PARTS OF SPEECH

1. Noun:
A word used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things, or
to name a particular one of these.
(i) Types of Nouns:
(a) Common Nouns: These nouns refer to general things rather than
particular examples. There is something similar among the things
that are named using common nouns.
For example, A country must remain united at all points of time.
(b) Proper Nouns: Proper nouns are the names given to particular
persons or things. These nouns are used to name specific items that
are generally one-of-a-kind.
For example, At present, India is one of the most influential
countries in the world economy.
(c) Abstract Nouns: An abstract noun is the name of a quality, idea,
action, emotion, state, or a similar “thing” that cannot be physically
interacted with. Abstract nouns are used to name intangible (cannot
be held ) things, rather than concrete objects.
For example, Bravery on the battlefield is different from bravery in
real life.
(d) Collective Nouns: Collective nouns are the names that refer to a
group of people or things seen as a single unit. You can see these
nouns as the names of collections. Although collective nouns can be
both singular and plural, generally they are used in the singular form.
For example, The jury is of the view that the accused is guilty as
charged.
(e) Countable & Uncountable Nouns: Nouns can also be classified as
countable nouns and uncountable nouns. It is important to note that
countable nouns can be singular as well as plural. However,
uncountable nouns don’t have any plural form. They are used only in
the singular form. Examples of countable and uncountable nouns
are:
i. Singular Countable Nouns – a pen, a cup, a pencil, a ball, an eraser,
etc.
ii. Plural
a) Countable Nouns – pens, cups, pencils, balls, erasers, etc.
b) Uncountable Nouns – knowledge, furniture, advice, luggage,
baggage, equipment, scenery, poetry, money, news, traffic,
information, machinery, etc.
2. Pronoun:
Pronouns are words that are used in place of nouns. Pronouns agree
with the nouns that they replace. Plural nouns are replaced by plural
pronouns, and singular nouns are replaced by singular pronouns.
The major types of pronouns:
(i) Nominative pronouns: Nominative pronouns are used to denote
the subject of a sentence. E.g. I, he, she, etc.
(ii) Possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns denote possession or
ownership of something. E.g. His, hers, yours, etc.
(iii) Objective pronouns: Objective pronouns are used to denote the
object of a sentence. E.g. Me, him, her, etc.
(iv) Reflexive pronouns: These are used when the subject and object
of a sentence are the same. E.g., Himself, herself, yourself, etc.
(v) Personal Pronouns: I, we, you, he, she, it, they are called personal
pronouns because they stand for the three persons.
(a) The person speaking (I, We)
(b) The person has spoken to, and (You)
(c) The person has spoken of. (He, She, It, They)
(vi) Intensive pronouns: These pronouns are used to emphasize a
noun or pronoun.
For example Myself, himself, herself, themselves, itself, yourself,
yourselves, and ourselves.
(vii) Demonstrative pronouns: These are used to show or identify
one or several nouns that may be far or near in distance or time.
They are only four in number (This, that, these, those)
(viii) Indefinite pronoun: These pronouns do stand for some person
or thing, but we don’t know for exactly whom.
For example: When we say, “somebody stole my watch.”
(ix) Relative pronouns: These pronouns are used to connect a clause
or phrase to a noun or pronoun. These are: who, whom, which,
whoever, whomever, whose, whichever, and that.
(x) Interrogative pronouns: Who, whom, which, and what are
interrogative pronouns as they are used to ask questions about a
person or object that we do not know about.

3. Preposition:
Prepositions are words that show relationships. A sentence would
not make sense without the use of a preposition. There are different
types of prepositions used in the English language that not only add
detail but make a sentence complete. Prepositions are used to show
location, time, direction, cause, and possession.
(i) There are five different types of prepositions:
(a) Simple prepositions: Simple prepositions are words like at, for, in,
off, on, over, and under. These common prepositions can be used to
describe a location, time, or place.
(b) Double prepositions: Double prepositions are two simple
prepositions used together, often indicating direction. Some
examples are into, upon, onto, out of, from within.

(c) Compound prepositions: Compound prepositions (or complex

prepositions) consist of two or more words, usually a simple
preposition and another word, to convey location. Some examples
are in addition to, on behalf of, and in the middle of.

(d) Participle prepositions: Participle prepositions have endings such

as -ed and -ing. Examples are words such as considering, during,
concerning, provided.

(e) Phrase prepositions: Phrase prepositions (or prepositional

phrases) include a preposition, an object, and the object's modifier.
Examples include phrases like on time, at home, before class, and on
the floor.

