student or working full time, making progress to _________________ in a
career or area of interest is essential.
3 Companies that exploit natural resources such as coal or gas should be operated under
government _________________ .
4 Course registration system should place _________________ on how many students at one
time could register for courses.
5 A number of countries promote the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms
of renewable energy in the _________________ of sustainable development, energy security
and low-carbon economic growth.
Exercise 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1‒13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson
returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an
accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his
family. In October 1855, however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and
they settled in Montreal.
Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a
serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish – Canadian photographer
William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they
cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They
belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association
of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association’s first meeting, which was held in
Notman’s studio on 11 January 1860.
In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite different. While Notman’s
landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced
romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and
technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape
photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven copies have ever been found),
and was called Canadian Views and Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have
proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson’s early work.
In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio, advertising himself as a portrait
and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape
photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes,
houses, and markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite subject was landscape
he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a
river, or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for these types of scenes and
Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad, in London, Edinburgh,
Dublin, Paris, New York, and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in
New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company
for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world
exhibition in Paris.
In the 1890s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario, in Canada,
documenting the major cities of the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was
especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche, du Lièvre, and
other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by
yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year, while in the lower St
Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway.
This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures
along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways
followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental
Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway
(CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountains and
the progress of construction.
In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic
department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the
field each year. That summer he made his second trip west, photographing extensively along the
railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely from
photography.
When Henderson died in 1913, his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of
his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, and
the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal.
Question 9̶13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Alexander Henderson
Early life
• was born in Scotland in 1831 – father was a 9 _________________
• trained as an accountant, emigrated to Canada in 1855
Start of a photographic career
• opened up a photographic studio in 1866
• took photos of city life, but preferred landscape photography
• people bought Henderson’s photos because photography took up considerable
time and the 10 _________________ was heavy
• the photographs Henderson sold were 11 _________________ or souvenirs
Travelling as a professional photographer
• travelled widely in Quebec and Ontario in 1870s and 1880s
• took many trips along eastern rivers in a 12 _________________
• worked for Canadian railways between 1875 and 1897
• worked for CPR in 1885 and photographed the 13 _________________ and the
railway at Rogers Pass
Exercise 1
Choose the synonyms of the words in bold.
1 Marie Curies was one of the innovative _____ in history.
A physician B physicist C physics
2 Hawking’s study is a mixture of commentary and _____ information.
A fact B factful C factual
3 _____ is the process whereby a researcher chooses the participants in a study.
A Exampling B Modeling C Sampling
4 Scientists are to carefully _____ their study subject.
A observe B see C watch
5 The data that is in the form of numbers is called _____ data.
A numberial B numeric C numerical
Exercise 2
Find the words that match the definitions below. You can use a dictionary.
1 a _ _ _ ia _ _ e (n.) a machine or device used in a home
2 ch _ m b _ _ (n.) a closed space, or a room
3 deter _ _ _ _ (n.) a chemical used to remove dirt from clothes or dishes
4 f _ ui _ (n.) liquid
5 f _ n c t _ _ n (n.) the intended purpose of a device
6 cy _ _ _ d _ r (adj.) tube-shaped
7 d _ m _ st _ c (adj.) relating to a home
8 id _ _ tic _ _ (adj.) exactly alike
9 t _ p _ cal (adj.) having the distinctive qualities of a particular type
10 _ _ pressur _ _ _ (v.) release the pressure of the gas inside
Questions 26‒30
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Exercise 1
Choose the synonyms of the words in bold.
1 Boreal forests can help reduce a substantial amount of emission from factories.
A considerable B minimal C rich D small
2 Boreal forests takes up 17% of the land area.
A accounts for B comprises of C takes on D sets up
3 Lands that can be used for farming should be fertile.
A arable B arid C dry D vulnerable
4 The crop yield has accumulated through the years.
A set up B made up C taken up D piled up
5 Do not cultivate soil before applying a translocated herbicide.
A farm B pick C rear D train
6 Forests can remove and sequester carbon from the atmosphere.
A concur B confine C conjoin D conquer
7 We should use as much green energy as possible and offset coal use.
A cancel B cancel out C force D overturn
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in the box.
Questions 19 and 20
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO of the following statements are made in the text about the Amsterdam bike-
sharing scheme of 1999?
A It was initially opposed by a government department.
B It failed when a partner in the scheme withdrew support.
C It aimed to be more successful than the Copenhagen scheme.
D It was made possible by a change in people’s attitudes.
E It attracted interest from a range of bike designers.
Questions 21 and 22
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO of the following statements are made in the text about Amsterdam today?
A The majority of residents would like to prevent all cars from entering the city.
B There is little likelihood of the city having another bike-sharing scheme.
C More trips in the city are made by bike than by any other form of transport.
D A bike-sharing scheme would benefit residents who use public transport.
E The city has a reputation as a place that welcomes cyclists.
However, the scheme was not a great success: almost as quickly as Provo left the bikes around
the city, the 26 police. Took them away. According to Schimmelpennink, the scheme was
intended to be symbolic. The idea was to get people thinking about the issues.
Exercise 1
Complete the following phrases 1-6 with the correct preposition.
