Maths N6

N6 Mathematics
N6
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u ••
Gateways to Engineering Studies - John Dillon & Chris Brink
Mathematics N6
Module 1:
1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4

1.2 Partial differentiation ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.1 Review trigonometric differentials ......................................................................................... 7
Module 2:
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 12

2.2 The integral of a product ........................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Integration of trigonometrical functions ................................................................................ 15
2.4 Integration by completing the square................................................................................... 18
Module 3:
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 23

3.2 Decomposing fractions with polynomials in them ............................................................. 23
3.2.1 Irreducible quadratics ............................................................................................................. 24
Module 4:
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 30

4.2 First order linear equations......................................................................................................... 30
4.2.1 Method to solve the equation .............................................................................................. 30
4.2.2 Second order equations ......................................................................................................... 32
4.3 General and particular solutions of Differential Equations............................................... 32
Module 5:
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 38

5.2 Volumes .......................................................................................................................................... 39
Gateways to Engineering Studies

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Mathematics N6
5.3 Centroids ........................................................................................................................................ 43

5.4 Centre of gravity .......................................................................................................................... 44
5.5 Moment of inertia ........................................................................................................................ 48
5.5.1 Second moment of area ........................................................................................................ 48
5.5.2 Parallel axis theorem ................................................................................................................ 48
5.5.3 Perpendicular axis theorem................................................................................................... 49
5.5.4 Definition of the moment of inertia ..................................................................................... 49
5.6 Centres of fluid pressure ............................................................................................................. 54
Module 6:
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 74

6.2 Length of curves ........................................................................................................................... 74
6.3 Surfaces of revolution ................................................................................................................. 78

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Mathematics N6
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Mathematics N6
Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:
 Apply the concept of partial differentiation

o With respect to
o With respect to
o Variables change simultaneously
 Apply differentiation of parametric equations
o First order
o Second order
1.1 Introduction
This module discusses differentiation.
1.2 Partial differentiation
Worked Example 1.1
A rectangle has a width of 3 m and a height of 2 m. Due to design changes,

the width is increased by 0.2 m and the height decrease by 0.1. How does
this design change influence the change in area of the rectangle?
Solution:
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝐴 = ∆𝑤 + ∆ℎ
𝑑𝑤 𝑑ℎ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 = 𝑤 × ℎ

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Mathematics N6
∆𝐴 = ℎ (∆𝑤) + 𝑤 (∆ℎ)
∆𝐴 = 2 (0.2) + 3 (−0.1)
∆𝐴 = 0.1 𝑚2 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Worked Example 1.2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Calculate the particular solution of = −𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 1 if = −1, 𝑦 = −2 and
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 1.
Solution:
𝑑2 𝑦
− 𝑑𝑥 2 = −𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑2 𝑦
= −𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1
= 4 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥
1
−1 = 4 (1)4 + (1)2 + (1) + 𝐶1
∴ 𝐶1 = −1,25
𝑑𝑦 1
= 4 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1,25
𝑑𝑥
Worked Example 1.3
𝑑2 𝑦
Determine the value of for the following set of parametric equations:
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥 = 3𝑡 and 𝑦 = ln(1 − 𝑡)
Solution:
𝑥 = 3𝑡 𝑦 = ln(1 − 𝑡)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −1
=3 = 1−𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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Mathematics N6
−1
𝑑𝑦
= 1−𝑡
𝑑𝑥 3
1
= 3 (1 − 𝑡)−1
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡 (𝑑𝑥 ) × 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 1 1
= 𝑑𝑡 [− 3 (1 − 𝑡)−1 ] × 3
1 1
= 3 (1 − 𝑡)−2 . (−1) × 3
1
= − 9 (1 − 𝑡)−2
1 1
= − 9 (1−𝑡)−2
Worked Example 1.4
In measuring the length of the perpendicular sides of a right-angled triangle,

errors of 0,4% are made with each length.
Calculate the maximum possible error made when calculating the area.
𝜕𝐴 2𝜕
HINT: the approximate error can be determined by ∆𝐴 = 𝜕𝑎 ∆𝑎 + 𝜕𝑏 ∆𝑏
Solution:
1
𝐴 = 2 𝑎𝑏
𝜕𝐴 1
= 2𝑏
𝜕𝑎
𝜕𝐴 1
= 2𝑎
𝜕𝑏
𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴
∆𝐴 = 𝜕𝑎 ∆𝑎 + 𝜕𝑎 ∆𝑏
1 4 1 4
= 2 𝑏 (100 𝑎) + 2 𝑎 (100 𝑏)
1 8
= 2 𝑎𝑏 (100)
= 8% 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
Worked Example 1.5
If 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 𝑦) determine the values of:

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Mathematics N6
𝜕𝑥
1. 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑧
2. 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑧
3. 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Solution:
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
1. = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 𝑦)
𝜕𝑧
2
= 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 𝑦)
𝜕𝑧 𝑥2
2. = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑥2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝑒𝑥
= 𝑦
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕 𝜕𝑧
4. = 𝜕𝑥 (𝜕𝑦)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑒𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 + ( 𝑦 )
𝑒𝑥
= 𝑦
1.2.1 Review trigonometric differentials
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅
𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥
cos 𝑎𝑥 −a sin 𝑎𝑥
tan 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 sec 2 𝑎𝑥
cot 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎 𝑐𝑜sec 2 𝑎𝑥
sec 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎 sec 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑎𝑥
cosec 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎 cosec 𝑎𝑥 cot 𝑎𝑥
Table 1.1
Worked Example 1.6
If 𝑧 = sin 𝑥𝑦 determine the value of:

1 𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧
. + .
𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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Mathematics N6
Solution:
𝑧 = sin 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧 1 1 1
∴ 𝑦 . 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑥 . 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑦 . 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 . 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 + . 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝑥
= cos 𝑥𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦
= 2cos 𝑥𝑦
Worked Example 1.7
𝑑2 𝑦
Calculate if 𝑦 = cos 2𝑡 and 𝑥 = 4 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑦 = cos 2𝑡 and 𝑥 = 4 sin 𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= −2 sin 2𝑡 = 4 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 −2 sin 2𝑡 −2.2 sin 2𝑡 cos 𝑡
= =
𝑑𝑥 4 cos 𝑡 4 cos 𝑡
= −sin 2𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 𝜕𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑧 ) × 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
− cos 𝑡
= 4 cos 𝑡
1
= −4
Worked Example 1.8
If 𝑧 = cos 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , calculate the following:

𝜕𝑧
1.
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
2.
𝜕𝑦

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Mathematics N6
Solution:
1. 𝑧 = cos 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (− sin 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥
= −𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧
2. = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑒 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Activity 1.1
1. The base of a right-angled triangle is 2m and the perpendicular height is 4 m. In

constructing the triangle an error or +0,1 m is made with the base and an error of
-0,15 is made with the height. Use partial differentiation and the formula
𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴
∆= 𝜕𝑏 + ∆𝑏 + 𝜕ℎ ∆ℎ to prove that the error made with the area is 0,05 m2.
𝑑2
2. Determine the value of 𝑑𝑥 2
for the following set of parametric equations: 𝑥 =
3𝑡 and 𝑦 = ln(1 − 𝑡).

3. A container is expanding along its length at 0,3 m/s and along its breadth at
0,025 m/s, but is contracting along its depth at 0,04 m/s.
Calculate the change in volume if the length is 2,8 m, the breadth 1,5 m and the
depth 0,9 m.
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
HINT: ∆𝑉 = ∆𝑙 + 𝜕𝑏 ∆𝑏 + 𝜕ℎ ∆ℎ
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2 𝑉
4. Determine the value of: 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 if 𝑉 = log 𝑒 (2𝑦 − 3𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑦
5. If 𝑥 = sin3 𝜃 and 𝑦 = cos3 𝜃, calculate 𝑑𝑥 2 .
𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
6. If 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin(3𝑥 − 𝑦), calculate: a) 𝜕𝑦 and b) 𝜕𝑦2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
7. If 𝑦 = cos3 𝜃 and sin3 𝜃, calculate: when 𝜃 =
𝑑𝑥 2 3
𝑦 𝜕2 𝑤
8. If 𝑤 = tan 3𝑥 . cot determine
3 𝜕𝑥 2
3𝑎 4
9. The parametric equations of a function are given as 𝑦 = 1+𝑎2 and 𝑥 = 𝑎+𝑎2,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
calculate the values of the following: a) 𝑑𝑥 and b) 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕3 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
10. Calculate 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 if 𝑧 = −3 cos 𝜋𝑥 − 4 sin 𝜋𝑦
11. To calculate the heat generated by a coil we use the formula 𝑄 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡. If the

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Mathematics N6
error made in measuring the current (𝐼) is -3%, the error in the Resistance (𝑅) is
1,2 % and the error in the time (𝑡) is 1%, calculate the percentage error made in
the calculated value of heat (𝑄).
12. If the parametric equations of a function are given as : 𝑦 = sin 4𝑡 and 2𝜋 cos 4𝑡,
𝑑2 𝑦
calculate 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑍
13. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛, calculate 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
14. Given: 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑒 𝑥
𝜕2 𝑍 𝜕2 𝑍 𝜕2 𝑍
Calculate the values of the following: a) 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
b) 𝜕𝑥 2
c) 𝜕𝑦2
15. The volume of a cylinder is given as when 𝑟 = 3,5 𝑐𝑚 and ℎ = 12 𝑐𝑚. Calculate
the approximate increase in the volume when the radius increases by 1,2 cm
and the height decreases by 6 cm.
Activity 1.1
Answers:
1. 0,05 𝑚2
1
2. −
9(1−𝑡)2
3. 0,3 𝑚3 /𝑠
4. 6(2𝑦 − 3𝑥)−2
5. 3 sin3 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
6. a) 𝜕𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 cos(3𝑥 − 𝑦) and b) 𝜕𝑦2 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin(3𝑥 − 𝑦)
7. 1,185
𝑦
8. 18 cot 3 . sec 2 3𝑥 . tan 3𝑥
−3 3𝑎 3
9. a) 8𝑎 + 8
b) − 64𝑎3 (1 + 𝑎2 )3
10. 3𝜋 2 cos 𝜋 𝑥 + 4𝜋 2 sin 𝜋 𝑦

11. −3,8% 𝑜𝑓 𝑄
0,025
12. −0,025 cos 𝑒𝑐 3 4𝑡 / − sin3 4𝑡
13. 5𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥

14. a) 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 b) 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 c) 𝑥𝑒 𝑦
15. 85,765 𝑐𝑚2

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Mathematics N6
Self-Check
I am able to: Yes No

 Apply the concept of partial differentiation
o With respect to
o With respect to
o Variables change simultaneously
 Apply differentiation of parametric equations
o First order
o Second order
If you have answered ‘no’ to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak to
your facilitator for guidance and further development.

