Bicol University

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
ISO 9001:2015 Guinobatan, Albay
TUV Rheinland ID 910863351

FLUID MECHANICS
RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF FLUIDS
GROUP 1

BICOL UNIVERSITY GUINOBATAN

AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
ISO 9001:2015 Guinobatan, Albay
TUV Rheinland ID 910863351

RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF
FLUIDS
(Handout)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in ABE 14

(Fluid Mechanics)

MEMBERS
(Group 1, II–ABE2)
CLEMENTE, JOHN JASPER C.
LOPERA, MARK P.
NASOL, KURT LENARD P.
SERVAN, BENZSOLY G.

MYKA NOSARES-GREBIALDE, PABE

ABE 14 - Fluid Mechanics, Instructor

April 2023
 INTRODUCTION
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Relative equilibrium of liquid is a condition where the whole mass of liquid

including the vessel in which the liquid is contained, is moving at uniform accelerated
motion with respect to the earth, but every particle of liquid has no relative motion
between each other. There are two cases of relative equilibrium that will be discussed in
this section: linear translation and rotation. Note that if a mass of liquid is moving with
constant speed, the conditions are the same as static liquid in the previous sections.
If a fluid is contained in a vessel that is at rest, or moving with constant linear
velocity, it is not affected by the motion of the vessel; but if the container is given a
continuous acceleration, this will be transmitted to the fluid and affect the pressure
distribution within.
Since the fluid remains at rest relative to the container, there is no relative motion
of the particles of the fluid and, therefore, no shear stresses, fluid pressure being
everywhere normal to the surface on which it acts.
Under these conditions the fluid is said to be in relative equilibrium.

TOPIC OUTLINE

• Lesson 1: Horizontal Motion

• Lesson 2: Vertical Motion
• Lesson 3: Inclined Motion
• Lesson 4: Rotational Motion

Lesson Background

General Overview

• A fluid may be subjected to translation or rotation at constant accelerations

without relative motion between particles.

• This condition is one of relative equilibrium and the fluid is free from shear.

• There is generally no motion between the fluid and the containing vessel. Laws
of fluid statics apply, modified to allow for the effects of acceleration.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this topic, students will Learn about the concepts and equations for liquids
in motion

Objectives:

First Goal

Be familiar with the concept and equations of fluids in motion

Second Goal

Solve problems related to fluids in motion.

 PRE-TEST
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LESSON 1: HORIZONTAL MOTION
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Horizontal Motion
As shown in the figure, a mass of fluid moves with linear acceleration.
Considering a particle on the surface, the forces acting are the weight W=mg and the
fictitious inertia force (reverse effective force, REF) which is equal to ma, and the
reaction N which must be normal to the surface.

From the force polygon show

Therefore, the surface and all planes of equal hydrostatic pressure must be
inclined at this angle with the horizontal.

Sample Problem
A tank filled with water is pushed horizontally at a constant acceleration of 2.8
m/s^2. If the tank is 4 meters long and the depth of the water is 2 meters when at rest.
Compute (a) the angle of the water surface to the horizontal; (b) the maximum pressure
intensity on the bottom, and (c) the minimum pressure on the bottom.
A. Angle of the water surface to the horizontal

B. Maximum Pressure Intensity

C. Minimum Pressure Intensity

LESSON 2: VERTICAL MOTION
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Vertical Motion
Considering a mass of fluid accelerated upwards or downwards with an acceleration of a
as shown in the Figure. The forces acting a point h below the liquid surface are the
weight of the liquid above the point, yV the inertia force, ma , and the pressure force F =
pA, then.

Use (+) for upward motion and (-) for downward motion

Note: a is positive for acceleration and negative for

deceleration

Sample Problem
A vessel is filled with water and is accelerated upward direction at 5 m/s^2. The vessel is
2m wide and 2.8m in height and the depth of the liquid is 1m. Calculate the pressure at
the bottom while the vessel is accelerated.
LESSON 3: INCLINED MOTION
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__

Consider a mass of fluid being accelerated upwards at an inclination a with the

horizontal so that a = a cos and a=a sin.

From the force polygon shown:

FORMULA:

Use (+) sign for upward motion and (-) sign for downward
motion

Sample Problem
A vessel containing oil is accelerated on a plane inclined 15 degrees with the horizontal
at 1.2 m/s^2. Determine the inclination of the oil surface when the motion is (a) upward
and (b) downward.
Solution:

(a) When the motion is upward

(b) When the motion is downward

LESSON 4: ROTATING VESSEL
When a liquid mass is rotated about a vertical axis at a constant angular speed of ω (in
radians per second), every particle experiences a normal acceleration of a n which is
𝑉2
equal to = ω 2 (x) where, x is the particle’s distance from the axis of rotation. This
𝑥

acceleration causes an inertia force (centrifugal force or reverse normal effective force)
ω
which is equal to man or = ω 2 (x).
𝑔

From the force polygon

Formula:

Where tan/theta is the slope of the paraboloid any point x frrom the axis of rotation