Then, match them to their meanings a-f.
1 to be behind _____ something a to be late for something
2 to be eligible _____ something b to feel sorry for somebody
3 to be _____ the same wavelength c to not appreciate something
4 to put effort _____ something d to satisfying the conditions
5 to take pity _____ somebody e to work hard
6 to take something _____ granted f to work really well with somebody
Exercise 2
Questions 21 and 22
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO characteristics were shared by the subjects of Joanna’s psychology study?
A They had all won prizes for their music.
B They had all made music recordings.
C They were all under 27 years old.
D They had all toured internationally.
E They all played a string instrument.
Questions 23 and 24
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO points does Joanna make about her use of telephone interviews?
A It meant rich data could be collected.
B It allowed the involvement of top performers.
C It led to a stressful atmosphere at times.
D It meant interview times had to be limited.
E It caused some technical problems.
Questions 27‒30
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
27 Joanna concentrated on women performers because
A women are more influenced by fashion.
B women’s dress has led to more controversy.
C women’s code of dress is less strict than men’s.
28 Mike Frost’s article suggests that in popular music, women’s dress is affected by
A their wish to be taken seriously.
B their tendency to copy each other.
C their reaction to the masculine nature of the music.
29 What did Joanna’s subjects say about the audience at a performance?
A The musicians’ choice of clothing is linked to respect for the audience.
B The clothing should not distract the audience from the music.
C The audience should make the effort to dress appropriately.
30 According to the speakers, musicians could learn from sports scientists about
A the importance of clothing for physical freedom.
B the part played by clothing in improving performance.
C the way clothing may protect against physical injury.
Exercise 1
Complete the table with different form of the given words.
1 anticipatory
2 arousal
3 avoidance
4 certainty
5 ingenious ø
6 intense
7 intention
8 to oppose
9 to precede
10 variation
Exercise 2
Match the adjectives 1-5 to their synonyms a-e and the nouns 6-10 to theirs f-g.
1 jeopardous a dangerous 6 apparel f competitor
2 opulent b luxurious 7 disparity g clothing
3 peripheral c minor 8 invigoration h inequality
4 radical d physical 9 rival i revitalization
5 tangible e revolutionary 10 transcendence j superiority
Most managers can identify the major trends of the day. But it the course of conducting research
in a number of industries and working directly with companies, we have discovered that managers
often fail to recognize the less obvious but profound ways these trends are influencing consumers’
aspirations, attitudes, and behaviors. This is especially true of trends that managers view as
peripheral to their core markets.
Many ignore trends in their innovation strategies or adopt a wait-and-see approach and let
competitors take the lead. At a minimum, such responses mean missed profit opportunities. At
the extreme, they can jeopardize a company by ceding to rivals the opportunity to transform the
industry. The purpose of this article is twofold: to spur managers to think more expansively about
how trends could engender new value propositions in their core markets, and to provide some high-
level advice on how to make market research and product development personnel more adept at
analyzing and exploiting trends.
One strategy, known as ‘infuse and augment’, is to design a product or service that retains most
of the attributes and functions of existing products in the category but adds others that address the
needs and desires unleashed by a major trend. A case in point in the Poppy range of handbags, which
the firm Coach created in response to the economic downturn of 2008. The Coach brand had been a
symbol of opulence and luxury for nearly 70 years, and the most obvious reaction to the downturn
would have been to lower prices. However, that would have risked cheapening the brand’s image.
Instead, they initiated a consumer-research project which revealed that customers were eager to lift
themselves and the country out of tough times. Using these insights, Coach launched the lower-
priced Poppy handbags, which were in vibrant colors, and looked more youthful and playful than
conventional Coach products. Creating the sub-brand allowed Coach to avert an across-the-board
price cut. In contrast to the many companies that responded to the recession by cutting prices, Coach
saw the new consumer mindset as an opportunity for innovation and renewal.
A more radical strategy is ‘combine and transcend’. This entails combining aspects of the product’s
existing value proposition with attributes addressing changes arising from a trend, to create a
novel experience – one that may land the company in an entirely new market space. At first glance,
spending resources to incorporate elements of a seemingly irrelevant trend into one’s core offerings
sounds like it’s hardly worthwhile. But consider Nike’s move to integrate the digital revolution
into its reputation for high-performance athletic footwear. In 2006, they teamed up with technology
company Apple to launch Nike+, a digital sports kit comprising a sensor that attaches to the running
shoe and a wireless receiver that connects to the user’s iPod. By combining Nike’s original value
proposition for amateur athletes with one for digital consumers, the Nike+ sports kit and web
interface moved the company from a focus on athletic apparel to a new plane of engagement with its
customers.
A third approach, known as ‘counteract and reaffirm’, involves developing products or services that
stress the values traditionally associated with the category in ways that allow consumers to oppose
– or at least temporarily escape from – the aspects of trends they view as undesirable. A product
that accomplished this is the ME2, a video game created by Canada’s iToys. By reaffirming the
toy category’s association with physical play, the ME2 counteracted some of the widely perceived
negative impacts of digital gaming devices. Like other handheld games, the device featured a host
of exciting interactive games, a full-color LCD screen, and advanced 3D graphics. What set it
apart was that it incorporated the traditional physical component of children’s play: it contained
a pedometer, which tracked and awarded points for physical activity (walking, running, biking,
skateboarding, climbing stairs). The child could use the points to enhance various virtual skills
needed for the video game. The ME2, introduced in mid-2008, catered to kids’ huge desire to play
video games while countering the negatives, such as associations with lack of exercise and obesity.