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Mathematics N6
Learning Outcomes
 Integrate the product of two functions

 Integration of trigonometric functions
 Integration by completing the square
2.1 Introduction
This module discusses integration techniques.
2.2 The integral of a product

The formula for integration by parts:
If 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑧
Then:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑣 + 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrate with respect to 𝑥:
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑣𝑧 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
And:
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
∫𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑧 − ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Worked Example 2.1
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if: 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 . 2𝑥 2

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Mathematics N6
Solution:
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 . 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
= 2𝑥13 − ∫ 6𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑓′(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 𝑔(𝑥) =
2 2 2
= 𝑥 3 . 𝑒 2𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 . 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑔′(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑥 3 . 𝑒 2𝑥 − 3 [𝑥 2 . − ∫ 2𝑥. 𝑑𝑥] 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥) =
2 2 2
3
= 𝑥 3 . 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 . 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥) = 1 𝑔(𝑥) = 2
3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑥 3 . 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3 [𝑥. −∫ 𝑑𝑥]
2 2 2
3 3 3 𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑥 3 . 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 . +𝑐
2
3 3 3
= 𝑥 3 . 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 − 4 . 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 12𝑒 2𝑥
or = 2𝑥 3 . − 6𝑥 2 . + 12𝑥. − +𝑐
2 4 8 16
Worked Example 2.2
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 . ln 𝑥
Solution:
∫ 𝑥 4 . ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 4
1 𝑥5
𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 5
𝑥5 1 𝑥5
= ln 𝑥 ( 5 ) − ∫ 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
5
1 1
= 5 𝑥 5 . ln 𝑥 − 5 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑥5
= 5 𝑥 5 . ln 𝑥 − 5 . +𝑐
5
1 1
= 5 𝑥 5 . ln 𝑥 − 25 𝑥 5 + 𝑐
Worked Example 2.3
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 . cos 𝑥

Solution:

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Mathematics N6
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥

𝑓′(𝑥) = 2𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − ∫ −2𝑒 2𝑥 . sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − 𝑧 ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 . sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥) = −2𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = − cos 𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 . sin 𝑥 + 2[𝑒 −2𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) − ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 (− cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝐼 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥
3𝐼 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥
1
∴ 𝐼 = 3 (𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥)
OR
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 −2𝑥

𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = −2
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥
= cos 𝑥 . − ∫ − sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
−2 −2
1 1
= cos 𝑥 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥) = 𝑒 −2𝑥

𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 2
1 1 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥
= 2 cos 𝑥 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2 [sin 𝑥 − ∫ − cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥]
2 2
1 1 1
= 2 cos 𝑥 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4 ∫ − cos 𝑥 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
∴ 𝐼 = − 2 cos 𝑥 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4 𝐼
3 1 1
𝐼 = − 2 cos 𝑥 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥
4
4 1 1
∴ 𝐼 = − (− cos 𝑥 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
3 2 4
Activity 2.1
16. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 4𝑥

14
Mathematics N6
1
17. 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 . sin 𝑥
18. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . 𝑒 −𝑥
19. 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 . sin 4𝑥
2.3 Integration of trigonometrical functions

We know the following:
𝒇(𝒙)
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
sin 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥
− +𝐶
𝑎
cos 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥
− +𝐶
𝑎
tan 𝑎𝑥 1
ln[sec(𝑎𝑥)] + 𝐶
𝑎
cot 𝑎𝑥 1
ln[sin(𝑎𝑥)] + 𝐶
𝑎
sec 𝑎𝑥 1
ln[sec 𝑎𝑥 + tan 𝑎𝑥] + 𝐶
𝑎
cosec 𝑎𝑥 1 𝑎𝑥
ln [tan ( )] + 𝐶
𝑎 2
Table 2.1
But to integrate sin𝑛 𝑎𝑥 and cos𝑛 𝑎𝑥 one of the factors must be released, either
sin 𝑎𝑥 or cos 𝑎𝑥 from the powers.
𝒇(𝒙)
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
sin2 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 sin(2𝑎𝑥)
− +𝐶
2 4𝑎
cos 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 sin(2𝑎𝑥)
− +𝐶
2 4𝑎
tan2 𝑎𝑥 1
tan (ax) −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎
Table 2.2
Worked Example 2.4
When the power is an odd number:

15
Mathematics N6
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = tan3 𝑏𝑥
Solution:
∫ tan3 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan3 𝑏𝑥 . tan 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(sec 2 𝑏𝑥 − 1) . tan 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(sec 2 𝑏𝑥. tan 𝑏𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑏 ∫ 𝑏. sec 2 𝑏𝑥 . tan 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 tan2 𝑏𝑥 1
=𝑏 − 𝑏 ln(sec 𝑏𝑥) + 𝐶
2
1 1
= 2𝑏 tan2 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 ln(sec 𝑏𝑥) + 𝐶
Worked Example 2.5
When the power is an even number:

Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = tan4 2𝑥
Solution:
∫ tan3 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan4 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan2 2𝑥 . tan2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(sec 2 2𝑥 − 1) tan2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ 2 sec 2 2𝑥 . tan2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 tan3 2𝑥 1
= 2. − (2 tan 2𝑥 − 𝑥) + 𝐶 no brackets (−1)
3
1 1
= 6 tan3 2𝑥 − 2 tan 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶

16
Mathematics N6
Worked Example 2.6
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = sin5 𝑥 . cos5 𝑥

Solution:
∫ sin5 𝑥 . cos5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sin5 𝑥 (cos 2 𝑥)2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sin5 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥)2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sin−5 𝑥 (1 − 2sin2 𝑥 + sin4 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sin5 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 sin7 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 sin9 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin6 𝑥 sin8 𝑥 sin10 𝑥
= − 2. + 𝐶
6 8 10
1 1 1
= 6 sin6 𝑥 − 4 sin8 𝑥 + 10 sin10 𝑥 + 𝐶
OR
= ∫(sin−2 𝑥)2 . sin 𝑥 cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 − cos2 𝑥)2 sin 𝑥 cos5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 − 2cos2 𝑥 + cos4 𝑥) sin 𝑥 cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sin 𝑥 . cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 cos7 𝑥 . sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 9 𝑥 . sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos6 𝑥 cos8 𝑥 cos10𝑥
=− + 2. − 𝐶
6 8 10
1 1 1
= 6 cos6 𝑥 + 4 cos 8 𝑥 + 10 cos10 𝑥 + 𝐶
Activity 2.2
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 of the following if:

1. 𝑦 = sin5 𝑥 . cos 4 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) sin 2𝑥
𝑥
3. 𝑦 = tan3 2
4. 𝑦 = cos 5 3𝑥 . sin4 3𝑥
5. 𝑦 = tan−1 6𝑥
6. 𝑦 = sin4 3𝑥
7. 𝑦 = cosec 3 2𝑥 . cos 3 2𝑥

17
Mathematics N6
8. 𝑦 = cos 4 3𝑥
9. 𝑦 = 1. 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥
10. 𝑦 = sin5 2𝑥 . cos3 2𝑥
11. 𝑦 = tan4 5𝑥
sin5 𝑥
12. 𝑦 = cos2 𝑥
13. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cos 𝑥

3
14. 𝑦 = sec4 3𝑥
15. 𝑦 = sin5 𝑎𝑥
𝑥
16. 𝑦 = tan5
2
17. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) sin 2𝑥
18. 𝑦 = sin4 3𝑥 . cos3 3𝑥
cos3 3𝑥
19. 𝑦 = 3
√sin 3𝑥
20. 𝑦 = cot 4 3𝑥
21. 𝑦 = cot 4 5𝑥
22. 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥
𝑥
23. 𝑦 = 2 . tan2 𝑥
𝑥2
24. 𝑦 = . tan2 𝑥
2
25. 𝑦 = sin5 2𝑥 . cos3 2𝑥
2.4 Integration by completing the square

Integrate expressions by completing the square first and then apply standard
formulas.
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln [ ]+𝑐
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
Worked Example 2.7
1
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if: 𝑦 = √1−𝑥−𝑥 2
Solution:

18
Mathematics N6
1
∫ √1−𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = −(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1)
√5−(𝑥+1)
4 2
1
(𝑥+ ) 1 2 1
= sin √5
2
+𝑐 = − [(𝑥 + 2) − 1 − 4]
2
2𝑥+1 1 2 5
= sin−1 +𝑐 = [(𝑥 + 2) − 4]
√5
5 1 2
= 4 − (𝑥 + 2)
Worked Example 2.8
1
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if: 𝑦 = √15+2𝑥−𝑥 2
Solution:
1
∫ √15+2𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 15
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 15)
√16−(𝑥−1)2
𝑥−1
= sin−1 +𝑐 = −[(𝑥 − 1)2 − 15 − 1]
4
= [(𝑥 − 1)2 − 16]

= 16 − (𝑥 − 1)2
Activity 2.3
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 of the following:

1
1. 𝑦 = 8𝑥−4𝑥 2
2. 𝑦 = √37 − 18𝑥 − 9𝑥 2
1
3. 𝑦 =
3𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
4. 𝑦 = √18 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
1
5. 𝑦 = √−𝑥−𝑥 2
1
6. 𝑦 = √10−2𝑥−𝑥 2
1
7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +𝑥+7

19
Mathematics N6
Activity 2.1
Answers:
1 1 1
1. 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑢𝑥 − 8 𝑥. 𝑒 4𝑥 + 32 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑐
4
𝑥
4 2 𝑥
2. − 5 𝑒 2 cos 𝑥 + 5 𝑒 2 . sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1 1
3. 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 − 4 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐
2
1 3𝑥 3
16 1 3 𝑒 cos 4𝑥+ 𝑒 3𝑥 sin 4𝑥
4. 𝐼 = 25 [− 4 𝑒 3𝑥 cos 4𝑥 + 16 𝑒 3𝑥 sin 4𝑥] + 𝑐 or 𝐼 = − 4 16
1,563
Activity 2.2
Answers:
1 2 1
1. cos5 𝑥 + 7 cos 7 𝑥 − 9 cos9 𝑥 + 𝑐
5
1 1
2. (𝑥 − 1) cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2 4
𝑥 𝑥
3. tan2 (2) − 2 ln [sec 2] + 𝑐
1 1
4. − 13 cos6 3𝑥 + 24 cos 8 3𝑥 + 𝑐
5. 𝑥 tan−1 6𝑥 − 0,083 ln(36𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑐

1 1 𝑥 1 3 1 1
6. − 12 sin 6𝑥 + 8 + 90 sin 12𝑥 + 𝑐 or 𝑥 − 12 sin 6𝑥 + 96 sin 12𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8
1 1
7. − 2 ln(sin 2𝑥) − 𝑐
4 sin2 2𝑥
3 1 1
8. 𝑥 + 12 sin 6𝑥 + 96 sin 12𝑥 + 𝑐
8
1
9. 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑐
1 1
10. 2 sin6 2𝑥 − 16 sin8 2𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1 1 1 1
11. 15 tan3 5𝑥 − 3 tan 5𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐 or tan 5𝑥 + 15 tan3 5𝑥 − 5 tan 5𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
5
cos 𝑥 −1 cos3 𝑥 1 1
12. – ( ) + 2 cos 𝑥 − + 𝑐 or + 2 cos 𝑥 − 3 cos3 𝑥 + 𝑐
−1 2 cos 𝑥
1
13. 𝑥. cos −1 𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐

