College of Agriculture, Resources and Environmental Sciences

CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY

Jaro, Iloilo City

Name: Shamaine J. Soquitoso Course: BSABE - 3 Date: October 5, 2022

Animal Science 1101

Laboratory Exercise No. 2

Advancement in the Studies of Animal Anatomy and Physiology

I. Objectives
 Evaluate the different studies conducted related to anatomy and physiology of farm animals
 Discuss the advancement in anatomy and physiology farm animals
II. Material/Facility needed
 Connectivity
III. Procedures
 This is an individual work
 Research for the studies pertaining to the advancement of anatomy and physiology of farm animals
 The inclusive dates should be 10 years before the present year
 Select at least three of the following topics
 Digestive system
 Reproductive system
 Muscular system

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
To exist, all living things require nourishment. While photosynthesis allows plants to produce the
chemicals needed for cellular activity, most animals get their nourishment by eating other living things.
Amino acids, lipid molecules, nucleotides, and simple sugars are among the biological components
required for animal activity at the cellular level. Protein, fat, and complex carbs make up the meal
consumed, but each species has varied needs for each.

The digestive system (digestive tract) consists of a muscle tube lined with mucous membrane that, at
the mouth and the anus, is continuous with the external skin. Its main roles include prehension,
mastication, food digestion and absorption, as well as solid waste evacuation. The nutrients in food are
broken down by the digestive system into molecular compounds that are small enough to be absorbed
and used for energy as well as to create other chemicals that can be incorporated into human tissues.

Primary function of the animal digestive system:

Prehension
 Prehension is the process of seizing or grasping or othe rwise getting food into the mouth. Different
species use different techniques to prehend food
Mastication
 Commonly known as chewing, is the first step in the breakdown of complex food materials and serves
several functions, including: breaking large pieces into small pieces, resulting in a massive increase in
surface area, which is where digestive enzymes work.
Digestion
 occurs when the animal’s body gets busy breaking down the food. Two types of digestion exist in all
animals:
 Mechanical digestion physically breaks down food into smaller and smaller pieces. It begins
when an animal consumes the food and continues until the food enters the animal’s stomach.
  Che mical digestion uses enzymes and acids to break down chewed or ground-up food into even
smaller pieces. It also begins as soon as an animal consumes the food as the mouth’s enzymes go
to work. Chemical digestion continues as the food moves through the stomach and small
intestine and encounters enzymes and acids in the stomach and enzymes in the small intestine.
Absorption of food
 occurs when cells within the animal move small food molecules from the digestive system to the insides
of the cells.
Elimination of food
 occurs when material that the animal can’t digest passes out of its digestive tract in a form of bowel
movements which later comes out as feces.

The general composition of the animal Digestive system consist of:

 Oral cavity
 Esophagus
 Stomach (gastro)
 Pancreas
 Small intestines
 Large intestines

Digestion is the process of breaking down food into simple substances that can be absorbed by the body. It is
known that there are different classifications of animals which means they also have various kinds and ways of
digesting the food that they consume. The four basic types of digestive systems in animals are monogastric,
avian, ruminant, and pseudo-ruminant.

The following are the basic kinds of digestive systems:

Monogastric
 Monogastric digestive systems begin with the in- gestion of food into their mouth. The tongue and the
teeth gather feed and break it down into smaller pieces in order to make it easier for the animal to digest.
Examples of monogastric animals are hogs, cats, dogs, and humans.

Avian
 found in poultry, the food passes from the crop to the first of two stomachs, called the proventriculus,
which contains digestive juices that break down food. From the proventriculus, the food enters the
second stomach, called the gizzard, which grinds food.

Ruminant
 Ruminant stomachs have four compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum.

 Rumen the first and largest section of the stomach. In the rumen, solid feed is mixed and
partially broken down. The rumen contains millions of bacteria and other microbes that promote
fermentation, which breaks down roughages.

 Reticulum is the second segment of the stomach. The reticulum is a small pouch on the side of
the rumen that traps foreign materials, such as wire, nails, and so forth. Since ruminants do not
chew their food before swallowing, they will occasionally swallow foreign objects.

 Omasum the omasum is the third compartment of the stomach. The omasum produces a
grinding action on the feed and removes some of the water from the feed.

 Abomasum the abomasum is the fourth compartment of the stomach. The abomasum is also
referred to as the true stomach because it is similar to the stomach in monogastric a nimals.
Pseudo-Ruminant
 an animal that eats large amounts of roughage but does not have a stomach with several compartments;
(such as camels, llamas and alpacas) are similar to ruminants, but have a three-chambered stomach.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
. Our skeleton supports our body. The skeletal system has three major functions, which include
movement, protection and support. Bones are protecting vital organs, such as the lungs, brain, heart, kidneys
and liver. Bones are also supporting our body and giving us shape. F inally, bones adhere to the muscle to
allow us to move.
Skeletons can be divided into two sections, which include:
a. Axial Skeleton—These bones are on or close to the midline axis of the body and include the skull,
vertebrae and ribs.
b. Appendicular skeleton—These bones project from the body in the pectoral (front) and pelvic (hind)
limbs, and are connected to the body through the bones of the girdles.
c. Joints—points where two or more bones meet.
d. Ligament—Tough band of connective tissue connecting one bone to another
e. Tendon—Thick band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
f. Compact Bone—layer of protective hard bone tissue surrounding every bone
g. Spongy Bone—soft bone filled with many holes and spaces surrounded by hard bone.