Trends – technological, economic, environmental, social, or political – that affect how people
perceive the world around them and shape what they expect from products and services present
firms with unique opportunities for growth.
Questions 27̶31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
27 In the first paragraph, the writer says that most managers
A fail to spot the key consumer trends of the moment.
B make the mistake of focusing only on the principal consumer trends.
C misinterpret market research data relating to current consumer trends.
D are unaware of the significant impact that trends have on consumers’ lives.
28 According to the third paragraph, Coach was anxious to
A follow what some of its competitors were doing.
B maintain its prices throughout its range.
C safeguard its reputation as a manufacturer of luxury goods.
D modify the entire look of its brand to suit the economic climate.
29 What point is made about Tesco’s Greener Living programme?
A It did not require Tesco to modify its core business activities.
B It succeeded in attracting a more eco-conscious slientele.
C Its main aim was to raise consumers’ awareness of environmental issues.
D It was not the first time that Tesco had implemented such an initiative.
30 What does the writer suggest about Nike’s strategy?
A It was an extremely risky strategy at the time.
B It was a strategy that only a major company could afford to follow.
C It was the type of strategy that would not have been possible in the past.
D It was the kind of strategy which might appear to have few obvious benefits.
Questions 32̶37
Look at the following ideas (Questions 32̶37) and the list of companies below.
Match each statement with the correct company, A, B, C or D.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
32 It turned the notion that its products could have harmful effects to its own advantage.
33 It extended its offering by collaborating with another manufacturer.
34 It implemented an incentive scheme to demonstrate its corporate social responsibility.
35 It discovered that customers had a positive attitude towards dealing with difficult
circumstances.
36 It responded to a growing lifestyle trend in an unrelated product sector.
37 It successfully avoided having to charge its customers less for its core products.
List of companies
A Coach
B Tesco
C Nike
D iToys
Questions 38̶40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A̶D below.
38 If there are any trend-related changes impacting on your category, you should
39 If a current trend highlights a negative aspect of your category, you should
40 If the consumers’ new focus has an increasing lack of connection with your offering you
should
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct adjectives from the box.
1 Before we head out for the creek circuit, the tour guide gave us a introduction to the area.
2 Bjørn Dæhlie takes a _________________ position in cross-country skiing.
3 Considering he is afraid of dogs, is only _________________ that Geoffrey avoid dog-sled trip.
4 It was obvious that Usan Bolt would enjoy steeper, longer and more _________________ runs.
5 During winter time, it is a _________________ slide down the mountain’s slippery slopes.
6 Outdoor activities can improve your mental health and eliminate some _________________
issues.
7 The hotel’s rooftop bar is not _________________ for elderly people.
8 The mountain track is the best route to take under _________________ conditions.
Exercise 2
Questions 11‒14
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
New city developments
11 The idea for the two new developments in the city came from
A local people.
B the City Council.
C the SWRDC.
12 What is unusual about Brackenside pool?
A its architectural style
B its heating system
C its method of water treatment
Questions 15-20
Which feature is related to each of the following areas of the world represented in the
playground?
Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A‒I, next to questions 15‒20.
Features
A ancient forts
B waterways
C ice and snow
D jewels
E local animals
F mountains
G music and film
H space travel
I volcanoes
Exercise 1
Scan the reading passage Environmental practices of big business and find the words that
match the meanings and pronunciations below.
1 uh-kawr-dns n. agreement
Exercise 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14‒26 which are based on Reading Passage
2 below.
I contain multitudes
Wendy Moore reviews Ed Yong’s book about microbes
Microbes, most of them bacteria, have populated this planet since long before animal life developed
and they will outlive us. Invisible to the naked eye, they are ubiquitous. They inhabit the soil, air,
rocks and water and are present within every form of life, from seaweed and coral to dogs and
humans. And, as Yong explains in his utterly absorbing and hugely important book we mess with
them at our peril.
Every species has its own colony of microbes, called a ‘microbiome’, and these microbes vary not
only between species but also between individuals and within different parts of each individual.
What is amazing is that while the number of human cells in the average person is about 30 trillion,
the number of microbial ones is higher – about 39 trillion. At best, Yong informs us, we are only
50 per cent human. Indeed, some scientists even suggest we should think of each species and its
microbes as a single unit, dubbed a ‘holobiont’.
In each human there are microbes that live only in the stomach, the mouth or the armpit and by
and large they do so peacefully. So ‘bad’ microbes are just microbes out of context. Microbes that
sit contentedly in the human gut (where there are more microbes than there are stars in the galaxy)
can become deadly if they find their way into the bloodstream. These communities are constantly
It’s a fascinating topic and Yong, a young British science journalist, is an extraordinarily adept
guide. Writing with lightness and panache, he has a knack of explaining complex science in terms
that are both easy to understand and totally enthralling. Yong is on a mission. Leading us gently by
the hand, he takes us into the world of microbes – a bizarre, alien planet – in a bid to persuade us to
love them as much as he does. By the end, we do.