20
Mathematics N6
3 1 3 1
14. 4 𝑥 − 4 sin 6𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + 32 sin 12 𝑥 + 𝑐
1 2 1
15. 𝑎 [cos 𝑎𝑥 − 3 cos 3 𝑎𝑥 + 5 cos5 𝑎𝑥] + 𝑐
1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
16. 2 tan4 2 − tan2 3 − 2 ln [sec 2] + 𝑐
1 1
17. − 2 (𝑥 − 1) cos 2𝑥 + 4 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1
18. 15 sin5 3𝑥 − 21 sin7 3𝑥 + 𝑐
13 13
19. 2 √sin2 3𝑥 − 8 √sin8 3𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1
20. 9 cot 3 3𝑥 + 3 cot 3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1
21. 15 cot 3 5𝑥 + 5 cot 5𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
1
22. 𝑥. tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑐
𝑥 x2 1 1 1 1 1
23. 2 tan 𝑥 − − 2 ln(sec 𝑥) + 4 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 or tan 𝑥 − 2 ln(sec 𝑥) − 4 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2 2
1 1 1 𝑥 1
24. 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 2 ln(sec 𝑥) − 4 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 or tan 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 2 − ln(sec 𝑥) + 𝑐
2
1 𝑥4 2𝑥 6 𝑥8 1 cos4 2𝑥 cos6 2𝑥 cos8 2𝑥
25. − 2 [ 4 − + ] + 𝑐 or − 2 [ − + ]+𝑐
6 8 4 6 8
Activity 2.3
Answers:
1 𝑥
1. ln 2−𝑥 + 𝑐 or 4 − 4(𝑥 − 1)2
8
3𝑥+3 3(𝑥+1)
2. 7,667 sin−1 + √5,1 − (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑐
√46 2
1
3. 0,603 tan−1 1,809 (𝑥 − 6) + 𝑐
(𝑥−1) (𝑥−1)
4. 7,071 sin−1 3,162 + √10 − (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑐
2
5. sin−1 (2𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐
(𝑥+1)
6. sin−1 +𝑐
3,317
(2𝑥+1)
7. 0,338 tan−1 + 𝑐
5,916

21
Mathematics N6
Self-Check

 Integrate the product of two functions
 Integration of trigonometric functions
 Integration by completing the square

22
Mathematics N6
Learning Outcomes
 Determine integrals using partial fractions where there are integers and
powers
 Determine integrals using partial fractions where there are integers and
powers and a quadratic that cannot be factorised
3.1 Introduction
This module explains partial fractions and demonstrates

calculations.
3.2 Decomposing fractions with polynomials in them

Breaking up a simple fraction into its parts:
5𝑥 − 4
𝑥2−𝑥−2
Factorise the denominator:
5𝑥 − 4 5𝑥 − 4
=
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
Write one partial fraction for each factor:
5𝑥 − 4 𝐴1 𝐴2
= +
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥−2 𝑥+1
Multiply through by the denominator so there are no more fractions:
5𝑥 − 4 = 𝐴1 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐴2 (𝑥 − 2)
Find the constants:

(Finding the roots can help)

23
Mathematics N6
The first root (𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = −1
5(−1) − 4 = 𝐴1 ((−1) + 1) + 𝐴2 ((−1) − 2)
−9 = 𝐴1 (0) + 𝐴2 (−3)
−9 = 𝐴1 (0) + 𝐴2 (−3)
−3𝐴2 = −9
𝐴2 = 3
The second root (𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥=2
5(2) − 4 = 𝐴1 ((2) + 1) + 𝐴2 ((2) − 2)
6 = 𝐴1 (3) + 𝐴2 (0)
𝐴1 = 2
The answer:
5𝑥 − 4 2 3
= +
𝑥2 −𝑥−2 𝑥−2 𝑥+1
Partial fractions are important be it is easier to integrate a polynomial fraction

in its parts.
3.2.1 Irreducible quadratics

Do not factorise a denominator into complex numbers. Rather use these simple
procedures:
1 1
=
𝑥2 +4 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 4)
1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴
= + +
(𝑥 − 2)3 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 − 2)3
1 𝐵1 𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝐵2 𝑥 + 𝑐2
= 2 + 2
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) 2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3)2

24
Mathematics N6
Worked Example 3.1
Use partial fractions to find the integral:

2𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 11
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(3 − 𝑥)3
Solution:
2𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 11
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(3 − 𝑥)3
2𝑥 2 −11𝑥+11 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∴ (3−𝑥)3
= (3−𝑥)3 + (3−𝑥)2 + 3−𝑥
2𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 11 = 𝐴 + 𝐵(3 − 𝑥) + 𝑐(3 − 𝑥)2

2𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 11 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐵𝑥 + 9𝐶 − 6𝐶𝑥 + 𝑥 2
∴ 𝑥 = 3; 𝐴 = −4
𝐶 =2
𝐵 = −1
−4 −1 2
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(3 − 𝑥)3 (3 − 𝑥)2 3−𝑥
1
= −4 ∫(3 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥 − 1 ∫(3 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 3−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4.(3−𝑥)−2 (−1) 1.(3−𝑥)−1 (1)
=− − + 2(−1) ln(3 − 𝑥) + 𝐶
−2 −1
2 1
= −(3−𝑥)−2 − 3−𝑥 − 2 ln(3 − 𝑥) + 𝐶
Worked Example 3.2

2𝑥 − 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (5𝑥 − 2)
Solution:
2𝑥 − 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (5𝑥
− 2)
2𝑥−4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∴ 𝑥 2 (5𝑥−2)
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 5𝑥−2

25
Mathematics N6
2𝑥 − 4 = 𝐴(5𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵𝑥(5𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶𝑥 2
∴ 𝑥 = 0; 𝐴 =2
2
𝑥 = 5; 𝐶 = −20
∴ 2𝑥 − 4 = 5𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐴 + 5𝐵𝑥 2 − 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2

Eq note coeff of 𝑥 2 𝐵 =4
2 4 −20
∴∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 5𝑥 − 2
2
= − 𝑥 + 4 ln 𝑥 − 4 ln(5𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶
Alternative solution:
2𝑥−4 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶
= + 5𝑥−2
𝑥 2 (5𝑥−2) 𝑥2
2𝑥 − 4 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(5𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶𝑥 2
2
∴ 𝑥 = 5; 𝐶 = −20
∴ 2𝑥 − 4 = 5𝐴𝑥 2 + 5𝐵𝑥 − 2𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2

Eq note coeff of 𝑥 2 𝐴 =4
Eq note coeff of 𝑥 𝐵 =2
4𝑥 + 2 −20
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 5𝑥 − 2
4 2 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 20 ∫ 5𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 −1 20
= 4 ln 𝑥 + − ln(5𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶
−1 5
2
= 4 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 4 ln(5𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶
Worked Example 3.3

15𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2)2
Solution:
15𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2)2

26
Mathematics N6
15𝑥 3 +11𝑥 2 +7𝑥+5 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶 𝐷

∴ = + (3𝑥+1)2 + (3𝑥+1)
(𝑥 2 +1)(3𝑥−2)2 𝑥 2 +1
15𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(3𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 1)(3𝑥 + 1)

1
∴ 𝑥 = 3; 𝐶 =3
15𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 5 = 9𝐴𝑥 3 + 9𝐵𝑥 3 + 9𝐵𝑥 2 + 6𝐴𝑥 2 + 6𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 +

+𝐶 + 30𝑥 3 + 3𝐷𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷
Eq note coeff of 𝑥 3 15 = 9𝐴 + 3𝐷
𝑥2; 11 = 9𝐵 + 6𝐴 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 ∴ 8 = 9𝐵 + 6𝐴 + 𝐷
𝑥; 7 = 6𝐵 + 𝐴 + 3𝐷
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠; 5 =𝐵+𝐷+𝐶 ∴2=𝐵+𝐷
∴ 𝐴 = 1; 𝐷 = 2; 𝐵 = 0
𝑥 3 2
∴ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 1 (3𝑥 + 1)2 3𝑥 + 1
1 1 2
= − 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − 3𝑥+1 + 3 ln(3𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
15𝑥 3 +11𝑥 2 +7𝑥+5 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
∴ = + (3𝑥+1)2 + 3𝑥+1
(𝑥 2 +1)(3𝑥−2)2 𝑥 2 +1
15𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(3𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 1)(3𝑥 + 1)

1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = − 2 ; 𝐶 =3
15𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 5 = 9𝐴𝑥 3 + 6𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 9𝐵𝑥 2 + 6𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶 +

3𝑥 3 𝐷 + 3𝐷𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2
Eq note coeff of 𝑥 3 15 = 9𝐴 + 3𝐷
Eq note coeff of 𝑥 2 11 = 6𝐴 + 9𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷
Eq note coeff of 𝑥 7 = 𝐴 + 6𝐵 + 3𝐷
∴𝐴 =1
∴𝐵 =0
∴𝐷 =2
𝑥 3 2
= ∫ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (3𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
1 1 2
= 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − 3𝑥+1 + 3 ln(3𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
1 (3𝑥+1)−1 2
or = 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + + 3 ln(3𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
−1

27
Mathematics N6
Activity 3.1
Use partial fractions to calculate the following integrals:

3𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 −2𝑥+12
26. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 −4𝑥+6)
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+4
27. ∫ (𝑥 2 +5)(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +1
28. ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 −4𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1
29. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (3𝑥 2 −1)
5𝑥−2
30. ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 +4) 𝑑𝑥
−18𝑥 3 +9𝑥2 +15𝑥+12
31. ∫ (2𝑥+1)2 (1−𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
6𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
32. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 +1)
𝑥 2 +6𝑥+12
33. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(3−𝑥 2 )
4+3𝑥−𝑥 2
34. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(3−𝑥)2
𝑥 2 +6𝑥+12
35. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(2−𝑥 2 )
3𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 −2𝑥+12
36. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 −4𝑥+6)
4𝑥 2 −14𝑥−10
37. ∫ (2𝑥+1)2 (2𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥−1
38. ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +4) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 −𝑥
39. ∫ 𝑥 2 −4 𝑑𝑥
10𝑥 2 +7𝑥+1
40. ∫ (1−4𝑥)(2𝑥 2 +1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +1
41. ∫ 𝑥(𝑥−1)3 𝑑𝑥
Activity 3.1
Answers:
2
26. − 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6) + 𝐶

28
Mathematics N6
2 1 1
27. − 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 + 5) − 2 (( tan−1 )) + 2 ln(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶
√5 √5
1 1
28. − 𝑥 + 2 ln 𝑥 − (𝑥−1) − ln(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
1 7 1 1+√3𝑥
29. − 𝑥 − 2 ln 𝑥 + 6 ln(3𝑥 2 − 1) + 7 [ ln (1−√3𝑥)] + 𝐶
√2√3
1 5 5 1 𝑥
30. 2𝑥 − 4 ln 𝑥 + 8 ln(𝑥 2 + 4) + 4 tan−1 2 + 𝐶
2 1 2
31. 2𝑥+1 − 2 ln(2𝑥 − 1) + 1−𝑥 − 5 ln(1 − 𝑥) + 𝐶
32. −𝑥 −1 + 2 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐶
33. 4 ln 𝑥 − 4 − 4,232 ln(√3 − 𝑥) − 0,768 ln(√3 + 𝑥) + 𝐶
4 4 13 1,333
34. 9 ln 𝑥 + 3(3−𝑥) − ln(3 − 𝑥) + 𝐶 or 0,444 ln 𝑥 + (3−𝑥) − 1,444 ln(3 − 𝑥) + 𝐶
9
35. 6 ln 𝑥 − 5,621 ln(√2 − 𝑥) − 1,379 ln(√2 + 𝑥) + 𝐶

2
36. 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6) + 𝐶
5 1
37. 2(2𝑥+3) + ln(2𝑥 + 3) − 2 ln(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
3 3 7 𝑥
38. − 5 ln(𝑥 + 1) 10 ln(𝑥 2 + 4) + 10 tan−1 2 + 𝑐
1 3
39. 𝑥 − 2 ln(𝑥 − 2) − 2 ln(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶
3 1 1
40. − 4 ln(1 − 4𝑥) − 4 ln(2𝑥 2 + 1) − 2 ( ) tan−1 √2𝑥 + 𝐶
√2
1 1
41. ln 𝑥 − (𝑥−1)2 − (𝑥−1) + 2 ln(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
Self-Check

 Determine integrals using partial fractions where there are
integers and powers
 Determine integrals using partial fractions where there are
integers and powers and a quadratic that cannot be factorised

29
Mathematics N6
Learning Outcomes
 Describe first order linear equations

 Solve equations with the aid of the integral factor
 Solve second order equations
 Determine the complementary function of an equation
 Describe the particular integral of an equation
4.1 Introduction
This module describes differential equations and how to calculate

using them.
4.2 First order linear equations

A First order linear differential equation is an equation of the form:
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑥.
If the equation is written in this form, it is called standard form. The equation is
called first order because it only involves the function y and first derivatives of
y.
4.2.1 Method to solve the equation

We invent two new functions of 𝑥, call them and 𝑉, and say that
𝑦 = 𝑈𝑉
We then solve to find , and then find , and tidy up.