Rotating Vessel

Integrate both sides

Formula:
For cylindrical container of radius r revolved about its vertical axis, the height h of
paraboloid is:

where (omega) is the angular speed in radians per seconds

Note: 1 rpm = (pi)/30 rad/sec

In figure 4 -1 (b), the relationship between any two points in the parabola can is given by
(squared property of parabola)

Volume of Paraboloid of Revolution

Liquid Surface Conditions

For open cylindrical containers more than half-full of liquid, rotated about its vertical axis
(h>H/2)

• y/2 <D = no liquid spilled

• y/2 = D = liquid surface just touching the top rim (no liquid spilled)
• y/2 > D = some liquid spilled
• y=H = vortex at the bottom (some liquid spilled)
• y>H = vortex (imaginary) below (some liquid spilled)

Liquid Surface Conditions

For closed cylindrical containers more than half-full of liquid, rotated about its vertical
axis (h>H/2)
* y/2 <D
* y/2 = D = liquid surface just touching the top rim
* y/2 > D = with imaginary paraboloid above
* y=H^2/2D = vortex just touching the bottom
* y>H^2/2D = vortex below the bottom

Liquid Surface Conditions

Note: For closed vessels, there can never be any liquid spilled, so the initial volume of
liquid (before rotation) is always equal to the final volume of the liquid (after rotation).

Sample Problem
An open cylindrical vessel having a height equal to its diameter is half-filled with water
and revolved about its own vertical axis with a constant angular speed of 120 rpm. Find
its minimum diameter so that there can be no liquid spilled.

Solution:
So that there's no liquid spilled, based of the paraboloid must just coincide with the
upper rim of the cylinder. Since the cylinder is initially half-full, the height of the
paraboloid is therefore equal to the height of the cylinder.
 QUIZ #: RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF FLUIDS
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P OS T T E S T

A. Multiple Choice.
1. It is a condition where the whole mass of liquid including the vessel in which this
liquid is contained, is moving at uniform accelerated motion with respect to the earth,
but every particle of the liquid has no relative motion between each other.
a. Relative Equilibrium of Fluids
b. Relative Equilibrium of Liquids
c. Relative Equilibrium of Gases
d. Relative Equilibrium of Solids
2. What R.E.F. stands for?
a. Refrigerator
b. Reverse Effective Force
c. Relative Equilibrium of Fluids
d. None of the above.
3. What is the formula for weight?
a. 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 c. 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑏
b. 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑉 d. 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
4. What is the formula used to get the angle for the horizontal motion?
𝑅𝐸𝐹 𝑎
a. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑊 𝑔
𝑚𝑎
b. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = d. 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
𝑚𝑔

5. What is the formula used to get the angle for an inclined motion?
𝑚𝑎𝐻
a. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑚𝑔+𝑚𝑎𝑉
𝑎𝐻
b. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑔+𝑎𝑉

c. 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
d. None of the above
B. True or False
1. While maintaining consistent accelerations, a fluid can be rotated or
translated without interparticle relative motion.
2. Since no liquid can ever flow out of opened vessels, the initial volume of the
liquid is always equal to the final volume of the liquid.
3. The fluid and the containing vessel typically move at all.
4. If a mass of liquid is moving with constant speed, then conditions are the
same as the static liquid.
5. Continuous accelerations of the container will affect the fluid and change the
pressure distribution inside.

C. Problem Solving
1. A vessel containing oil is accelerated on a plane inclined 15 degrees
with the horizontal at 3 m/s^2. Determine the inclination of the oil
surface when the motion is (a) upward and (b) downward.
2. An open cylindrical vessel having a height equal to its diameter is half-
filled with water and revolved about its own vertical axis with a constant
angular speed of 120 rpm. Find its minimum diameter so that there can
be no liquid spilled.

Note: So that there's no liquid spilled, based of the paraboloid must just coincide
with the upper rim of the cylinder. Since the cylinder is initially half-full, the height
of the paraboloid is therefore equal to the height of the cylinder.
 RESULT IN QUIZ #: TOPIC
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NAME SCORE (Total)

AZORES, Myla Perez

BALBIS, Abegail Abelinde

BALINTONG, Aila Granado

BEDIS, John Francis Art Yanzon

BERJUEGA, Charles Jose

CLEMENTE, John Jasper Capinig

COLETO, Mariza Fe Cecilia Bobiles

DOROJA, Mylene Orogo

FRIAL, Christine M.

GALABO, Herold Bigardon

GALICIA, Jenine Kate Lozares

LOPERA, Mark Papina

LOTERTE, Caryl R.

MESA, Xyllan Llagas

MIRABEL, Jeanny Belludo

MITRA, Kimberly Jane Magno

NASOL, Kurt Lenard Pacheco

OLIMPO, Danica Cardel

OLITAN, Emmanuel John Duazo

OPENIANO, Janilla Andaya

PAMPARO, William Consulta

RECTIN, Joevet Ador

RENGALOTA, Gil Jamir C.

SAULON, Jella Ruiza Llamelo

SERVAN, Benzsoly Gino

TUAZON, Brian Angelo

VILLAMOR, Joanna Marie Paraiso

 REFERENCES
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 DOCUMENTATION
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