For most of human history we had no idea that microbes existed. The first man to see these
extraordinarily potent creatures was a Dutch lens-maker called Antony van Leeuwenhoek in the
1670s. Using microscopes of his own design that could magnify up to 270 times, he examined a
drop of water from a nearby lake and found it teeming with tiny creatures he called ‘animalcules’.
It wasn’t until nearly two hundred years later that the research of French biologist Louis Pasteur
indicated that some microbes caused disease. It was Pasteur’s ‘germ theory’ that gave bacteria the
poor image that endures today.
Yong’s book is in many ways a plea for microbial tolerance, pointing out that while fewer than one
hundred species of bacteria bring disease, many thousands more play a vital role in maintaining
our health. The book also acknowledges that our attitude towards bacteria is not a simple one. We
tend to see the dangers posed by bacteria, yet at the same time we are sold yoghurts and drinks that
supposedly nurture ‘friendly’ bacteria. In reality, says Yong, bacteria should not be viewed as either
friends or foes, villains or heroes. Instead we should realise we have a symbiotic relationship, that
can be mutually beneficial or mutually destructive.
What then do these millions of organisms do? The answer is pretty much everything. New research
is now unravelling the ways in which bacteria aid digestion, regulate our immune systems, eliminate
toxins, produce vitamins, affect our behaviour and even combat obesity. ‘They actually help us
become who we are,’ says Yong. But we are facing a growing problem. Our obsession with hygiene,
our overuse of antibiotics and our unhealthy, low-fibre diets are disrupting the bacterial balance and
may be responsible for soaring rates of allergies and immune problems, such as inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD).
The most recent research actually turns accepted norms upside down. For example, there are studies
indicating that the excessive use of household detergents and antibacterial products actually destroys
The readers of Yong’s book must be prepared for a decidedly unglamorous world. Among the less
appealing case studies is one about a fungus that is wiping out entire populations of frogs and that
can be halted by a rare microbial bacterium. Another is about squid that carry luminescent bacteria
that protect them against predators. However, if you can overcome your distaste for some of the
investigations, the reasons for Yong’s enthusiasm become clear. The microbial world is a place of
wonder. Already, in an attempt to stop mosquitoes spreading dengue fever – a disease that infects
400 million people a year – mosquitoes are being loaded with a bacterium to block the disease.
In the future, our ability to manipulate microbes means we could construct buildings with useful
microbes built into their walls to fight off infections. Just imagine a neonatal hospital ward coated in
a specially mixed cocktail of microbes so that babies get the best start in life.
Questions 14‒16
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
14 What point does the writer make about microbes in the first paragraph?
A They adapt quickly to their environment.
B The risk they pose has been exaggerated.
C They are more plentiful in animal life than plant life.
D They will continue to exist for longer than the human race.
15 In the second paragraph, the writer is impressed by the fact that
A each species tends to have vastly different microbes.
B some parts of the body contain relatively few microbes.
C the average individual has more microbial cells than human ones.
D scientists have limited understanding of how microbial cells behave.
16 What is the writer doing in the fifth paragraph?
A explaining how a discovery was made
B comparing scientists’ theories about microbes
C describing confusion among scientists
D giving details of how microbes cause disease
New research shows that microbes have numerous benefits for humans. Amongst other
things, they aid digestion, remove poisons, produce vitamins and may even help reduce
obesity. However, there is a growing problem. Our poor 19 __________ , our overuse of antibiotics,
and our excessive focus on 20 __________ are upsetting the bacterial balance and may be
contributing to the huge increase in allergies and immune system problems.
Question 21̶26
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?
Write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
21 It is possible that using antibacterial products in the home fails to have the desired effect.
22 It is a good idea to ensure that children come into contact with as few bacteria as possible.
23 Yong’s book contains more cause studies than are necessary.
24 The case study about bacteria that prevent squid from being attacked may have limited
appeal.
25 Efforts to control dengue fever have been surprisingly successful.
26 Microbes that reduce the risk of infection have already been put inside the walls of some
hospital wards.
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences below using the phrases in the box.
_________________________ .
3 Phineas and Ferb used to hang out with their friends at the _________________________ when
they were kids.
4 People who live in _________________________ shouldn’t throw stones.
5 The rusty gates mark the _________________________ of the Wayne Manor.
6 They are currently transforming an area of _________________________ into a community
garden.
Exercise 2
Questions 11‒14
Write the correct letter, A, B, or C.
Visiting the Sheepmarket area
11 Which is the most rapidly-growing group of residents in the Sheepmarket area?
A young professional people
B students from the university
C employees in the local market
12 The speaker recommends the side streets in the Sheepmarket for their
A international restaurants.
B historical buildings.
C arts and crafts.
Questions 15‒20
Label the map below.
Write the correct letter, A‒I next to Questions 15‒20.
Art and History in the Sheepmarket
N
W E
S B
Hill Road F
Bank A E
C
City Road
Public
Gardens
D
Station G I
Square
H
Crawley Road
Exercise 1
Choose the correct answers to complete the following sentence.
