CT4471 Drinking water I

Dr.ir. S.G.J. Heijman

Nanofiltration and
nanofiltration and reverse osmosis

reverse osmosis
Contents

1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
Introduction
Size, µm
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000
Approximate
molecular 100 200 1000 10000 20000 100000 500000
weight
Viruses Bacteria
Relative
size of Dissolved salts Algae
materials in
water Metal ions Humus acids Cystes Sand

Clay
Silt
ΔP [bar]
Conventional filtration processes 0.01
Micro filtration 0.05
Treatment Ultra filtration 0.1
process
Nanofiltration 5
Reverse osmosis 30
ED and EDR

Metal ions Dissolved salts Viruses Bacteria Cryptosporidium

Arsenic Calcium salts Contagious Giardia
Nitrate Salmonella
Sulfate salts Hepatitis
Nitrite Magnesium salts Shigellosis Protozoa
Cyanide Aluminum salts Vibrio cholera Cystes
 Introduction
•Bacteria •Virusses •Multivalent •Monovalent
salts salts

Microfiltration MF + - - -

Ultrafiltration + + - -
UF

Nanofiltration + + + -
NF

Reversed Osmosis + + + +
RO

October 16, 2007 4

Introduction
Introduction

• Spiral wound membrane

Modules

• Spiral wound membranes

Introduction

• Principle slow sand filtration

v = 0.10 m/h
d = 0.15 – 0.35 mm

October 16, 2007 8

Introduction
• Slow sand filtration

slow sand filtration

October 16, 2007 9

Introduction

• Parallel MF/SSF

Problems: 1. Fouling
2. Packing

flux = 0.01 m/h

October 16, 2007 10

 Introduction

• Traditional RO/NF - fouling

spacers

Concentrate channel
Permeate channel

October 16, 2007 11

Turbulent flow across membranes

 Introduction

• Filtration process and particle size

Particle size pressure MWCO flux
[nm] [bar] [m3/m2·h]
Micro filtration > 100 <1 0.04 - 0.2
Ultra filtration 10 - 100 <2 1000 - 10000 0.08 - 0.2
Nano filtration 1 - 2 5 - 10 200 - 500 0.02 - 0.08
Reverse osmosis 0.2 - 1 15 - 60 100 0.01 - 0.04

MWCO = Molecular Weight Cut Off

= 90% of organic molecules is
removed
Contents

1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
 Theory
water

• Principle NF/RO product = 80% of

supply water
membrane
concentrate = 20% of
supply water
es
ns

ul
io
s olec
ed
r

flow across
lv
te

m
so
wa

membrane
c o ro
s

id
di

ac
llo

concentrate is 5 times more

m

concentrated compared to
the feed water
Theory

• Reverse Osmosis ??

pure salt
water water

semi-permeable membrane
Theory

• Osmotic balance osmotic pressure

ΔΠ

pure salt
water water

semi-permeable membrane
Theory

Pressure
ΔP−ΔΠ
• Reverse osmosis

pure salt
water water

semi-permeable membrane
Theory
Qf, Pf, cf Qc, Pc, cc

Qp, Pp, cp
Mass balance water: Qf = Qc + Qp
Qp
Recovery γ=
Qf

Mass balance salt: Qf·cf = Qc·cc + Qp·cp

1
cc = c f ⋅ , cp ≈ 0
1− γ
cp
Retention Ret = 1 −
cf
Theory
Reverse osmosis nanofiltration
parameter Sea water Brackish water Ground water
T [°C] 25 25 25
cf [g/m3] 35000 2000 100
γ [−] 0.3 0.8 0.8
ΔP [bar] 55 25 10
Ro [-] 0.995 0.95 0.85
η [−] 0.7 0.7 0.7
ηrec [−] 0.7 0.7 0.7
πf [bar] 30 1.7 0.1
Δπ [bar] 36 5.1 0.5
ΔP-Δπ [bar] 19 20 9.5
R [-] 0.994 0.85 0.55
cp [g/m3] 210 300 45
E [kWh/m3] 7.2 1.2 0.5
Erec [kWh/m3] 2.5 0.1 0.05
Theory
• Concentration
• polarisation

