Momentum = mass × velocity

Ex. Car has a mass of 1500 kg and a velocity of 5 m/s. What is the car’s
momentum?

Answer: 1500x5 = 7500 kg m/s

** To determine which car has a greater momentum, we need more information

than just the fact that they are identical. Momentum depends on both mass and
velocity.
If the two cars have the same mass, then the car with the greater velocity
will have a greater momentum. This is because momentum is directly
proportional to velocity.
Therefore, if the faster car has a higher velocity than the slower car, it will
have a greater momentum. The correct answer is option b, the faster car.

** The conservation of momentum is a fundamental principle in physics.

According to the law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum of an
isolated system remains constant if no external forces are acting on it.
If there is no net external force acting on a system, then the total
momentum of the system will be conserved. This means that the vector sum of
the momenta of all the objects within the system will remain constant over time.

Example: Two 1 kg balls approach each other with the same speed of 1.0
m/s

Before the collision, the two balls are approaching each other with the
same speed. Since they have the same mass and opposite velocities, their
momenta are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. The total momentum
of the system before the collision is the sum of their individual momenta:

Total momentum before collision = momentum of ball 1 + momentum of ball 2 =

(mass of ball 1 × velocity of ball 1) + (mass of ball 2 × velocity of ball 2)
= (1 kg × -1.0 m/s) + (1 kg × 1.0 m/s)
= -1.0 kg m/s + 1.0 kg m/s
= 0 kg m/s

If there is no external force acting on the system, the total momentum of

the system after the collision remains the same as before the collision. Since the
total momentum before the collision was 0 kg m/s, the total momentum after
the collision will also be 0 kg m/s.
Therefore, the total momentum of the system after the collision is 0 kg m/s.

Impulse = Force × Time

Example: Given: Force = 800 N Time = 0.0005 seconds
Plugging in the values, we can calculate the impulse:
Impulse = 800 N × 0.0005 s = 0.4 N s
Therefore, the impulse imparted to the tennis ball is 0.4 N s.
Energy in batteries is “chemical energy”
Gravitational potential energy is the energy possessed by an object due to
its position in a gravitational field. It depends on the height of the object above a
reference point. Example: The cat jumps down the table. (When the cat jumps
down the chair, it decreases its height and therefore decreases its gravitational
potential energy. As the cat moves closer to the ground, the potential energy
associated with its elevated position decreases.)

In the presence of air, as the wall clock falls off the wall, it experiences air
resistance, which opposes its motion. This air resistance converts some of the
potential energy of the wall clock into other forms of energy, such as heat and
sound. As a result, the total mechanical energy of the system (consisting of
potential energy and kinetic energy) is not conserved.

Since the wall clock falls and moves closer to the ground, its height
decreases, and therefore its potential energy decreases. At the same time, as it
falls, its speed increases, resulting in an increase in its kinetic energy. The
increase in kinetic energy is due to the conversion of potential energy into kinetic
energy.

Therefore, the kinetic energy (K) just before striking the floor is greater
than the potential energy (P) at its hanging point.
When an object falls freely, it undergoes a transformation of energy from
potential energy to kinetic energy.
When a vehicle is slowly moving on top of a hill, it possess both kinetic
and potential energy.
For the total momentum of a system to be conserved, it is necessary that
no external forces are acting on the system. An external force is a force that
originates from outside the system and can change the total momentum of the
system.
If no external force is present, the total momentum of the system remains
constant. This principle is known as the law of conservation of momentum.
Energy stored in the gasoline is chemical energy, when it burns, it
undergoes chemical reaction and releases energy in the form of heat. The heat
energy generated is then converted into mechanical energy, which is used to
power a vehicle.
If an object is not in motion, it does not possess any kinetic energy, which
is the energy associated with an object's motion.
 Impulse is defined as the change in momentum of an object. It is equal to
the product of the force applied to the object and the time interval over which
the force acts. Mathematically, impulse (J) can be expressed as:
J = Δp
Where Δp represents the change in momentum.
Momentum (p) is the product of an object's mass (m) and its velocity (v). It is a
vector quantity that represents an object's quantity of motion.
Chemical energy is a form of potential energy stored within the chemical
bonds of molecules. When chemical reactions occur, such as during combustion
or metabolism, this potential energy can be released and converted into other
forms of energy, such as heat or mechanical energy.
At the highest point, when an object is at rest or not in motion, it has the
maximum potential energy. Potential energy is directly related to the height or
elevation of an object and is maximum at the highest point.
As the object falls from the watchtower, its potential energy decreases,
while its kinetic energy increases. Kinetic energy is the energy associated with
an object's motion and is dependent on its mass and velocity. The kinetic energy
of the object is maximum at the lowest point.
Therefore, the potential energy of the object at the highest point is greater
than its kinetic energy at the lowest point.
When raindrops fall from a higher elevation to the ground, they experience
a gain in potential energy and a decrease in kinetic energy. As the raindrops are
lifted to a higher position in the atmosphere, they gain potential energy due to
their increased elevation. This potential energy is a result of the gravitational
force acting on the raindrops.
When you stretched the rubber band five times, you observed that the
rubber band felt warm. This sensation of warmth indicates that the rubber band
gained heat. When a rubber band is stretched, work is done on it, and this work
can be converted into thermal energy, leading to an increase in the temperature
of the rubber band. The stretching of the rubber band causes the rubber
molecules to move and vibrate more vigorously, resulting in an increase in the
internal energy of the rubber band and a corresponding rise in temperature.
The refrigerant used in most refrigerators is a gas that is easy to liquefy.
This means that it can transition from a gaseous state to a liquid state at
relatively low pressures and temperatures. This phase change allows the
refrigerant to absorb heat from the refrigerator's interior, evaporate into a gas,
and then release the heat outside the refrigerator when it condenses back into a
liquid.
The movement of water from a deep well upward is driven by a process
called convection. Convection occurs when there is a temperature difference
within a fluid. In this case, the water in the deep well is often cooler compared
to the surrounding environment.
When the water in the deep well is cooler, it becomes denser, which causes
it to sink. As it sinks, warmer water from the surrounding environment, which
is less dense, displaces it and moves into the space left by the sinking water.
 This displacement creates a flow of water upward, with the cooler water
being pushed upward by the warmer water.
This process is known as natural convection and is responsible for the movement
of water from the deep well to the surface. It does not involve the use of a water
heat pump or occur spontaneously without any external influence.
Stirring the water in a glass, even if the glass is insulated from its
surroundings, will not directly change the temperature of the water.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a
substance, and stirring alone does not add or remove energy from the water.
While stirring can increase the mixing and circulation of the water, it does
not change the total internal energy or temperature of the water. The insulation
around the glass helps to minimize heat transfer between the water and its
surroundings, but it does not prevent the internal energy of the water from
changing due to other factors such as heat exchange with the environment or
heating/cooling from external sources.
Search the answer: True or False