1 The earth completes 366 _____ about its axis in every leap year.
A spins B rotations C rounds D circulation
2 A _____ is a period of one thousand years.
A decade B century C millennium D era
3 Thailand’s CentralWorld Mall is one of the largest _____ shopping centers (those that are
surrounded by walls and often covered) in the world.
A enclosed B close C closure D closed-door
4 She _____ the washing machine to see what the problem was, but couldn’t _____ again.
A broke down - brought back C wrecked - gathered
B removed - rejoined D dismantled - assembled
5 A key goal for Madrid is urban _____ , including environmentally conscious developments.
A renovation B regeneration C reimbursement D renaissance
6 In cars that are automatics, you don’t have to bother with shifting _____ .
A tyres B directions C brakes D gears
7 There was a splendid _____ of food on the table.
A barrage B array C series D litany
Exercise 2
Match the words 1-6 with their antonyms a-f.
1 intermittent a agree
2 climax b continuous
3 excavate c exacerbate
4 dispute d rock bottom
5 salvage e bury
The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle of
approximately 60 degrees. The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud
carried by Solent currents. As a result, the starboard side filled rapidly, leaving the exposed port
(left) side to be eroded by marine organisms and mechanical degradation. Because of the way the
ship sank, nearly all of the starboard half survived intact. During the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries, the entire site became covered with a layer of hard grey clay, which minimised further
erosion.
Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the Solent found that their equipment was caught on an
underwater obstruction, which turned out to be the Mary Rose. Diver John Deane happened to be
exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their
gear. Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the
seabed. Exploring further, he uncovered several other timbers and a bronze gun. Deane continued
diving on the site intermittently until 1840, recovering several more guns, two bows, various
timbers, part of a pump and various other small finds.
The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. But in 1965, military historian
and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a
project called ‘Solent Ships’. While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of known wrecks
Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun. But the climax to the operation
came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ship’s frame was uncovered. McKee and his team now
knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also housed a
treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts. Interest ^ in the project grew, and in 1979, The
Mary Rose Trust was formed, with Prince Charles as its President and Dr Margaret Rule its
Archaeological Director. The decision whether or not to salvage the wreck was not an easy one,
although an excavation in 1978 had shown that it might be possible to raise the hull. While the
original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until
January 1982, when all the necessary information was available.
An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary Rose was that the remaining hull was an open
shell. This led to an important decision being taken: namely to carry out the lifting operation in three
very distinct stages. The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires.
The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was overcome by using 12
hydraulic jacks. These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame
rose slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear
of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed
to the second stage. In this stage, the lifting frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and
the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle.
This required precise positioning to locate the legs into the stabbing guides’ of the lifting cradle.
The lifting cradle was designed to fit the hull using archaeological survey drawings, and was fitted
with air bags to provide additional cushioning for the hull’s delicate timber framework. The third
and final stage was to lift the entire structure into the air, by which time the hull was also supported
from below. Finally, on 11 October 1982, millions of people around the world held their breath as
the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to
Portsmouth.
Questions 5̶8
Look at the following statements (Questions 5̶8) and the list of dates below.
Match each statement with the correct date, A‒F.
5 A search for the Mary Rose was launched.
6 One person’s exploration of the Mary Rose site stopped.
7 It was agreed that the hull of the Mary Rose should be raised.
8 The site of the Mary Rose was found by chance.
List of Dates
A 1836 E 1971
B 1840 F 1979
C 1965 G 1982
D 1967
Raising the hull of the Mary Rose: Stages one and two
9 ________________________
attached to hull by wires
legs
hull of ship
10 ________________________
to prevent hull being
sucked into mud
crane
hook
legs
hull of ship
13 ________________________
used as extra protection
for the hull
Exercise 1
Choose the correct answers to complete the following sentence.
1 The earth completes 366 _____ about its axis in every leap year.
A spins B rotations C rounds D circulation
2 Jake is always very _____ – talk it over with him.
A approaching B approached C approachable D approach
3 I’m on _____ this semester, so I’ve really got to study hard.
A caution B alert C alarm D probation
4 You have to be employed six months to be _____ for medical benefits.
A eligible B applicable C responsible D achievable
5 30th April is a _____ public holiday in Vietnam.
A status B station C stationery D statutory
6 A ... is not a type of shoes.
A trainer B squeezer C loafer D slider
7 All public universities are _____ by the government.
A subsidized B subscribed C subtitled D submerged
8 You’re young and healthy and you have no _____ - you can do whatever you want.
A commit B committals C commitments D committee
9 He is a _____ man, and an inspiration to all of us.
A witness B witty C witch D wicked
10 He walked off in a most _____ fashion made from plastic bags.
A biased B bizarre C customary D casual
11 No report can _____ the unspeakable suffering that this war has caused.
A convey B construct C confuse D convince
Exercise 3
Questions 21‒25
Write the correct letter, A, B, or C.
Theatre Studies Course
21 What helped Rob to prepare to play the character of a doctor?
A the stories his grandfather told him
B the times when he watched his grandfather working
C the way he imagined his grandfather at work
22 In the play’s first scene, the boredom of village life was suggested by
A repetition of words and phrases.
B scenery painted in dull colours.
C long pauses within conversations.
