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12 Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis
12 Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis
12 Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis
Nanofiltration and
nanofiltration and reverse osmosis
reverse osmosis
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
Introduction
Size, µm
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000
Approximate
molecular 100 200 1000 10000 20000 100000 500000
weight
Viruses Bacteria
Relative
size of Dissolved salts Algae
materials in
water Metal ions Humus acids Cystes Sand
Clay
Silt
ΔP [bar]
Conventional filtration processes 0.01
Micro filtration 0.05
Treatment Ultra filtration 0.1
process
Nanofiltration 5
Reverse osmosis 30
ED and EDR
Microfiltration MF + - - -
Ultrafiltration + + - -
UF
Nanofiltration + + + -
NF
Reversed Osmosis + + + +
RO
v = 0.10 m/h
d = 0.15 – 0.35 mm
• Parallel MF/SSF
Problems: 1. Fouling
2. Packing
spacers
Concentrate channel
Permeate channel
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
Theory
water
ul
io
s olec
ed
r
flow across
lv
te
m
so
wa
membrane
c o ro
s
id
di
ac
llo
concentrated compared to
the feed water
Theory
• Reverse Osmosis ??
pure salt
water water
semi-permeable membrane
Theory
pure salt
water water
semi-permeable membrane
Theory
Pressure
ΔP−ΔΠ
• Reverse osmosis
pure salt
water water
semi-permeable membrane
Theory
Qf, Pf, cf Qc, Pc, cc
Qp, Pp, cp
Mass balance water: Qf = Qc + Qp
Qp
Recovery γ=
Qf
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
Membranes structure
Homogenous
Asymmetric
Composite
Liquid
Membrane modules
• Tubular membranes
Modules
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
Applications RO
1. Desalinization of sea or brackish water
- high costs: ( 1.0 euro /m3 till 3.5 euro /m3 sea water)
- examples: Heineken
Greenhouse agriculture
2. Split flow membrane filtration
- costs: 50 euro cents/m3 product
- example: Na+/Cl- Andijk (PWN)
Sedimentation Aeration
Rapid filtration
Rapid filtration
Softening
Rapid filtration
Drinking water
Application RO
• Treatment Heemskerk (PWN)
Disinfection
- bacteria, viruses > 99.99% > 99.99%
- Giardia, Cryptosporidium > 99.99% > 99.99%
Application NF
1. Split flow membrane filtration for softening and
removal of organic compounds
- alternative for softening and activated carbon filtration
- examples: colored ground water
bank filtration water
pretreatment for infiltration (IB)
- costs: 35 euro cents/m3 product
nanofiltration Concentrate
45% discharge
Conventional 11%
treatment Conditioning
45%
Permeate storage
45%
RWK 89%
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
Design
Membrane
ΔP PI TI unit TI
Raw
water Product
Micro filter
HCl/H2SO4/AS
FIC
Concentrate
Design
• Membrane staging
Christmas tree staging
PC
Supply Concentrate
Product
Circulation
PC
Concentrate
Supply
Product
Design
• Staging 22-11-5
Design
• Standard design
standard design:
6 elements/vessel
2 stages (staging 2:1)
Design
• Recent research
Design
0,86
(m3/h/element)
0,81
0,76 1 stage
0,71 6:1
0,66 5:1
4:1 Staging
0,61
3:1
0,56
2:1
0,51
1 2 1:1
3 4 5 6 7
Elements/vessel
Design Optiflux®
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
Fouling control
Pre-treatment Optimali- cleaning
sation
process
conditions
Particles ++ - +
Scaling - ++ +/-
Biofouling ++ +/- ?
Organic fouling + ++ +
• Process design:
• module design
• staging
• operational parameters:
• cross flow velocity
• flux
• recovery
• acid or anti-scalant
• Process design:
• module design
• staging
• operational parameters:
• cross flow velocity
• flux
• recovery
• acid or anti-scalant
feed
Concentrate
Sr BaSO4[-]
8
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
October 16, 2007
Element
56
#
Fouling control: scaling
• Process design:
• module design
• staging
• operational parameters:
• cross flow velocity
• flux
• recovery
• acid or anti-scalant