October 16, 2007 20

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
Membranes structure

Homogenous

Asymmetric

Composite

Liquid
Membrane modules

Tubular membranes 20 - 200 m2/m3

Plate and frame membranes 400 - 600 m2/m3

Spiral wound membranes 900 - 1000 m2/m3

Hollow fiber membranes until 12000 m2/m3

Modules

• Tubular membranes
Modules

• Spiral wound membrane

Modules

• Hollow fiber membranes

Modules

October 16, 2007 27

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
Applications RO
1. Desalinization of sea or brackish water
- high costs: ( 1.0 euro /m3 till 3.5 euro /m3 sea water)
- examples: Heineken
Greenhouse agriculture
2. Split flow membrane filtration
- costs: 50 euro cents/m3 product
- example: Na+/Cl- Andijk (PWN)

3. Direct treatment of surface water

- removal of micro organisms, organic compounds,
hardness and salts
- examples:
Application RO
• Treatment Heemskerk (PWN)
50% 50%
IJssel lake ACF Ultrafiltration
Micro sieves AOP Reverse osmosis
Fe3+
Ca(OH)2
Coagulation Dune infiltration

Sedimentation Aeration
Rapid filtration
Rapid filtration
Softening
Rapid filtration

Drinking water
Application RO
• Treatment Heemskerk (PWN)

October 16, 2007 31

Application RO
• Treatment Heemskerk (PWN)

October 16, 2007 32

Application RO

October 16, 2007 33

Performance NF/RO
Removal percentage [%] NF RO

Pesticides > 90% > 95%

DOC > 90% > 95%

Hardness (Ca2+, Mg2+) > 90% > 99%

Salts (Na+, Cl-, NO3-) 50 - 70% > 90 %

Disinfection
- bacteria, viruses > 99.99% > 99.99%
- Giardia, Cryptosporidium > 99.99% > 99.99%
Application NF
1. Split flow membrane filtration for softening and
removal of organic compounds
- alternative for softening and activated carbon filtration
- examples: colored ground water
bank filtration water
pretreatment for infiltration (IB)
- costs: 35 euro cents/m3 product

2. Direct treatment of surface water

- removal of micro organisms, organic compounds
and hardness
Application NF
• Treatment anaerobic groundwater
100%
Anaerobic GW 56%
44%
Candle filter

nanofiltration Concentrate
45% discharge
Conventional 11%
treatment Conditioning
45%
Permeate storage
45%

RWK 89%
Contents

1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
 Design

Membrane
ΔP PI TI unit TI
Raw
water Product
Micro filter

HCl/H2SO4/AS

FIC
Concentrate
 Design
• Membrane staging
Christmas tree staging

PC
Supply Concentrate
Product

Circulation
PC

Concentrate
Supply

Product
Design
• Staging 22-11-5
Design

October 16, 2007 41

Design

• Standard design
standard design:
6 elements/vessel
2 stages (staging 2:1)
Design

• Recent research
 Design

• Production per element

maximum: 0.918 conventioneel:

conventional:
0.723
0,91
Element production

0,86
(m3/h/element)

0,81
0,76 1 stage
0,71 6:1
0,66 5:1
4:1 Staging
0,61
3:1
0,56
2:1
0,51
1 2 1:1
3 4 5 6 7
Elements/vessel
Design Optiflux®

Addapted pressure vessel with special

connector

October 16, 2007 45

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Membrane modules
4. Applications
5. Design
6. Fouling control
 Fouling control
Pre-treatment Optimali- cleaning
sation
process
conditions

Particles ++ - +
Scaling - ++ +/-
Biofouling ++ +/- ?
Organic fouling + ++ +

October 16, 2007 47

Fouling control: scaling

October 16, 2007 48

Fouling control: scaling

• Process design:
• module design
• staging
• operational parameters:
• cross flow velocity
• flux
• recovery
• acid or anti-scalant

October 16, 2007 49

Fouling control: scaling

October 16, 2007 50

Fouling control: scaling

• Spiral wound membranes

Fouling control: scaling

• Staging: increasing cross-flow velocity in second stage

Fouling control: scaling

• Process design:
• module design
• staging
• operational parameters:
• cross flow velocity
• flux
• recovery
• acid or anti-scalant

October 16, 2007 53

Fouling control: scaling

October 16, 2007 54

Fouling control: scaling

October 16, 2007 55

 Fouling control: scaling
Permeate
Permeate

feed

Concentrate
Sr BaSO4[-]
8

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
October 16, 2007
Element
56
#
Fouling control: scaling

• Process design:
• module design
• staging
• operational parameters:
• cross flow velocity
• flux
• recovery
• acid or anti-scalant

October 16, 2007 57