And we also use the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑈𝑉. Use the product rule:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑈
= 𝑈 +𝑉
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
30
Mathematics N6
The steps are:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
1. Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑈𝑉 and = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 into:
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
2. Factorise the parts involving 𝑉

3. Make the 𝑉 term equal zero (this gives a differential equation
in 𝑈 and 𝑥 which can be solved in the next step)
4. Solve using separation of variables to find 𝑈
5. Substitute 𝑈 back into the equation we got at step 2
6. Solve that to find 𝑉
7. Finally, substitute 𝑈 and 𝑉 into 𝑦 = 𝑈𝑉 to get our solution
An integrating factor is a function that is chosen to facilitate the solving of a

given equation involving differentials.
An integrating factor is any expression that a differential equation is multiplied

by to facilitate integration and is not restricted to first order.
Worked Example 4.1
𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑥
Solve the differential equation: = 𝑦(1+𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑥
= 𝑦(1+𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦(1+𝑒 𝑥 )
1
𝑦 2 = ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝐶
2
Worked Example 4.2
𝑑𝑦
Solve the differential equation: + 𝑦 = 𝑦. sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 = 𝑦. sin 𝑥

31
Mathematics N6
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 𝑦. sin 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 𝑦(sin 𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(sin 𝑥 − 1). 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
4.2.2 Second order equations

Second order differential equations have constants a, b and c and fx is a
function of x:
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 2
+𝑏 + 𝑐𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4.3 General and particular solutions of Differential Equations

Find, in implicit form, the general solution of the differential equation:
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 4 𝑒 2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 3(𝑒 2𝑥 + 7)2
Find the corresponding particular solution (in implicit form) that satisfies the
initial condition:
𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 0
Find the explicit form of this particular solution.

For the first part:
3 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑒 2𝑥
− =
𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 7)2
which is:
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑦 −3 ) = ( 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 + 7
then:
1
𝑦 −3 =
𝑒 2𝑥 + 7
𝑦 3 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 7

32
Mathematics N6
Worked Example 4.3
1
Determine the general solution of 𝜋. 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑦.
Solution:
1
𝜋. 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑦
1
𝜋. 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑦
1
𝜋. 𝑑𝑥 = (4𝑦 + 𝑦) . 𝑑𝑦
1
∫ 𝜋. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑦 + 𝑦) . 𝑑𝑦
𝜋𝑥 + 𝐶 = 2𝑦 2 + ln 𝑦
Worked Example 4.4
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
Determine the general solution of 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 2, given that = −3, 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥
and 𝑦 = 1.
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 −1 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥
1
−3 = 2 (2)2 − 𝑒 2 − (2)−1 + 𝐶1
∴ 𝐶1 = 2,889
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 −1 + 2,889
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 = 6 𝑥 3 − 𝑒 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 + 2,889𝑥 + 𝐶2
1
𝑦 = 6 (2)3 − 𝑒 𝑥 − ln 2 + 2,889(2) + 𝐶2
∴ 𝐶2 = 1,971
1
∴ 𝑦 = 6 𝑥 3 − 𝑒 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 + 2,889𝑥 + 1,971
Worked Example 4.5
𝑑𝑦
Determine (𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)4 at (0; 1).

33
Mathematics N6
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 3) − 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
− (𝑥+3) = (𝑥 + 3)3
𝑑𝑥
−1
∫(𝑥+3)𝑑𝑥
𝑅 =𝑒
= 𝑒 − ln(𝑥+3)
−1
= 𝑒 − ln(𝑥+3)
1
= (𝑥 + 3)−1 | 𝑥+3
1 −1
∴ (𝑥+3)
.𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥+3) . (𝑥 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 *(Refer to alternative method)
= ∫(𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦 (𝑥+3)3
= +𝐶
𝑥+3 3
1 (3)3
= +𝐶
3 3
−26
∴ 𝐶 = −8,667 / 3
𝑦 1
∴ 𝑥+3 = 3 (𝑥 + 3)3 − 8,667
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 3) − 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
− (𝑥+3) = (𝑥 + 3)3
𝑑𝑥
−1
∫(𝑥+3)𝑑𝑥
𝑅 =𝑒
= 𝑒 − ln(𝑥+3)
−1
= 𝑒 − ln(𝑥+3)
1
= (𝑥 + 3)−1 | 𝑥+3
1 −1
(𝑥+3)
.𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥+3) . (𝑥 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
= ∫(𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + 𝐶
𝑦 𝑥3 6𝑥 2
= + + 9𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥+3 3 2
1 1
= 3 (0) + 3(0) + 9(0) + 𝐶
3

34
Mathematics N6
1
𝐶 =3
𝑦 1 1
∴ 𝑥+3 = 3 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 3
Activity 4.1
Find the general solution of the following:

𝑑2 𝑦
42. − 4𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
43. = 5 𝑑𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
44. Find the equation of the curve with gradient𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − and which passes
𝑥
through (1; 1).

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
45. 2 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
46. 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 8 𝑑𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 16𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 1
47. = 𝑥 8 − 2 𝑥 4 + 16
𝑑𝑥 2
1 𝑑2 𝑦
48. − 𝑒𝑥 + 1 = 0
4 𝑑𝑥 2
Activity 4.2
Find the particular solution of:

𝑑𝑦
1. cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦. sin 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 1
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. 2 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2 𝑑𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑎𝑡 (0; 1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 = 10 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
3. sin 𝑥 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦
4. − = 𝑥 4 . sin 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5. − 5 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 5𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 =2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
6. 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑎𝑡 (0; 1)
7. + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑖𝑓 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑠 ds
8. − 9𝑠 = 𝑒 𝑡 , if t = 0 when s = 1 and = 3 when t = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

35
Mathematics N6
𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑𝑦 dy
9. − 8 𝑑𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 8𝑒 2𝑥 𝑎𝑡 (0; 3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 = 2 when x = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
10. (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 − y = (𝑥 = 1)4 by (0; 2)
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
11. − 𝑥+2 = (𝑥 + 2)3 at (3; 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
12. − 49𝑦 = 𝑒 7𝑥 , 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2 when x = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
13. tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − y = at (2; 0)
cot 𝑥
Activity 4.1
Answers:
3
42. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 4
3
3 3 1
43. 𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝐴 cos √2 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin √2 𝑥) + 3 𝑒 𝑥
1 4
44. 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 5 𝑥 5 + 5
1
45. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6
46. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 4 − 3
𝑥 10 𝑥6
47. 𝑦 = − 60 + 8𝑥 2 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐
10
4𝑥 2
48. 𝑦 = 4𝑒 𝑥 − + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
2
Activity 4.2
Answers:
1. 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 3 tan 𝑥 − 2,821
1
2. 𝑦𝑐 = −1,38 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2,38 𝑒 3𝑥 + 10 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥
1
3. 𝑦. sin 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥 + 6,243 or 𝑦. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥 + 6,243
1
4. 𝑥 2 . 𝑦 = −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 1,689
5. 𝑦 = −9𝑒 3𝑥 + 12𝑒 2𝑥
1 1
6. 𝑦. 𝑒 𝑥 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2
3 5 1 1
7. 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥) + 2 𝑥 2 − 2

36
Mathematics N6
1 26 1 1
8. 𝑠 = 1,083 𝑒 3𝑏 + 0,417 𝑒 3𝑎 − 8 𝑒 𝑡 or 𝑠 = 24 𝑒 3𝑏 + 24 𝑒 −3𝑏 − 8 𝑒 𝑡
1
9. 𝑦 = − 2 𝑒 6𝑥 + 3,8 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 1 5 𝑦 𝑥3
10. 𝑥+1 = 3 (𝑥 + 1)3 + 3 or = + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2
𝑥+1 3
𝑦 𝑥2
11. (𝑥+2)6 = + 2𝑥 − 10,46
3
2 2 1
12. 𝑦 = 49 𝑒 7𝑥 − 49 𝑒 −7𝑥 + 14 𝑒 7𝑥 or 𝑦 = 0,041 𝑒 7𝑥 − 0,041𝑒 −7𝑥 + 0,071𝑒 7𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
13. sin 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 2 or = 𝑒 𝑥 − 7,389
sin 𝑥
Self-Check

 Describe first order linear equations
 Solve equations with the aid of the integral factor
 Solve second order equations
 Determine the complementary function of an equation
 Describe the particular integral of an equation

37
Mathematics N6
Learning Outcomes
 Determine the volumes of solids of rotation

 Calculate the distance from any reference axis to the centroid of the area
 Calculate the distance from any reference axis to the centre of gravity of a
solid of revolution generated by a revolving area
 Determine the second moment of area of an area enclosed by two curves
 Calculate the moment of inertia of a solid of revolution generated by a
revolving area
 Determine the depth of the centre of fluid pressure on a vertical plane
submerged in the fluid with respect to the surface of the fluid
5.1 Introduction
This module demonstrates the application of the definite integral.
The procedure for applying the definite integral must be followed:
 Draw a neat sketch of the curves. This is done by calculation and the
relevant points of intersection must be marked on the sketch.
 Indicate the representative strip on the sketch. This must be shown in the
correct direction.
 Indicate the relative limits or boundaries on the sketch.
 Indicate the distance from the reference axis to the centroid when
moments are to be calculated.
 Give the equation for the volume, centroid, moment etc. of the
representative strip.
 Apply the operation for summation.