23 What has Rob learned about himself through working in a group?
A He likes to have clear guidelines.
B He copes well with stress.
C He thinks he is a good leader.
24 To support the production, research material was used which described
A political developments.
B changing social attitudes.
C economic transformations.
25 What problem did the students overcome in the final rehearsal?
A one person forgetting their words
B an equipment failure
C the injury of one character
Action
A be on time
B get a letter of recommendation
C plan for the final year
D make sure the institution’s focus is relevant
E show ability in Theatre Studies
F make travel arrangements and bookings
G ask for help
Exercise 1
Provide the correct forms of the words in brackets.
1 The site of the temple was discovered by a group of amateur _________________
(archaeology).
2 In this time of quarantine, food _________________ (preserve) plays a huge role in order to
prolong fresh foods and lessen the need to go outside and buy food.
3 Stonehenge is an _________________ (intricate) planned arrangement of huge stones.
4 Our long-term aim is to change industry’s _________________ (perceive) of the mathematical
sciences and to show the commercial benefits they can offer.
5 They intend to conduct a more detailed _________________ (assess) of potential clients.
6 This small country is faced with an _________________ (surmount) debt.
7 There are many vitamins that the body cannot _________________ (synthetic) itself.
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct words or phrases in the box.
American author Peter Miller explains, ‘I used to think that individual ants knew where they were
going, and what they were supposed to do when they got there. But Deborah Gordon, a biologist
at Stanford University, showed me that nothing an ant does makes any sense except in terms of the
whole colony. Which makes you wonder if, as individuals, we don’t serve a similar function for the
companies where we work or the communities where we live.’ Ants are not intelligent by themselves.
Yet as a colony, they make wise decisions. And as Gordon discovered during her research, there’s no
one ant making decisions or giving orders.
Take food collecting, for example. No ant decides, ‘There’s lots of food around today; lots of ants
should go out to collect it.’ Instead, some forager ants go out, and as soon as they find food, they pick
it up and come back to the nest. At the entrance, they brush past reserve foragers, sending a ‘go out
signal. The faster the foragers come back, the more food there is and the faster other foragers go out,
until gradually the amount of food being brought back diminishes. An organic calculation has been
made to answer the question, ‘How many foragers does the colony need today?’ And if something
goes wrong - a hungry lizard prowling around for an ant snack, for instance - then a rush of ants
returning without food sends waiting reserves a ‘Don’t go out’ signal.
But could such decentralised control work in a human organisation? Miller visited a Texas gas
company that has successfully applied formulas based on ant colony behaviour to ‘optimise its
factories and route its trucks’. He explains, ‘If ant colonies had worked out a reliable way to identify
the best routes between their nest and food sources, the company managers figured, why not take
advantage of that knowledge?’ So they came up with a computer model, based on the self organising
principles of an ant colony. Data is fed into the model about deliveries needing to be made the next
day, as well as things like weather conditions, and it produces a simulation determining the best route
Miller explains that he first really understood the impact that swarm behaviour could have on humans
when he read a study of honeybees by Tom Seeley, a biologist at Cornell University. The honeybees
choose as a group which new nest to move to. First, scouts fly off to investigate multiple sites. When
they return they do a ‘waggle dance’ for their spot, and other scouts will then fly off and investigate
it. Many bees go out, but none tries to compare all sites. Each reports back on just one. The more they
liked their nest, the more vigorous and lengthy their waggle dance and the more bees will choose to
visit it. Gradually the volume of bees builds up towards one site; it’s a system that ensures that support
for the best site snowballs and the decision is made in the most democratic way.
Humans, too, can make clever decisions through diversity of knowledge and a little friendly
competition. ‘The best example of shared decision-making that I witnessed during my research was
a town meeting I attended in Vermont, where citizens met face-to-face to debate their annual budget,’
explains Miller. “For group decision-making to work well, you need a way to sort through the various
options they propose; and you need a mechanism to narrow down these options.’ Citizens in Vermont
control their municipal affairs by putting forward proposals, or backing up others’ suggestions, until a
consensus is reached through a vote. As with the bees, the broad sampling of options before a decision
is made will usually result in a compromise acceptable to all. The ‘wisdom of the crowd makes clever
decisions for the good of the group - and leaves citizens feeling represented and respected.
The Internet is also an area where we are increasingly exhibiting swarm behaviour, without any physical
contact. Miller compares a wiki website, for example, to a termite mound. Indirect collaboration is
the key principle behind information-sharing websites, just as it underlies the complex constructions
that termites build. Termites do not have an architect’s blueprint or a grand construction scheme. They
simply sense changes in their environment, as for example when the mound’s wall has been damaged,
altering the circulation of air. They go to the site of the change and drop a grain of soil. When the next
termite finds that grain, they drop theirs too. Slowly, without any kind of direct decision-making, a
new wall is built. A termite mound, in this way, is rather like a wiki website. Rather than meeting up
and talking about what we want to post online, we just add to what someone - maybe a stranger on the
other side of the world – already wrote. This indirect knowledge and skill-sharing is now finding its
way into the corridors of power.
Question 7̶9
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
7 Managers working for a Texas gas company
8 Citizens in an annual Vermont meeting
9 Some Internet users
A provide support for each other’s ideas in order to reach the best outcome.