Types of bones in the animal body:

• Long Bones--They serve as support columns. They assist the animal in body support, locomotion,
and eating. Example: Femur
• Short Bones--They are shaped like a cube and are located in complex joints such as the knee and
hock. They diffuse concussion and diminish friction. Example: Hock
• Flat Bones--They protect vital organs such as the brain, heart and lungs. They are longer and wider
than they are thick. Example: Scapula
• Pneumatic bones--they contain air spaces called sinuses that are in contact with the atmosphere.
Example: Frontal face bones.
• Irregular Bones--important to the protection and support of the central nervous system and are points
of some muscle attachment. Example: Vertebrae
• Sesamoid Bones--they are flat and round. They are located along the course of tendons. Example:
Kneecap or patella

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The basis for movement in living cells is contractile proteins, which can convert chemical energy into
the mechanical energy of tension and motion. Muscle cells are highly specialized for contraction, and
their primary constituents are contractile proteins. Vertebrate muscle has only one function: contraction.
“Relaxation” is a passive process, a lack of contraction. Thus, the varied functions of the muscular system are all based
on contraction (or shortening) of muscle fibers.

The three types of muscle are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac:

 Skeletal muscles
- The bulk of the muscle in the body is skeletal muscle, and it is responsible for producing the voluntary movements
of the limbs, trunk, and head. It is also the muscle tissue with which we are most familiar as the meat of our
domestic animals. The muscle cells (fibers) of skeletal muscle tissue are grouped into distinct organs of variable
size identified as individual muscles. These are usually attached to the bones of the skeleton (hence the term
skeletal muscle) and are under voluntary control of the animal. Skeletal muscles permit locomotion by
 contracting to change the relative positions of bones during movement and by maintaining joint angles against the
pull of gravity during support.

 Smooth (involuntary) muscle

- is composed of muscle cells that have no striations visible with a microscope. Smooth muscle is found in systems
of the body with autonomic function. Thus, smooth muscle is a major component of the wall of organs of the
digestive and urogenital systems and most blood vessels. Contraction of smooth muscle is an intrinsic property of
the fibers themselves, which means that contraction does not generally require stimulation by a nerve; however, the
contractility of smooth muscle is regulated and coordinated by the autonomic nervous system.
 Cardiac muscle
- is characterized by fibers with visible striations, so it is considered a type of striated muscle. However, cardiac
muscle, like smooth muscle, contracts intrinsically and is not under voluntary c ontrol. Cardiac muscle is restricted
to the heart, where it constitutes most of the thickness of the wall. Its rhythmic contraction is responsible for the
circulation of blood.

 Summarize the findings based on the topic and submit it to your Professor
In summary, both the animal and human anatomy/physiology is a complex matter to
deal with. But once you understood and come to see that these different body systems
have their certain functions and processes, you’ll be able to be interested enough to
research deeper and maybe one day create breakthroughs that no one has ever done
before. As humans we have been dependent to animals in both entertainment and food
consumption, that is why we must preserve and innovate the things that we currently
know about them to have sustainable relationship towards them and the environment
they live in as we co-exist with them.
IV. Questions for discussion
1. How does the findings of your work can be used in improving the production level of raising farm animals?
- The results of my work can help students like me and people in other fields learn the fundamentals of raising
farm animals in a way that this specific system enables us to apply the dos and don'ts in what to feed them
nutritionally (digestively), what are the ways to protect the structure of farm animals (skeletal), and of course
it will allow us to estimate the workload capacity of our animals, especially those still used in conventional
farming (muscular).
2. How these findings can benefit a student like you?
- As a student who is taking up Agricultural and biosystems engineering, these finding will help me identify
and familiarize things that I can use in my future endeavors.

V. Reference.
Role of the small intestine in developmental programming: Impact of maternal nutrition on the dam and offspring. (2016,
January 7). OUP Academic.
https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/7/1/169/4524068

Themes, U. (2016, July 18). Digestive system. Veterian Key.

https://veteriankey.com/digestive-system/

Course hero. (n.d.). Lumen Learning – Simple Book Production.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/digestive-

Prehension, mastication, swallowing. (n.d.). Index of Hypertextbooks.

https://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/mastication

(n.d.). Mishicot Agriscience - MAIN PAGE.

https://www.mishicotffa.org/uploads/2/3/2/7/23271034/2._digestion_eunit.pdf

Sam Houston State University. (n.d.). Unit 7: Anatomy and physiology of livestock species. SHSU Online.
https://www.shsu.edu/academics/agricultural-sciences-and-engineering-technology/ans-curriculum/AASUnit7.html