38
Mathematics N6
5.2 Volumes
An area may be enclosed between a given curve and an axis or between two
given curves. If this enclosed area is rotated about the x-axis or y-axis or any
reference axis, calculate the volume developed by this rotating area.
Figure 5.1 shows two curves that enclose an area which is hatched.
The two curves are:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 7𝑥 − 𝑥 3
Figure 5.1 Volume of revolution
To calculate the volume developed when this area is rotated about the 𝑥 –
axis use the strip in the direction shown.
𝑏
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)12 − 𝑓(𝑥)22 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
In this case:
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [(7𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) − (3𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
0
The equations used for the area between two curves are:
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥; 𝐴𝑥 = ∫ (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦; 𝐴𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎

39
Mathematics N6
The equations used for the volume about the x-axis and y-axis are:
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
2
𝑉𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥; 𝑉𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦12 − 𝑦22 ) 𝑑𝑥; 𝑉𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
2
𝑉𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦; 𝑉𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥12 − 𝑥22 ) 𝑑𝑦; 𝑉𝑦 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Worked Example 5.1
1. Calculate the points of intersection of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 and 𝑦 = 7𝑥 − 𝑥 3 . Sketch the graphs

and show the area bounded by the two curves. Show the representative
strip/element that you will use to calculate the volume generated when the
area bounded by the two curves, in the first quadrant, is rotated about the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
2. Calculate the magnitude of the volume described in 1.
Solution:
1. 3𝑥 = 7𝑥 − 𝑥 3
∴ 0 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4)
∴= 0; 𝑥 = 2; 𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 = 6; 𝑦 = −6
(0; 0), (2; 6), (−2; −6)
Figure 5.2
2. ∆𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑦22 − 𝑦12 )∆𝑥
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫0 [(7𝑥 − 𝑥 3 )2 − (3𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥

40
Mathematics N6
2
= 𝜋 ∫0 [49𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 4 + 𝑥 6 − 9𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
2
= 𝜋 ∫0 [𝑥 6 − 14𝑥 4 + 40𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
2
2 𝑥7 14𝑥 5 40𝑥 3
= 𝜋 ∫0 [ 7 − 5
+ 3 0
]
= 35,352 𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
= 111,062 𝑢3
Worked Example 5.2
1. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and show the representative strip that you would
use to calculate the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded by
the graph 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0 is rotated about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
2. Calculate, by means of integration, the volume described in 1.
Solution:
Figure 5.3
∆𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑥 × 𝑦 × ∆𝑥
𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑥. sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝜋[−𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]𝜋0

= 2𝜋[−𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥]𝜋0
= 2𝜋[−𝜋 cos 𝜋 + sin 𝜋 − (0 + sin 0)]
= 19,739 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
or = 6,283 𝜋 𝑢3

41
Mathematics N6
Worked Example 5.3
1. Calculate the points of intersection in the first quadrant of the curve

𝑦 = −𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 and the straight line 4𝑦 − 7𝑥 = 0. Make a neat sketch of the
graphs and clearly indicate the area bounded by the graphs. Show the
representative strip/element that you will use to calculate the volume
generated if the area bounded by the graphs rotates about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
2. Calculate the magnitude of the volume described in 1 by means of
integration.
Solution:
1. 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
4𝑦 − 7 =0
−4𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 − 7𝑥 = 0
−4𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 = 0
∴0 = 𝑥(4𝑥 2 − 9)
9 3
𝑥 = 0; 𝑥 = √4 = ± 2
21
𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 = 8
3 21 3 21
∴ (0; 0), (2 ; 8 ) , (− 2 ; − 8 )
Figure 5.4

42
Mathematics N6
2. ∆𝑉𝑥 = 𝜋(𝑦22 − 𝑦12 )∆𝑥

3 2
7
𝑉𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫02(−𝑥 3 + 4𝑥)2 − (4 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3
49
= 𝜋 ∫02 (16𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 − 48 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3
16𝑥 3 8𝑥 5 𝑥7 49𝑥 3 2
= 𝜋[ − + − ]
3 5 7 48 0
16 3 3 8 3 5 1 3 7 49 3 3
= 𝜋 [ 3 (2) − 5 (2) − 7 (2) − 48 (2) ]
= 4,846 𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
= 15,2223 𝑢3
5.3 Centroids
The centroid is not always the centre point of an area. For example, the centre
point of the area bounded by the curve and axes in Figure 5.5 is not in the
centre but more or less in the position shown.
Figure 5.5 The centroid
The centroid is equal to the centre of gravity without density. In the case
above, the area has no mas and so we deal with the centroid.
The equation used for the centroid from the x-axis or y-axis is:
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴𝑚−𝑦 ∫𝑎 𝑟𝑑𝐴 𝐴𝑚−𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑟𝑑𝐴
𝑥̅ = = ̅=
;𝑦 =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
The following worked example will show how to determine the distance
between the centroid and a reference axis.

43
Mathematics N6
5.4 Centre of gravity

When an area is revolved about a reference axis to develop a solid of
revolution, then the centre of gravity is determined.
The following worked example will show how to determine the distance
between the centroid and a reference axis.
Worked Example 5.4
1. Make a neat sketch of the graph 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥 and show the representative
strip/element (PARALLEL to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠) that you will use to calculate the
volume generated when the area bounded by the graph 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 and
𝜋
𝑥= 2
is rotated about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
2. Calculate the volume described in 1.

3. Calculate the distance of the centre of gravity from the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 when the
area described in 2 is rotated about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Solution:
1.
Figure 5.6
2. ∆𝑉𝑥 = 𝜋𝑦 2 ∆𝑥
𝜋
𝑉𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫02 (2 cos 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

44
Mathematics N6
𝜋
= 4𝜋 ∫02 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑥 sin 2𝑥 2
= 4𝜋 [2 + ]
4 0
𝜋
1 𝜋
= 4𝜋 [ 2 + 4 sin 2 (2 )]
2
= 𝑢̅2
or = 9,87 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
3. ∆𝑀𝑦 = 𝜋𝑦 2 + 𝑥
𝜋
𝑀𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫02 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫02 (2 cos 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥) = cos 2
𝜋
𝑥
= 4𝜋 ∫02 (cos2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 + 𝑥
𝜋
𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= 4𝜋 [𝑥 (2 +
2
) − ∫ (3 + ) 𝑑𝑥]
4 4 0
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝜋
( ) sin 𝑥 2 1 𝜋 2 1 𝜋 cos 2(0)
= 4𝜋 [ 2
+ 2
− 4 ( 2 ) + 8 cos 2 ( 2 ) − ]
2 4 8
𝜋2 𝜋 𝜋2 1 1
= 4𝜋 [ 8 + 8 (0) − 16 − 8 − 8]
= 1,467 𝜋
or = 4,61 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
4,61 𝑀𝑦
∴ 𝑥̅ = 0,87 𝑉𝑥
= 0,467 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Worked Example 5.5
1. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 16 and show the representative

strip/element that you will use to calculate the area bounded by the
graph and the lines 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 4𝑥.
2. Calculate the magnitude of the area described in 1.
3. Calculate the 𝑦 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 of the centroid of the area described in 1.

45
Mathematics N6
Solution:
Figure 5.7
2. ∆𝐴 = 2𝑥∆𝑦 ∆𝐴 = 𝑥. ∆𝑦
4
𝐴 = 2 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 14,954 𝑥 2
4
= 2 ∫0 √16 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ∴ 𝐴 = 2 × 14,954
3 4
(16−𝑦) 2
= 2[ 3 ] = 29,9084 𝑥 2
2 0
3 3
4
= − 3 [(16 − 4)2 − (16 − 0)2 ]
= 29,908 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
3. ∆𝑀𝑦 = 2𝑥∆𝑦 × 𝑦
4
𝑀𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
4
= 2 ∫0 (16 − 𝑦)2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑢 = 16 − 𝑦
1
4
= −2 ∫0 (𝑢)2 (16 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑦
1 3
4
= −2 ∫0 (16𝑢 2 − 𝑢4 ) 𝑑𝑢
3 5 4
16𝑢4 𝑢2
= −2 [ 3 − 5 ]
2 2 0

46
Mathematics N6
3 5 4
2 2
= −2 [3 . 16(16 − 𝑦)2 − 5 (16 − 𝑦)2 ]
0
3 5 3
2 2 3 2
= −2 [3 . 16(16 − 4)2 − 5 (16 − 4)2 ] − [2 . 16(16)2 − 5 (1)]
= 58,389
58,389
∴ 𝑦̅ = 29,908
= 1,952 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Worked Example 5.6
𝑥2 𝑦2
1. Sketch the graph of + 16 = 1 and show the representative strip/element
4
that you will use to calculate the volume generated when the area
bounded by the graph and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 which lies above the and 𝑥 −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
2. Calculate the magnitude of the volume described in 1.
3. Calculate the distance of the centre of gravity from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of the
solid genreated when the area in 1 is rotated about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Solution:
Figure 5.8
2. ∆𝑉𝑦 = 𝜋𝑥 2 ∆𝑦

47
Mathematics N6
4
𝑉𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
41
= 𝜋 ∫0 4(16 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝜋 41
= 4 ∫0 4(16 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
4
𝜋 𝑦3
= 4 [16𝑦 − ]
3 0
𝜋 1
= 4 [16(4) − 3 (4)3 ]
= 10,667 𝜋 / 33,51 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
3. ∆𝑀𝑥 = 𝜋𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 × 𝑦
4
𝑀𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦
41
= 𝜋 ∫0 4 (16 − 𝑦 2 )𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝜋 41
= 4 ∫0 4(16 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
4
𝜋 16𝑦 2 𝑦4
= 4[ − ]
2 4 0
𝜋 1
= 4 [8(4)2 − 4 (4)4 ]
= 16 𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠4 / 50,265 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4

50,265
∴ 𝑦̅ = 33,51
= 1,5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
5.5 Moment of inertia

5.5.1 Second moment of area
The second moment of area is a geometrical property of an area which
reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.
In the field of structural engineering, the second moment of area of the cross-
section of a beam is an important property used in the calculation of the
beam's deflection and the calculation of stress caused by a moment applied
to the beam.
5.5.2 Parallel axis theorem

A shape with centroidal axis 𝑥. The parallel axis theorem can be used to obtain
the second moment of area with respect to the 𝑥 axis.