B use detailed comments to create large and complicated systems.
C use decision-making strategies based on insect communities to improve their service.
D communicate with each other to decide who the leader will be.
E contribute independently to the ideas of others they do not know.
F repair structures they have built without directly communicating with each other.
Exercise 1
Choose the correct answers to complete the following sentence.
1 The book didn’t get much _____ when it was published.
A publication B publishers C publicity D publicly
2 The company has introduced new prices which it says are necessary to survive
competition with _____ of Xiaomi and Huawei.
A the likes B the liking C the similarities D the comparison
3 She was blessed with an _____ belief in her own abilities.
A inevitable B unshakable C unfeasible D manageable
4 The _____ and carrying out of such a measure, he wrote, is absolutely necessary.
A initiation B implementation C conduct D imitation
5 The business remains amazingly _____ after 2 years of COVID-19.
A silent B lenient C patient D resilient
6 The ardent hope for the future brought them through all the sufferings during the war.
A ardent B latent C potent D urgent
7 “The new product really took off among teens”. What does the highlighted phrase mean?
A increase B begin to fly C become popular D suddenly fail
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct words or phrases in the box.
Exercise 1
Choose the correct answers to complete the following sentence.
1 He _____ the dangers of the trip in order to frighten them not into going.
A exaggerated B boasted C praised D imagined
2 Immigrants often struggle to learn a foreign _____ .
A vocabulary B voice C tongue D pronounce
3 _____ education includes a variety of strategies for using a student’s native language in
addition to English.
A multilingual B trilingual C bilingual D monolingual
4 Scientists have _____ about the possibility of parallel universes.
A predicted B calculated C proposed D speculated
5 _____ how often I correct them, some students always makes the same mistake.
A with regard to B regardless of C As regards D regarding
6 The city’s youths need more _____ to positive role models.
A exposure B contact C interaction D impact
7 It’s the press’s responsibility to _____ the truth.
A conceal B blur C judge D uncover
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct words or phrases in the box.
1 People should provide for their own retirement and not expect to be supported by
_________________ .
2 It was hard to _________________ his career ambitions with the needs of his children.
3 _________________ is a punishment in which someone is kept in a prison room alone.
4 Her success is partly due to her ability to _________________ the media.
5 The house has an _________________ view of the river.
Exercise 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage
2 below.
BOOK REVIEW
The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being
By William Davies
‘Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness
matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter.’ This pronouncement
by Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of ‘positive psychology’, summarises the beliefs of
many people today. For Layard and others like him, it is obvious that the purpose of government
is to promote a state of collective well-being. The only question is how to achieve it, and here
positive psychology – a supposed science that not only identifies what makes people happy but also
allows their happiness to be measured – can show the way. Equipped with this science, they say,
governments can secure happiness in society in a way they never could in the past.
It is an astonishingly crude and simple-minded way of thinking, and for that very reason
increasingly popular. Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature
in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if
nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention. It was
the philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) who was more than anyone else responsible for the
development of this way of thinking. For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of
pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness
with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled
to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere
metaphysics or fiction. Without knowing anything much of him or the school of moral theory he
established – since they are by education and intellectual conviction illiterate in the history of ideas
– our advocates of positive psychology follow in his tracks in rejecting as outmoded and irrelevant
pretty much the entirety of ethical reflection on human happiness to date.
The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to
capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and
treated as psychological maladies. In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner of pleasure
and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies and advertising.
The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviourism*, was that human beings
could be shaped, or manipulated, by policymakers and managers. Watson had no factual basis for
his view of human action. When he became president of the American Psychological Association
in 1915, he ‘had never even studied a single human being’: his research had been confined to
experiments on white rats. Yet Watson’s reductive model is now widely applied, with ‘behaviour
change’ becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a ‘Behaviour Insights Team’ has been
established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, at minimum cost to the
public purse, to live in what are considered to be socially desirable ways.
Questions 27̶29
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
27 What is the reviewer’s attitude to advocates of positive psychology?
A They are wrong to reject the ideas of Bentham.
B They are over-influenced by their study of Bentham’s theories.
C They have a fresh new approach to ideas on human happiness.
D They are ignorant about the ideas they should be considering.
28 The reviewer refers to the Greek philosopher Aristotle in order to suggest that happiness
A may not be just pleasure and the absence of pain.
B should not be the main goal of humans.
C is not something that should be fought for.
D is not just an abstract concept.
29 According to Davies, Bentham’s suggestion for linking the price of goods to happiness was
significant because
A it was the first successful way of assessing happiness.
B it established a connection between work and psychology.
C it was the first successful example of psychological research.
D it involved consideration of the rights of consumers.
Question 35̶40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
Write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
35 One strength of The Happiness Industry is its discussion of the relationship between
psychology and economics.
36 It is more difficult to measure some emotions than others.
37 Watson’s ideas on behaviourism were supported by research on humans he carried out
before 1915.