4. Verb:
Verbs are words that describe an action or talk about something that
happens. They take many different forms depending on their
subjects, the time they refer to, and other ideas we want to express.
For example, the suffixes -ify, -ize, -ate, or -en usually signify that a
word is a verb, as in typifying, characterize, irrigate, and sweeten.
(i) Types of verbs:
(a) Regular Verb: A past verb (2nd form) and past participle (3rd
form) is made by adding ‘d’ or ‘ed’ is called a regular verb.
For example: Walk, Walked, Walked.
(b) Irregular Verb: If the formation of the verb is otherwise than the
regular verb, it is called an irregular verb.
For example, Present: Shut, Past: Shut, Past Participle: Shut.

(c) Linking Verb: A verb that acts as a link between two words is
called a linking verb. It connects or links a subject to a noun or an
adjective in the predicate.
For example, He remained silent.

(d) Transitive Verb: A verb that needs an object to complete itself is

called a transitive verb. It is called transitive because it passes its
action from subject to object.
For example, The boy kicks the football.

(e) Intransitive Verb: A verb that doesn’t need any object to

complete itself is called an intransitive verb. It does not pass its
action from the subject to the object.
For example, The girls sleep.

(f) Finite Verb: Finite verbs mean those verbs which can change their
form following the subject. It defines the time (past or present) and
the subject. It tells you who is doing the action and when it is being
done.
For example, I eat rice. / He eats rice. / They eat rice.
(g) Infinitive Verb: An infinitive is a verb that has “to” before it. It
shows infinite action when is used at the beginning of the sentence.
For example, To see is to believe.

5. Adverb:
An adverb is a word that is used to modify or qualify several types of
words including an adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any
other type of word or phrase. The adverb always describes
something very properly.
Example: When? - Shruti always arrives late.
How? - Ram drives carefully.
(i) Types of Adverbs:
(a) Adverbs of Manner, Example- He passed the test easily.
(b) Adverbs of Place, Example-Chandigarh is located north of Delhi.
(c) Adverbs of Frequency, Example- They always come here for
lunch.
(d) Adverbs of Time, Example- Ramesh forgot his lunch yesterday
and again today.
(e) Adverbs of Purpose, Example- I was sick, thus didn’t go to school
today.

(ii) Order of Adverbs: The adverbs get preference in the following

order:
(a) Adverbs of manner.
(b) Adverbs of place.
(c) Adverbs of frequency.
(d) Adverbs of time.
(e) Adverbs of purpose.
Example- I go (verb) cautiously(manner) to the market (place) every
Sunday (frequency) at 11 a.m.(time) to buy groceries(purpose).

6. Adjective:
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or noun phrase or
describes its referent. Its semantic role is to change the information
given by the noun. Adjectives are one of the main parts of speech in
the English language.
Examples: The team has a dangerous batsman. (What kind?)
I have ten candies in my pocket. (How many?)
(i) Types of Adjectives: -
(a) Descriptive adjectives- E.g. I have a fast car.
(b) Quantitative adjectives- E.g. I have 20 bucks in my wallet.
(c) Proper adjectives- E.g. American cars are very powerful.
(d) Demonstrative adjectives- E.g. This car is mine.
(e) Possessive adjectives- E.g. His cat is very cute.
(f) Interrogative adjectives- E.g. Which phone do you use?
(g) Indefinite adjectives- E.g. I gave some candy to her.
(h) Compound adjectives- E.g. I have a broken-down sofa.

(ii) Degree of Adjectives:-

There are three degrees of adjectives: Positive, comparative,
superlative.
These degrees are applicable only for the descriptive adjectives.
Examples:
Positive degree: He is a good boy.
Comparative degree: He is better than any other boy.
Superlative: He is the best boy.

7. Conjunctions:
Conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or
clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions. The term
discourse marker is mostly used for conjunctions joining sentences.
(a) There are seven coordinating conjunctions: And, But, For, Nor,
Or, So, and Yet.
Examples :
(a) The bowl of squid eyeball stew is hot and delicious.
(b) The squid eyeball stew is so thick that you can eat it with a fork or
a spoon.
(c) Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head scratched but
hates getting his claws trimmed.
(d) Rocky terrorizes the poodles next door yet adores the German
shepherd across the street.
(e) Rocky refuses to eat dry cat food, nor will he touch a saucer of
squid eyeball stew.
(f) I hate to waste a single drop of squid eyeball stew, for this dish is
expensive and time-consuming to make.
(g) Even though I added cream to the squid eyeball stew, Rocky
ignored his serving, so I got a spoon and ate it myself.
(b) Subordinating Conjunctions: - Subordination, however,
emphasizes the idea in the main clause more than the one in the
subordinate clause.
Example: To survive the fetal pig dissection, Rinalda agreed to make
all the incisions, and Francis promised to remove and label the
organs.

8. Interjection:
An interjection is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on
its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction.
It is a diverse category, encompassing many different parts of
speech, such as exclamations, curses, greetings, response particles,
hesitation markers, and other words. An interjection is not
grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.
Example: Hurrah! We won the game.
Wow! What a beautiful car.