48
Mathematics N6
5.5.3 Perpendicular axis theorem

For the simplicity of calculation, it is often desired to define the polar moment
of area (with respect to a perpendicular axis) in terms of two area moments of
inertia (both with respect to in-plane axes).
5.5.4 Definition of the moment of inertia

The well-known formula for the moment of inertia:
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 2
Or:
𝑜𝑟 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑘 2
Were 𝑘 is the radius of gyration
The moment of inertia of a rigid body determines the torque needed for a
desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis.
It depends on the body's mass distribution and the axis chosen, with larger
moments requiring more torque to change the body's rotation.
the moment of inertia of a composite system is the sum of the moments of

inertia of its component subsystems (all taken about the same axis).
Worked Example 5.7
1. Calculate the points of intersection of 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 1. Sketch the

curves and show the representative strip/element PERPENDICULAR to the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 that you will use to calculate the area bounded by the two
cxurves.
2. Calculate the area described in 1, bounded by the two curves.
3. Calculate the second moment of area of the abovementioned area
about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and express the answer in terms of the area.
Solution:
1. 4𝑥 2 = 7𝑥 − 1
4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
1
∴ 𝑥 = 4;𝑥 = 1

49
Mathematics N6
1
𝑦 = 4;𝑥 = 1
1 1
(4 ; 4) , (1; 4)
Figure 5.9
2. ∆𝐴 = (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )∆𝑥
1
𝐴 = ∫1 (5𝑥 − 1 − 4𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
4
1
5𝑥 2 4𝑥 3
=[ −𝑥− ]1
2 3
4
5 4 5 1 1 4 1
= [2 (1)2 − (1) − 3 (1)3 ] − [2 (4)2 − (4) − 3 (4)3 ]
= 0,282 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
3. ∆𝐼𝑦 = (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )∆𝑥 × 𝑥 2

1
𝐼𝑦 = ∫1 (5𝑥 − 1 − 4𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
4
1
= ∫1 (5𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
4
1
5𝑥 4 𝑥3 4𝑥 5
=[ − − ]1
4 3 5
4
5 1 4 5 1 1 1 4 1
= [4 (1)4 − 3 (1)3 − 3 (1)5 ] − [4 (4)4 − 3 (4)3 − 5 (4)5 ]
= 0,118 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
0,118𝑥 4
∴ 𝐼𝑦 = 0,282𝑥 4
= 0,419

50
Mathematics N6
Worked Example 5.8
1. Calculate the coordinates of the points of intersection of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 =

𝑥. Sketch the graphs and show the area bounded by the graphs. Show
the representative strip that you would use to calculate the area
bounded by the graphs.
2. Calculate the area described in 1.
3. Calculate the second moment of area described in 1 about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Solution:
1.
Figure 5.10
2. ∆𝐴 = (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )∆𝑥 ∆𝐴 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )∆𝑦
1 1
𝐴 = ∫0 (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 = ∫0 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑑𝑦
1 1
= ∫0 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (√𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
3 1
1
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑦2 𝑦2
=[ − ] = [3 − ]
2 3 0 2
2 0
(1)2 (1)3 3
2 1
= −[ − ] = [3 (1)2 − 2 (1)2 ]
2 3
= 0,167 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 = 0,167 𝑢2
3. ∆𝐼𝑥 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )∆𝑦 × 𝑦 2

51
Mathematics N6
1
𝐼𝑥 = ∫0 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
1
= ∫0 (√𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
5
1
= ∫0 (√𝑦2 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
7 1
2 1
= [7 𝑦 2 − 4 𝑦 4 ]
0
7
2 1
= [7 (1)2 − 4 (1)4 ]
= 0,0357 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
Worked Example 5.9
1 1
1. Calculate the points of intersection of 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥. Make a
neat sketch of the graphs and show the representative strip/element that
you will use to calculate the area bounded by the graphs and the
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
2. Calculate the area described in 1.
3. Calculate the 𝑦 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 of the described in 1.
Solution:
1 1
1. sin 𝑥 = 3 cos 𝑥
2
sin 𝑥
∴ cos 𝑥 = 1
tan 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 = tan−1 1
7
= 4 or 0,785
𝜋
= 4 ; 0,35

52
Mathematics N6
Figure 5.11
2. ∆𝐴 = (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )∆𝑥
4
∴ 𝐴 = ∫0 (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑑𝑥
4 1 1
= ∫0 (2 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 4
= 2 ∫0 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 [sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥]40
1 𝜋 𝜋
= 2 [sin 4 + cos 4 − sin 0 − cos 0]
= 0,207 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
𝑦2 −𝑦1
3. ∆𝑀𝑥 = (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )∆𝑥 𝑥( )
2
1 4
∴ 𝑀𝑥 = 2 ∫0 (𝑦22 − 𝑦12 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 4 1
= 2 ∫0 [cos 2 −𝑥 − 4 sin2 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1 4
= 2 ∫0 [cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1
= cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8
1 sin 2𝑥 4
= 8[ ]
2 0
1 3
= 8 [sin 2 (4)]
1
= 16 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3 or 0,0325 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
0,0625
𝑦̅ = 0,207
= 0,302 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

53
Mathematics N6
5.6 Centres of fluid pressure

Figure 5.12 shows the relation between the centroid of a submersed shape
and it’s centre of fluid pressure.
The reason the centre of fluid pressure is lower than the centroid in this case is
because it has to do with pressure. The further down from the water surface a
point is the more the pressure will be.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦 × 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
2
∫ 𝑑𝐴. 𝑟 = 𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝐴. 𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
2
∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦 ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝐴
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑟2 𝑑𝐴
̿=
𝑦 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑟 𝑑𝐴
Figure 5.12 Centre of fluid pressure
Worked Example 5.10
1. A vertical sluice gate in the form of a trapezium is 4 m high. The longest

horizontal side is 6 m in length and 2 m below the water surface. The shorter side
is 4 m in length and 6 m below the water surface. Make a neat sketch of the
sluice gate and calculate the relation between the two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.
2. Calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about the water level.
3. Calculate the second moment of area of the sluice gate about the water level,
as well as the depth of the centre of pressure on the sluice gate by means of
integration.

54
Mathematics N6
Solution:
Figure 5.13
Equation:
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑦𝑧 −𝑦1
=
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑥𝑧 −𝑥1
𝑦−0 4−0
=
𝑥−2 3−2
𝑦 = 4(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦
𝑥 = 4+2
𝑦
∴ ∆𝐴 = 2 (4 + 2) ∆𝑦
𝑦
𝑑𝐴 = 2 (4 + 2) 𝑑𝑦
4
2. ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝐴
4 𝑦
= ∫0 (6 − 𝑦)2 (4 + 2) 𝑑𝑦
4 6 𝑦2
= ∫0 (4 𝑦 − 4
− 2𝑦 + 12) 𝑑𝑦
4 1 1
= ∫0 (− 2 𝑦 − 4 𝑦 2 + 12) 𝑑𝑦
4
𝑦2 𝑦3
= 2 [− 4
− 𝑦 + 12𝑦]
2 0
= 77,333 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
4 𝑦
3. ∫0 (6 − 𝑦)2 . 2 (4 + 2) 𝑑𝑦
4 𝑦3
= 2 ∫0 (−15𝑦 + 72 − 𝑦 2 + 4
) 𝑑𝑦
4
4 15𝑦 2 𝑦3 𝑦4
= 2 ∫0 [− 2
+ 72𝑦 − 3
+ 16]
0

55
Mathematics N6
= 325,333 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
325,333
∴ 𝑦̅ = 77,333
= 4,207 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Figure 5.14
𝑦−2 0−2
𝑥−2
= 1−2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2
1
𝑥 = 2 (𝑦 + 2)
1
𝑥 = 𝑦+1 ⟹ ∆𝐴 = 2𝑥 ∆𝑦
2
1
𝑑𝐴 = 2 (2 𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝐴 = (𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦
2
4. ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝐴
2 2 𝑦
= ∫0 (3 − 𝑦)2 (𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (3 − 𝑦)2 . 2(2 + 1)𝑑𝑦
2 29 1
(𝑚) = ∫0 (𝑦 3 − 4𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 18)𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 2 𝑦 + 9 − 32 − 6𝑦 + 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑑
2 𝑦2
𝑦4 4𝑦 3 3𝑦 2 9 6𝑦 2 1 𝑦4 𝑦3
=[4 − 3
− 2
+ 18𝑦] = 2 𝑦 + 9𝑦 − 3 3 − 2
+2 4
+ 3
0
1 4 3 2
= [4 (2)4 − 3 (2)3 − 2 (2)2 + 18(2)] = 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0
23,333
̅ =
𝑦
11,333
= 2,059 𝑚

56
Mathematics N6
Figure 5.15
Equation:
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑦 −𝑦
𝑥−𝑥1
= 𝑥𝑧 −𝑥1
𝑧 1
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 14
1
𝑥 = (𝑦 + 14)
4
1
∴ 𝑑𝐴 = 2. (𝑦 + 14)
4
1
= (𝑦 + 14)𝑑𝑦
4
−2 1
5. ∫−6 𝑦 . 2 (𝑦 + 14)𝑑𝑦
1 −2
= ∫−6 (𝑦2 + 14𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
2
−2
1 𝑦3 14𝑦2
= [ + ]
2 3 2 −6
1 1 1
= {[ (2)3 + 7(2)2 ] − [ (−6)3 + 7(−6)2 ]}
2 3 3
= −77,333 𝑢3
−2 1
6. ∫−6 𝑦 2 . 2 (𝑦 + 14)𝑑𝑦
1 −2
= ∫−6 (𝑦3 + 14𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦
2
−2
1 𝑦4 14𝑦3
= [ + ]
2 4 3 −6
1 1 14 1 14
= {[ (−2)4 + (−2)3 ] − [ (−6)4 + (−6)3 ]}
2 4 3 4 3
= 325,333 𝑢4
325,333
∴ 𝑦̅ = −77,333
= 4,207 𝑢

57
Mathematics N6
Worked Example 5.11
1. A vertical weir in the shape of a trapezium is 10 m wide at the top, 6 m

wide at the bottom and 2 m high. The top of the weir is 1 m below the
water surface.
Make a neat sketch of the weir and show the representative
strip/element that you will use to calculate the depth of the centre of
pressure. Calculate the relation between the two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.
2. Calculate the area moment of the weir about the water surface by
means of integration.
3. Calculate the second moment of area of the weir about the water
surface as well as the depth of the centre of pressure on the weir.
Solution:
Figure 5.16
2−0
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 ; 𝑚 = 5−3 = 1
𝑦 =𝑥+𝑐 ……. (5; 2)

𝐼 =5+𝑐
𝑐 = −3 ⟹ 𝑦=𝑥−3
∆𝐴 = 2𝑥∆𝑦
𝑑𝐴 = 2(𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦 / (2𝑦 + 6)𝑑𝑦
2
2. ∫0 (3 − 𝑦) 2(𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦
2
= 2 ∫0 (9 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦

58
Mathematics N6
2
𝑦3
= 2 [9𝑦 − ]
3 0
1
= 2 [9(2) + 3 (2)3 ]
= 30,667 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
2
3. ∫0 (3 − 𝑦)2 2(𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦
2
= 2 ∫0 (𝑦 3 − 3𝑦 2 − 9𝑦 + 27) 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑦4 3𝑦 3 9𝑦 2
= 2[ 4 − − + 27𝑦]
3 2 0
1 9
= 2 [4 (2)4 − (2)3 − 2 (2)3 + 27𝑦]
= 64 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
64
𝑦̿ = 30,667
= 2,087 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Worked Example 5.12
1. A water canal in the shape of an isosceles triangle with its vertex pointing
downwards contains water 4 m deep. The top of a sluice gate is in the
water level and 4 m wide.
Sketch the canal and show the representative strip/element that you will
use to calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about the water
level.
Calculate the relation between the two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.
2. Calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about the water surface
by means of integration.
3. Calculate the second moment of area of the sluice gate about the water
level, as well as the depth of the centre of pressure on the sluice gate by
Solution:
𝑐 ………(2; 4); 𝑐 = 0

