8720123, 645 PM Phase velocity - Wikipedia WIKIPEDIA. “The Free Encyclopedia Phase velocity The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the wave AVE propagates in any_mellun quency dapeionn gap of ry waves one src of Sep hase of any cae frequeney Water The Med square moves wih the phase velocity, and the ® green Phas y circles propagate with the group velocity In this deep-water case, the phase component of the wave travels. eiocity is twice the group velocly, The red square overtakes two green For such a component, any cicjos wren moving from the left to the right of the figure. given phase of the wave (for example, the crest) will appear NeW waves seem fo emerge atthe back ofa wave group, grow in amplitude Until they are at the center of the group, and vanish at the wave group front. to travel at the phase velocity. The phase velocity is given in For surface gravity waves, the water particle velocities are much smaller than terms of the wavelength 4 — the phase velocity, in most cases (ambda) and time period Tas wed T ot Equivalently, in terms of the wave's angular frequency «, which TN) specifies angular change per unit of time, and wavenumber (or ' angular wave number) k, which represent the angular change per unit of space, Propagation of a wave packet demonstrating a phase velocity n=”, grocer an the group veloaly k without dispersion To gain some basic intuition for this equation, we consider a propagating (cosine) wave A cos(kx — cof). We want to see how 1 fast a particular phase of the wave travels. For example, we can choose kx - wt = 0, the phase of the first crest. This implies ke = @t,andsov=x/t=a/k, Formally, we let the phase @ = kx - wt and see immediately that -« @ = -dg / dtand k= do / dx. So, it immediately follows that de _ _ 86 Oe _w Ob Fk This shows a wave with the group . velocity and phase velocity going in different directions. The group velocity is positive, while the phase As a result we observe a inverse relation between the angular 0 velocity is negative. frequency and wavevector. If the wave has higher frequency oscillations, the wave length must be shortened for the phase velocity to remain constant.) Additionally, the phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation may — under certain cireumstances (for example anomalous dispersion) — exceed the speed of light in vacuum, but this does not indicate any superluminal information or energy transfer. It was theoretically described by physicists such as Arnold Sommerfeld and Léon Brillouin. hitps:en. wikipedia orghwikiPhase_velocily 7‘8073, 645 PM Phase vlocty- Wikipedia The previous definition of phase velocity has been demonstrated for an isolated wave. However, such a definition can be extended to a beat of waves, or to a signal composed of multiple waves. For this it i ry to mathematically write the beat or signal as a low frequency envelope multiplying a (hus the phase velocity of the carrier determines the phase velocity of the wave set.{3] Group velocity ‘The group velocity of a collection of waves is defined as Be Ok When multiple sinusoidal waves are propagating together, the resultant superposition of the waves can result in an “envelope” wave as well as a "carrier" wave that lies inside the envelope. This i commonly appears in wireless communication when modulation (a A superposition of 1D plane change in amplitude and/or phase) is employed to send data. To gain waves (blue) each traveling at a some intuition for this definition, we consider a superposition of different (cosine) waves f(x, 4) with their respective angular frequencies and by blue dots) results ina wavevectors. Gaussian wave packet (red) that propagates at the group velocity ed by the red line phase velocity (t faced f(x, t) = cos(ky 2 — wit) + cos(ko — wet) = Beno HB et) coo( 2 tbe = at) = 2fi(2,t) falz,t). So, we have a product of two waves: an envelope wave formed by f, and a carrier wave formed by J - We call the velocity of the envelope wave the group velocity. We see that the phase velocity of f; is wy wy ky — ki In the continuous differential case, this becomes the definition of the group velocity. Refractive index In the context of electromagnetics and optics, the frequency is some function (k) of the wave number, so in general, the phase velocity and the group velocity depend on specific medium and frequency. The ratio between the speed of light c and the phase velocity v, is known as the refractive index, n= ¢/ vp =ck/ . In this way, we can obtain another form for group velocity for electromagnetics. Writing n = n(0), a quick way to derive this form is to observe hitps:en. wikipedia orghwikiPhase_velocily 248720123, 645 PM Phase velocity - Wikipedia rat )) ae wo) — dk = + (no) ro We can then rearrange the above to obtain ow OF nae From this formula, we see that the group velocity is equal to the phase velocity only when the refractive index is independent of frequency 8n/Ow = 0. When this occurs, the medium is called non-dispersive, as opposed to dispersive, where various properties of the medium depend on the frequency ©. The relation w(K) is known as the dispersion relation of the medium, See also = Cherenkov radiation = Dispersion (optics) = Group velocity = Propagation delay = Shear wave spiitting = Wave propagation = Wave propagation speed = Planck constant = Speed of light = Matter wave#Phase velocity References Footnotes 1. Nemirovsky, Jonathan; Rechtsman, Mikael C; Segev, Mordechai (9 April 2012). "Negative radiation pressure and negative effective refractive index via dielectric birefringence" (https://doi.or g/10.1364%2FOE.20.008907). Optics Expross. 20 (8): 8907-8914 Bibcode:20120Expr..20.8907N (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/20120Expr..20.8907N). doi:10.1364/OE.20.008907 (https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOE.20.008907). PMID 22513601 (https://p ubmed.nobi.nim.nih.gov/22513601). 2. "Phase, Group, and Signal Velocity” (http:/ww.mathpages.com/home/kmath210/kmath210.htm). Mathpages.com. Retrieved 2011-07-24 3. "Phase Velocity: Waves and Signals" (https://electroagenda.com/en/phase-velocity-waves-and-sig nals/). electroagenda.com. Bibliography = Crawford jr, Frank S. (1968). Waves (Berkeley Physics Course, Vol. 3), McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978- 0070048607 Free online version (https://archive.org/details/Waves_371) hitps:en. wikipedia orghwikiPhase_velocily 3a‘7023, 645 PM Phase velocty - Wikipedia = Brillouin, Léon (1960), Wave Propagation And Group Velocity, New York and London: Academic Press Inc., ISBN 978-0-12-134968-4 = Main, lain G. (1988), Vibrations and Waves in Physics (2nd ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 214-216, ISBN 978-0-521-27846-1 = Tipler, Paul A.; Llewellyn, Ralph A. (2003), Modem Physics (4th ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, pp. 222-223, ISBN 97% hnps:ifen wikipedia. orgwikiPhase_velocty 40