1. Heat engine is any device that converts thermal energy into mechanical work.
2. In every heat engine, all of the heat can be converted into work.
3. Mechanical work takes place in the piston of a gasoline engine.
4. There is no ideal heat engine making some heat exhaust in the environment.
5. Thermal pollution is brought about by the accumulated exhaustion of heart from
diesel, gasoline, and industrial engines.
In a generator, the primary energy transformation that takes place is the
conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy. The mechanical energy is usually
provided by a turbine or an engine, which drives the rotation of a coil or a magnet within
a magnetic field. This relative motion between the magnetic field and the coil/magnet
induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage, which generates electrical energy.
Electric current can be induced in a coil of wire through electromagnetic
induction. This occurs when there is a change in the magnetic field passing through the
coil. One way to induce current is by moving a magnet relative to the coil. When a
magnet is rapidly inserted into and then removed from the coil, the magnetic field
passing through the coil changes quickly, which induces an electric current in the wire.
An air conditioning unit can function as a heater during cold days and cooler
during hot days by using a mechanism called a heat pump. A heat pump is capable of
transferring heat energy from one location to another.
During cold days, the air conditioning unit acts as a heater by extracting heat
from the outside air and transferring it into the indoor space, thus warming the inside.
This is achieved by utilizing the heat pump's ability to absorb heat from the outdoor
environment, even when temperatures are low, and then releasing that heat inside.
During hot days, the air conditioning unit functions as a cooler by extracting
heat from the indoor space and transferring it to the outside. The heat pump reverses
its operation, absorbing heat from the indoor air and releasing it outside, thereby cooling
the indoor space.
The function of a heat engine is to convert thermal energy into mechanical
energy. Heat engines operate based on the principles of thermodynamics, specifically
the conversion of heat energy into work. This conversion is achieved through processes
such as the expansion of a working fluid, typically a gas, and the utilization of the
resulting pressure and volume changes to produce mechanical work.
Electrical consumption in households is typically measured in kilowatt hours
(kWh) by electric companies. The kilowatt hour is a unit of energy that represents the
amount of electrical energy consumed over a period of time. It is calculated by
multiplying the power in kilowatts (kW) by the time in hours.
In power stations generating electricity, power is typically measured in
megawatts (MW). The megawatt is a unit of power that represents one million watts. It
is commonly used to indicate the large-scale power output of power plants or electricity
generation facilities.
The correct path of electrical power that can be traced back to the source is from
the power plant to transmission substations, then to distribution substations, and
finally to residences.
Power is generated at power plants and transmitted at high voltages through
transmission lines to transmission substations. At these substations, the voltage is
reduced for further distribution. From the transmission substations, the power is
transmitted to distribution substations, where the voltage is further reduced to a level
suitable for residential consumption. Finally, the power is delivered from distribution
substations to residences through distribution lines.
To make the electric motor turn slower, you can increase the number of turns
in the coil of wire. This increases the resistance in the circuit, which reduces the current
flowing through the motor. With less current, the magnetic field generated by the
motor's coil will be weaker, resulting in slower rotation of the armature.