59
Mathematics N6
1
⟹ 𝑥 = 2𝑦 𝑦 = 2𝑥
= 2𝑥∆𝑦 ∆𝐴 = 2𝑥 2
1 1
= (2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 ∴ 𝑑𝐴 = 2 (2)
= 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 + 2)
0
(4𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ∫−4 𝐶1
0
= (4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫−4 𝑦 2
4
1 𝑥3 𝑥3
= [2 𝑦 − ] = [3]
3 0
1 1
= [(4)2 − 3 (4)3 ] = [− 3 − 4]
= 667 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3 = −10,66
0
(4 − 𝑦)2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ∫−4 𝑦
4 0
= ∫0 (16𝑦 − 8𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫−4 𝑦
4
16𝑦 2 8𝑦 3 𝑦4 𝑦4
=[ − + ] =[4]
2 3 4 0
8 1 1
= [8(4)2 − (4)3 + (4)4 ] = [− (−4)]
3 4 4
= 21,333 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4 = −21,333
Figure 5.17
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 ……… (2; 4); 𝑐 = 0
4 = 𝑚(2)
1
∴ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2𝑦

60
Mathematics N6
1
∆𝐴 = 2 (2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4
2. ∫0 (4 − 𝑦) 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4
= ∫0 (4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
4
4𝑦 2 𝑦3
=[ − ]
2 3 0
1
= [2(4)2 − 3 (4)3 ]
= 10,667 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
4
3. ∫0 (4 − 𝑦)2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4
= ∫0 (16𝑦 − 8𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
4
16𝑦 2 8𝑦 3 𝑦4
=[ − − ]
2 3 4 0
8 1
= [8(4)2 − 3 (4)3 + 4 (4)4 ]
= 1,333 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
21,333 𝑢4
∴ 𝑦̿ =
10,667 𝑢3
= 1,999 or ≈ 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Activity 5.1
1. :
12
1.1 Calculate the points of intersection of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 8 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥 . Make
a neat sketch of the two curves and show the area bounded by
the two curves. Show the representative strip, PERPENDICULAR to
the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, that you would use to calculate the area bounded by
the two curves.
1.2 Calculate the area bounded by the two curves described in 1.1.
1.3 Calculate the area moment of the bounded area, described in 2.1,
about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as well as the distance of the centroid from the

61
Mathematics N6
2. :
2.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 3, 2𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 6 = 0 and 𝑦 = 1,5 and
show the area bounded (enclosed) by the graphs. Show the
representative strip/element that you will use to calculate the area
bounded by the graphs.
2.2 Calculate, by means of integration, the area described in 2.1.
2.3 Calculate the area moment about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and also the
distance of the centroid from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
3. :
3.1 Calculate the points of intersection of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 and 𝑦 = 𝑥. Sketch the
graphs and show the represnetative strip/element (parallel to the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠) that you will use to calculate the area in the first quadrant,
bounded by the graphs, with respect to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
3.2 Calculate the area described in 3.1.
3.3 Calculate the second moment of area of the area described in 3.1.
4. :
4.1 Make a neat sketch of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 and show the area bounded by
1
the curve, 𝑥 = 0 and the line 𝑦 = − 4 in the fourth quadrant. Show
the representative strip that you will use to calculate the volume, by
using the SHELL METHOD only, if the bounded area is rotated about
the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
4.2 Calculate the volume as described in 4.1 of the area bounded by
the graphs. Use the SHELL METHOD only.
5. :
5.1 Calculate the points of intersection of 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 7 = 0 and 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 .
Sketch the TWO graphs and show the representative strip that you
will use to calculate the volume of the solid generated when the
area bounded by the graphs is rotated about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.2 Calculate the volume described in 5.1 by means of integration.
5.3 Calculate the volume moment of the solid about the y-axis as well

62
Mathematics N6
as the x-ordinate at the centre of gravity of the solid.

6. :
6.1 Calculate the points of intersection of 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑥 = 2. Sketch
the graphs and show the representative strip that you will use to
calculate the volume if the area bounded by the two curves, the
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is rotated by the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
6.2 Calculate the moment of inertia of the solid generated when the
area, described in 5.1 rotates about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Express the
answer in terms of mass.
7. :
7.1 Sketch the curve of 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 and show the representative
strip/element that you will use to calculate the volume (by using the
SHELL-method only) generated when the area bounded by the
curve, 𝑥 = 0 and the line 𝑦 = 3 is rotated about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
7.2 Use the shell-method to calculate the volume described in 7.1.
8. :
8.1 Make a neat sketch of the graph 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1 and show the area
bounded by the graph and 𝑥 = 2. Show the representative
strip/element that you will use to calculate the bounded area.
8.3 Calculate the 𝑥 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 of the centroid of the area described in
8.1.
9. :
9.1 Calculate the points of intersection of the graphs 𝑦 = 3𝑥 and
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 . Make a neat sketch of the two graphs and show the
representative strip/element (Parallel to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠) that you will
use to calculate the volume if the area bounded by the two graphs
is rotated about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
9.2 Calculate the volume described in 9.1.
9.3 Calculate the moment of inertia of the solid obtained when the
area in 9.1 is rotated about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and express the answer in

63
Mathematics N6
terms of the mass.

10. :
1
10.1 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2 ℓ𝑛𝑥 and show the representative
strip/element that you will use to calculate the volume (by using the
SHELL-method only) generated when the area bounded by the
graph, the lines 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 = 1 and the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is rotated about
the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
10.2 Use the SHELL-method to calculate the magnitude of the volume
described in 10.1.
11. :
11.1 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2 . Show the representative
strip/element that you will use to calculate the volume generated
when the area bounded by the graph and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 rotates
about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
11.3 Calculate the distance of the centre of gravity from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of
the solid generated when the area described in 11.1 is rotated
12. :
12.1 Calculate the points of intersection of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 3 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3.
Sketch the graphs and show the representative strip/element that
you will use to calculate the area bounded by the two graphs.
12.2 Calculate the area bounded by the graphs as described in 12.1.
12.3 Calculate the area moment of the bounded area about the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as well as the distance of the centroid from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
described in 12.1.
13. :
13.1 Calculate the points of intersection of 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 and y=𝑥 3 . Sketch the
graphs and show the representative strip/element that you will use
to calculate the area bounded by the graphs.

64
Mathematics N6
13.3 Calculate the 𝑦 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 of the centroid of the area described in

13.1.
14. :
𝑥2 𝑦2
14.1 Sketch the graph of − = 1. Show the representative
4 9
strip/element perpendicular to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, that you will use to

calculate the volume if the area bounded by the graph and the
line 𝑥 = 4 is rotated about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
14.3 Calculate the distance of the centre of gravity from the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of
the solid generated when the area in 14.1 is rotated about the
15. :
15.1 Make a neat sketch of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and show the representative
strip/element that you will use to calculate the volume genereated
when the area bounded by the curve, the lines 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 1 and
𝑦 = 0 is rotated about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
15.2 Calculate the magnitude of the volume described in 15.1.
15.3 Calculate the moment of inertia about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of the solid
generated when the area, described in 15.1 is rotated about the
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
16. :
16.1 Calculate the points of intersection of 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 12 and
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 12. Sketch the graphs and show the representative
strip/element that you would use to calculate the area bounded
by the TWO graphs.
16.2 Calculate,. the means of integration, the area described in 16.1.
16.3 Calculate the area moment of the enclosed area about the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as well as the 𝑦 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 of the centroid of the area.
17. :
17.1 Calculate the co-ordinates of the points of intersection of 𝑦 = −𝑥
and 2𝑦 = −𝑥 + 6. Sketch the graphs and show the area bounded

65
Mathematics N6
by the graphs and 𝑥 = 0. Show the representative strip/element

that you would use to calculate the area bounded by the graphs.
17.3 Calculate the second moment of area described in 17.1 about the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and express the answer in terms of the area.
18. :
18.1 Make a neat sketch of 𝑦 = 2 sin 2𝑥. Show the representative
strip/element that you would use to calculate the volume
generated when the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 2 sin 2𝑥 and
𝜋
the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 , rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
18.2 Calculate, by means of integration, the volume described in 18.1.

18.3 Calculate the moment of inertia of a solid obtained when the area
described in 18.1 rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
19. :
19.1 Calculate the points of intersection of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 6 and 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 .
Make a neat sketch of the two graphs and show the representative
strip/element that you will use to calculate the volume of the solid
generated when the area bounded by the graphs is rotated about
the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
19.3 Calculate the volume moment of the solid about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as
well as the 𝑥 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 of the centre of gravity of the solid
described in 19.1.
20. :
20.1 Make a neat sketch of the graphs 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0.
Show the representative strip/element that you will use to calculate
the area bounded by the graphs and the line 𝑥 = 1.
20.2 Calculate, by means of integration, the area described in 20.1.
20.3 Calculate the area moment about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and also the
distance of the centroid from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of the area described in
20.1

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Mathematics N6
21. :
21.1 Make a neat sketch of the graph 𝑦 = 3 sin 2𝑥. Show the
representative strip/element that you will use to calculate the
volume generated when the area bounded by the graph 𝑦 = 0
𝜋
and 𝑥 = is rotated about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
4

21.3 Calculate the moment of inertia of the solid generated when the
area described in 21.1 is rotated about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Activity 5.2
1. :
1.1 A water canal is in the form of a trapezium. A vertical sluice gate 6
m wide at the bottom, 8 m wide at the top and 5 m high is put into
the canal with its top 2 m below the water surface. Make a neat
sketch of the sluice gate and show the representative strip/element
that you will use to calculate the depth of the centre of pressure on
the sluice gate.
1.2 Calculate the depth of the centre of pressure on the sluice gate by
means of integration, if the second moment of area is given as
744,167 (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)4 .
2. :
2.1 A vertical weir in a rectangular canal is 6 m wide and 3 m high. The
top of the weir is 3 m below the water surface. Make a neat sketch
of the weir and show the representative strip/element that you will
use to calculate the depth of the centre of pressure on the weir.
2.2 Calculate the area moment of the weir about the water surface by
2.3 Calculate the second moment of area of the weir about the water
surface, as well as the depth of the centre of pressure on the weir

67
Mathematics N6
3. :
3.1 A vertical sluice gate, in the form of a parabola, is installed in a
dam wall. The top of the sluice gate is 4 m wide and lies in the
water level. The sluice gate is 4 m high. Make a neat sketch of the
sluice gate and show the representative strip that you will use to
calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about the water
level.
3.2 Calculate the relation between the two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 that you
will need to calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about
the water level.
3.3 Calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about the water
level.
3.4 Calculate the second moment of area of the sluice gate about the
water level, as well as the depth of the centre of pressure on the
sluice gate by means of integration.
4. :
sluice gate and show the representative strip/element that you will
use to calculate the depth of the centre of pressure on the sluice
gate.
4.2 Calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about the water
level and the depth of the centre of pressure on the sluice gate if
the second moment of area about the water level is 8,62 (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)4 .
5. :
5.1 A vertical sluice gate, in the form of a rectangle, is installed in a
dam wall. The horizontal side is 6 m and 1 m below the surface of
the water. The vertical side is 5 m. Make a neat sketch of the sluice
gate and show the representative strip/element that you would use

68
Mathematics N6
to calculate the depth of the centre of pressure. Calculate the

relation between the two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.
5.2 Calculate the second area moment of the sluice gate about the
water level and the depth of the centre of pressure on the sluice
gate, by means of integration, if the first area moment of the sluice
gate about the water level is given as 105 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3 .
6. :
sluice gate and show the representative strip/element that you will
use to calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about the
water level.
6.2 Calculate the relation between the two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 that you
will need to calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about
the water level.
6.3 Calculate the depth of the centre of pressure on the sluice gate by
means of integration if the second moment of area of the sluice
gate about the water level is given as 37,056 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4 .
Activity 5.1
Answers:
1. :
1.1 (−6; 2) (−2; 6)
1.2 2,817 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
1.3 10,667 𝑢3
3,785 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2. :
2.1 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 6 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3
2.2 6,75 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2

