SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

PAST PAPER 2020

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q#2. Explain “Agile Team”?
Ans.
The small, highly motivated project team, also called an agile Team,
adopts many of the characteristic of successful software project teams
discussed in the preceding section and avoids many of the toxins that
create problems.
Many agile process models give the agile team significant autonomy to
make the project management and technical decisions required to get
the job done.

Q#3. Name the elements of “Data Flow Diagram”?

Ans.
Components of Data Flow Diagram:
Following are the components of the data flow diagram that are used to
represent source, destination, storage and flow of data.
  Entities:
Entities include source and destination of the data. Entities are
represented by rectangle with their corresponding names.
 Process:
The tasks performed on the data is known as process. Process is
represented by circle. Somewhere round edge rectangles are also
used to represent process.
 Data Storage:
Data storage includes the database of the system. It is represented by
rectangle with both smaller sides missing or in other words within two
parallel lines.
 Data Flow:
The movement of data in the system is known as data flow. It is
represented with the help of arrow. The tail of the arrow is source and
the head of the arrow is destination.

Q#4. Define ‘Containment’ Name its types?

Ans.
Containment is used to describe the primary and secondary barriers for
managing potentially hazardous material in the laboratory.
Types:
1. Biological containment
2. Primary containment
3. Secondary containment

Q#5. Explain “Regression testing”?

Ans.
Regression testing involves running test sets that have successfully
executed after changes have been made to a system. The regression
test checks that these changes have not introduced new buds into the
system. Regression text is expensive and sometimes impractical when a
system is manually tested, as the costs in time and effort are very high.

LONG QUESTIONS
Q#6. Explain advantages and disadvantages of “Linear
Sequential Model”?
Ans.

ADVANTAGES OF LINEAR SEQUENTIAL SOFTWARE

DEVELOPMENT MODEL:
1.    COST EFFECTIVE

2.    SUITABLE FOR DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS

3.    IT’S LINEAR

4.    LESS TIME TAKING

5.    MAXIMIZED CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

6.    THE QUALITY DELIVERABLE

7.    NO PRE-KNOWLEDGE IS REQUIRED

8.    SECURED MECHANISM

9.    FLEXIBLE MANAGEMENT

10. EASY TO CHANGE

11. EFFICIENCY

DISADVANTAGES OF LINEAR SEQUENTIAL SOFTWARE

DEVELOPMENT

The biggest drawback of the waterfall development strategy is that you

cannot step up to the next phase until the current phase does not
complete. You also cannot recede back to the prior step until the entire
development life cycle concludes. The major disadvantage of the
waterfall is the inability to modify something in the event the stage
ends.

1)    IT IS RIGID

2)    NO CENTRALITY OF THE CLIENT

3)    THE ABSENCE OF THE CENTRAL AUTHORITY

4)    TIME MANAGEMENT

5)    LACK OF INTUITIVENESS

6)    LACK OF UNIFICATION

7)    LOCALIZATION

8)    NO EASY CHANGE

9)    RISK INVOLVING DEVELOPMENT 

10)    THE SOFTWARE CANNOT BE DELIVERED UNTIL LATE

Q#7. Explain the procedure to conduct “Critical Path

Method” Analysis?
Ans.
Critical Path Method (CPM) is a method used in project planning,
generally for project scheduling for the on-time completion of the
project. It actually helps in the determination of the earliest time by
which the whole project can be completed. There are two main
concepts in this method namely critical task and critical path. Critical
task is the task/activity which can’t be delayed otherwise the
completion of the whole project will be delayed. It must be completed
on-time before starting the other dependent tasks.
Critical path is a sequence of critical tasks/activities and is the largest
path in the project network. It gives us the minimum time which is
required to complete the whole project. The activities in the critical
path are known as critical activities and if these activities are delayed
then the completion of the whole project is also delayed.

Major steps of the Critical Path Method:

1. Identifying the activities
2. Construct the project network
3. Perform time estimation using forward and backward pass
4. Identify the critical path
The table given below contains the activity label, its respective
duration (in weeks) and its precedents. We will use critical path
method to find the critical path and activities of this project.

Q#8. Explain the relationships of “Design Class Diagram”?

Ans.
Introduction to Class Diagram
The class diagram is one of the types of UML diagrams which is used to represent the

static diagram by mapping the structure of the systems using classes, attributes,

relations, and operations between the various objects. A class diagram has various

classes; each has three-part; the first partition contains a Class name which is the

name of the class or entity which is participated in the activity, the Second partition
contains class attributes that show the various properties of the class, the third

partition contains class operations which shows various operations performed by the

class, relationships shows the relation between two classes.

Relationships
In a class diagram, it is necessary that there exists a relationship between the classes.

Unfortunately, the similarity of various relationships often makes it difficult to

understand them.

Below are the relationships which exist in a class diagram.

1. Association
Between two other classes in an association relationship, an association class forms a

part of it. Additional information about the relationship could be obtained by attaching
the association relationship with the association class. Various operations, attributes,

etc., are present in the association class.

The below diagram shows an association between bank and account.

2. Multiplicity
The number of elements or cardinality could be defined by multiplicity. It is one of

the most misunderstood relationships which describes the number of instances

allowed for a particular element by providing an inclusive non-negative integers

interval. It has both lower and upper bound. For example, a bank would have many

accounts registered to it. Thus near the account class, a star sign is present.
3. Directed Association
This is a one-directional relationship in a class diagram that ensures the flow of

control from one to another classifier. The navigability is specified by one of the

association ends. The relationship between two classifiers could be described by

naming any association. An arrow indicates the direction of navigation.

The below example shows an arrowhead relationship between the container and the

contained.

4. Reflexive Association
The association of a class to itself is known as Reflexive association, which could be

divided into Symmetric and Asymmetric type associations. In Symmetric reflexive

association, the semantics of each association end has no logical difference, whereas,

in Asymmetric Reflexive Association, the associated class is the same, but there is a

semantic difference between the ends of the association.

5. Aggregation
In this type of relationship, a more complex object is created by assembling different

objects together. The interaction within the different groups of objects is defined by

Aggregation. The integrity of the objects is protected, and the response of the

assembled objects is decided by the control object. In aggregation, the classes nurture

the ‘has a relationship.

6. Composition
It is a form of aggregation which represents the whole-part relationship. Here, the part

classifier lifetime is dependent on the whole classifier lifetime. In a class, a strong

life-cycle is represented by the composition relationship. There is usually a one-

direction flow of data here. It is generally indicated by a solid line.

7. Generalization
In this kind of relationship, the child model is based on the parent model. The

relationship is used to describe various use-case diagrams and ensures that the child

class receives the properties present in the parent. The child model could reuse the

attributes of the parent model with the help of the generalization relationship. Hence
the distinct attributes need to be defined only in the child; the rest it would inherit

from the parent. There could be single parents, multiple children, or multiple parents,

single child characteristics in this relationship. There are no names in the

generalization relationships. It is also known as the ‘is a relationship.

8. Realization
The behavior of one model element is realized by the specified behavior of another

model element. This type of relationship doesn’t have any names.