38 Watson’s ideas have been most influential on governments outside America.
39 The need for happiness is linked to industrialisation.
40 A main aim of government should be to increase the happiness of the population.
Reading 01
Exercise 1
1 perplexing 3 possessions 5 advantage
2 prospects 4 remains
Exercise 2
1 significance - importance 4 keen - enthusiastic
2 track - route 5 accompany - go with
3 goal - aim
Exercise 3
14 iv 17 v 20 vi 23 trench 25 B / D
15 vii 18 i 21 city 24 location 26 D / B
16 ii 19 viii 22 priests
Listening 02
Exercise 1
1 B 3 B 5 C
2 A 4 C
Reading 02
Exercise 1
1 f 3 a 5 c
2 e 4 d 6 b
Exercise 2
1 to 3 on 5 with
2 to 4 of 6 on
Exercise 3
1 obsidian 4 impurities 7 clouding 10 FALSE 12 TRUE
2 spear 5 Romans 8 taxes 11 NOT GIVEN 13 FALSE
3 beads 6 lead 9 TRUE
Listening 02
Exercise 1
1 analysis 3 scientific 5 Theoretically
2 Political 4 appropriateness
Exercise 2
1 client’s needs / clients’ needs 3 plans 5 clarifying
2 materials 4 contractors
Exercise 3
31 spring 33 maps 35 marble 37 camera(s) 39 eyes
32 tools 34 heavy 36 light 38 medical 40 wine
Listening 04
Exercise 1
1 B 3 C 5 C
2 C 4 A
Exercise 2
1 appliance 3 detergent 5 cylinder 7 domestic 9 typical
2 chamber 4 fluid 6 function 8 identical 10 depressurize
Exercise 3
21 C 24 A 26 presentation 28 material / 29 grant
22 A 25 C 27 model materials 30 technical
23 B
Reading 04
Exercise 1
1 A 3 A 5 A 7 B
2 A 4 D 6 B
Exercise 2
1 dominates 3 schemes 5 was 6 to abolish
2 is distributed 4 opposes vandalized 7 to initate
Listening 05
Exercise 1
1 to be behind on something - a 4 to put effort into something - e
2 to be eligible for something - d 5 to take pity on somebody - b
3 to be on the same wavelength - f 6 to take something for granted - c
Exercise 2
21 B/D 23 A / B 25 B / E 27 C 29 A
22 D / B 24 B / A 26 E / B 28 A 30 C
Reading 05
Exercise 1
1 anticipation - to anticipate 6 intensity - intensify 10 various - to
2 aroused - to arouse 7 intent / intented - to intend vary
3 avoidant - to avoid 8 opponant / opposition - opposite
4 certain - to ascertain 9 precedent - precedent /
5 ingenuity precedented
Exercise 2
1 a 3 c 5 d 7 h 9 f
2 b 4 e 6 g 8 i 10 j
Exercise 3
27 D 30 D 33 C 36 C 39 C
28 C 31 D 34 B 37 A 40 D
29 A 32 D 35 A 38 B
Reading 06
Exercise 1
1 accordance 4 shareholder 5 principle 7 quota 9 explicit
2 a breach / stockholder 6 sentiment 8 moral 10 liable
3 outrage
Exercise 2
1 C 3 B 5 C 7 C
2 A 4 A 6 C
Exercise 3
14 D 17 G 20 E 23 NOT GIVEN 25 NOT GIVEN
15 C 18 B 21 YES 24 YES 26 NO
16 A 19 H 22 NO
Listening 07
Exercise 1
1 private ownership 3 adventure playground 5 boundary
2 residential area 4 glass houses 6 wasteland
Exercise 2
11 A 13 B 15 H 17 F 19 I
12 C 14 B 16 C 18 G 20 B
Listening 08
Exercise 1
1 C 3 A 5 B 7 C 9 B
2 D 4 D 6 A 8 B 10 A
Exercise 2
1 analysis 3 shifted
2 consult 4 optional
Exercise 3
1 C 3 A 5 B 7 D 9 G
2 A 4 B 6 E 8 A 10 C
Reading 08
Exercise 1
1 archaeolo- 2 preservation 4 perception 6 insurmount-
gists 3 intricately 5 assessment able
Exercise 2
1 the corridors 2 coverage 4 marched 6 consensus 8 damning
of power 3 simile 5 diminish 7 organic
Listening 09
Exercise 1
1 C 3 B 5 D 7 C
2 A 4 A 6 A
Exercise 2
1 playwright 3 skeleton 5 genre
2 fruitful 4 provocatively
Exercise 3
27 D 30 F 33 E 36 NOT GIVEN 39 YES
28 A 31 B 34 A 37 NO 40 NOT
29 B 32 G 35 YES 38 NOT GIVEN
Reading 09
Exercise 1
1 A 3 C 5 B 7 D
2 C 4 D 6 A
Exercise 2
1 the public purse 4 manipulate 7 astonishment
2 reconcile 5 arresting 8 pursuits
3 Solitary confinement 6 entangled
Exercise 3
27 D 30 F 33 E 36 NOT GIVEN 39 YES
28 A 31 B 34 A 37 NO 40 NOT
29 B 32 G 35 YES 38 NOT GIVEN
Sách được đăng ký theo giấy chứng nhận đăng ký quyền tác giả số: 1902/2020/QTG
cấp ngày 27 tháng 03 năm 2020 của Cục Bản quyền tác giả.