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Mathematics N6
2.3 28,125 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2

4,167
3. :
3.1 (0; 0) (1; 1) (−1; −1)
1
3.2 0,25 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
4
3.3 0,05 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4

4. :
4.1 0,0327 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
4.2 𝑥 = −2; 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 5; 𝑦 = 8
5. :
5.1 −0,439 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
5.2 −0,439 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
6. :
6.1 (2; 2𝑒 2 ) or (2; 14,778)
6.2 18 723,628 or 5959,916 𝜋
6.3 55,598 𝑚
7. :
1 1
7.1 (2 2 ; 6 4)
7.2 20,453 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3

8. :
8.1 2,147 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
8.2 2,147 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
8.3 3,464
9. :
9.1 (0; 0) (1; 3)
9.2 1,571 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
9.3 2,502 𝑚
10. :
10.1 45228,113 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3

70
Mathematics N6
11. :
11.1 56,549 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
11.2 63,617 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
11.3 1,125 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
12. :
12.1 (0; 3) (3; 12)
12.2 4,5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
12.3 29,7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
13. :
13.1 (0; 0) (1; 1)
13.2 0,417 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
13.3 0,179 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
14. :
14.1 75,398 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
14.2 254,469 𝑢4
14.3 3,375 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
15. :
15.1 23,562 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
15.2 65,973 𝑝
15.3 2,8 𝑚
16. :
16.1 (0; 12) (3; 6)
16.2 4,5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
16.3 9,9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
17. :
17.1 (−6; 6)
17.2 9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
17.3 54 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
6𝐴

71
Mathematics N6
18. :
18.1 𝜋 2 /9,8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
18.2 9,548 𝑝
19. :
19.1 (3; 0) (1; 8)
19.2 375,316 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
19.3 −0,714 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
20. :
20.1 (0; 1)
20.2 1,5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
20.3 1,333 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
21. :
21.1 11,103 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
21.2 19,621 𝑝
Activity 5.2
Answers:
1. :
1.1 4,853 𝑢
1.2 −4,853 𝑢
2. :
2.1 81 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3 −81 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
2.2 378 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
2.3 4,667 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 −4,667 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3. :
3.1 2(√𝑦)𝑑𝑦
3.2 17,066 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
3.3 39,009 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
3.4 2,286 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
4. :

72
Mathematics N6
4.1 7,5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3

4.2 1,149 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
−1,149 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
5. :
5.1 430 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
5.2 4,095 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
6. :
6.1 1,714 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
6.2 21,616 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
6.3 −1,714 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Self-Check

 Determine the volumes of solids of rotation
 Calculate the distance from any reference axis to the centroid
of the area
 Calculate the distance from any reference axis to the centre of
gravity of a solid of revolution generated by a revolving area
 Determine the second moment of area of an area enclosed by
two curves
 Calculate the moment of inertia of a solid of revolution
generated by a revolving area
 Determine the depth of the centre of fluid pressure on a vertical
plane submerged in the fluid with respect to the surface of the
fluid

73
Mathematics N6
Learning Outcomes
 Determine the arc length between two points of a given curve

 Determine the surface area generated when the arc of a curve revolves
through a full revolution
6.1 Introduction
This module explains how to apply combined differentiation and

integration.
6.2 Length of curves

The arc length between two points on a curve can be determined by using
differentiation and integration as indicated in the following formula:
𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫ √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝜃 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑎 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Worked Example 6.1
Calculate the length of the curve represented by 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 4 between the

74
Mathematics N6
points 𝑥 − 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 2.
Solution:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 4
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
(𝑑𝑥 ) = 36𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 2
1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) = 1 + 36𝑥 2
2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫0 √1 − ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2
= ∫0 √1 + 36𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 1
= ∫0 √36 (36 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 1
= ∫0 √(36 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2
𝑥 1 1
= 6 [2 √36 + 𝑥2 + 36
ln (𝑥 + √36 + 2
𝑥 )]
2
0
2 1 1 1 1 1
= 6 {[2 √36 + 22 + 72 ln (2 + √36 + 22 − 72 ln √36)]}
= 12,307 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Worked Example 6.2
Calculate the length of the curve represented by 2𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 between 𝑥 =

0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2.
Solution:
2𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3
1
𝑦2 = 2 𝑥3
1
𝑦 = √2 𝑥 3
3
1
𝑦 = 𝑥2
√2

75
Mathematics N6
2
𝑑𝑦 2 3 1 1
1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) = 1 + (2 . 𝑥2)
√2
9
= 1 + 8𝑥
8+9𝑥
= 8
2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫0 √1 − (𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 8+9𝑥
= ∫0 √ 𝑑𝑥
8
2 1
1
= ∫0 √ (8 + 9𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
√8
1
1 1 2
= . 9 ∫0 (8 + 9𝑥)2 9 𝑑𝑥
√8
1 2
12
1 (8+9𝑥)2
= 9√8 [ 3 ]
2
0
1 1
1 2
= 9√8 × 3 [(8 + 9(2)) − (8)2 ] 2
= 2,897 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Worked Example 6.3
Calculate the arc length of the curve given by the parametric equations
𝜋
𝑥 = 3 (cos 𝜃 + 𝜃 sin 𝜃) and 𝑦 = 3 (sin 𝜃 − 𝜃 cos 𝜃) between 𝜃 = 0 and 𝜃 = 2 .
Solution:
𝑥 = 3 (cos 𝜃 + 𝜃 sin 𝜃) 𝑦 = 3 (sin 𝜃 − 𝜃 cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 3 (− sin 𝜃 + 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃) = 3 (cos 𝜃 − 𝜃 −sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 3 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 3 (cos 𝜃 + 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)

= 3 𝜃 sin 𝜃
(𝑑𝜃) = (3𝜃 cos 𝜃)2 (𝑑𝜃) = (3𝜃 sin 𝜃)2
= 9𝜃 2 cos 2 𝜃 = 9𝜃 2 sin2 𝜃
(𝑑𝜃) + (𝑑𝜃) = 9𝜃 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 9𝜃 2 sin2 𝜃

76
Mathematics N6
𝜋
𝑆 = ∫02 √(𝑑𝜃) + (𝑑𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
= ∫02 √9𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
= 3 ∫02 √𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝜃2 2
= 3[ 2 ]
0
3 𝜋 2
= 2 [( 2 ) − 0]
3𝜋 2
= 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
8
or = 3,701 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Worked Example 6.4
Calculate the length of the curve given by the following:

𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 between 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4.
Solution:
𝑦 2 = 4𝑥
1
𝑥 = 4 𝑦3
𝑑𝑥 1
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 2 1
(𝑑𝑦) = 𝑦2
4
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦2
1 + (𝑑𝑦) =1+4
4+𝑦 2
= 4
4 4+𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫0 √ 𝑑𝑦
4
1 4
= 2 ∫0 √4 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑦 𝑦 4
= 2 [ 2 √𝑦 2 + 4 + 2 ln(𝑦 + √4 + 𝑦 2 )]
0

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Mathematics N6
1 4 4
= 2 {[2 √42 + 4 + 2 ln(4 + √4 + 42 − [2 ln 2])]}
= 5,916 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Activity 6.1
22. Calculate the length of the curve given by:

1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 2 ln sin 2𝑥 from 𝑥 = to 𝑥 = 6 .
3
23. Calculate the length of the curve represented by 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 + 4 and 𝑦 = 2𝑡 3

between the points 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 3.
24. Calculate the length of the curve represented by 𝑦 = 𝑡 and 𝑥 = ln(cos 𝑡)
between 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 1.
25. Calculate the length of the curve represented by 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 between the
points 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑦 = 0.
26. Calculate the length of the curve represented by 6𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 3 between
the points 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3.
27. Calculate the length of the curve represented by 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 3 between 𝑦 = 1
and 𝑦 = 3.
6.3 Surfaces of revolution

When the arc of a curve between two points revolves through one revolution
about an axis, it generates a solid with a surface area. This surface area can
be determined by applying the following formula:
𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2
𝐴 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑦√1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
√
𝐴 = ∫ ( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝜃 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑎 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Worked Example 6.5
Calculate the surface area of the solid of revolution generated by rotating

78
Mathematics N6
the curve described by the parametric equations 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑡 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑡 2

between 𝑡 = 3 about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=𝐶 = 2𝑐𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 𝐶2 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 4𝑐 2 𝑡 2
( 𝑑𝑡 ) + ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 𝐶 2 + 4𝑐 2 𝑡 2 = 𝐶 2 (1 + 4𝑡 2 )
3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝐴𝑦 = ∫1 2𝜋𝑥 √( 𝑑𝑡 ) + ( 𝑑𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
3
= ∫1 2𝜋. 𝑐𝑡√𝑐 2 + 4𝑐 2 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
3
= 2𝜋 ∫1 𝑐𝑡√𝑐 2 (1 + 4𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡
1
2𝜋𝑐 2 3
= ∫1 8𝑡(1 + 4𝑡 2 )2 𝑑𝑡
8
3 3
𝜋𝑐 2 (1+4𝑡 2 )4
= [ 3 ]
4
2
1
= 35,647 𝑐 2 𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
or = 111,988 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
Worked Example 6.6
Calculate the surface area generated by rotating the curve represented by

𝑡2
the parametric equations, 𝑥 = + 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 𝑡 + 1 about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 for
2
0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3.
Solution:
𝑡2
𝑥 = +𝑡 𝑦 =𝑡+1
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=𝑡+1 =1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
( 𝑑𝑡 ) = (𝑡 + 1)2 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) =1
= 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1

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Mathematics N6
( 𝑑𝑡 ) + ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1 + 1
3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝐴𝑦 = 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑦√( 𝑑𝑡 ) + ( 𝑑𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
3
= 2𝜋 ∫0 (𝑡 + 1)√𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 2 𝑑𝑡
1
2𝜋 3
= ∫0 2(𝑡 + 1)(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 2)2 𝑑𝑡
2
3 3
= 𝜋 {[(3)2 + 2(3) + 2]2 − [2]2 }
= 44,843 𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
or = 140,878 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
Worked Example 6.7
Determine, by integration, the surface area generated when revolving

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥 = 36 + = 1 about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
4
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
+ =1 = 𝑦 2 − 4 (1 − 36)
36 4
2𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 36−𝑥 2
+ . 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑦2 = 4 ( )
36 4 36
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 4 36−𝑥 2
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 36 × 2𝑦 𝑦2 = 7
𝑥
= 9𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
1 + ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 1 + ( 9𝑦 )
𝑥2
= 1 + 81𝑦 2
𝑥2
=1+ 36−𝑥2
81( )
9
𝑥2
= 1 + 9(36−𝑥 2 )
9(36−𝑥 2 )+𝑥 2
= 9(36−𝑥 2 )
324−8𝑥 2
= 9(36−𝑥 2 )

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Mathematics N6
6 𝑑𝑦 3 6 𝑑𝑦 2
𝐴 = 2 ∫0 2𝜋𝑦√1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 or ∫−6 2𝜋𝑦√1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
6 36−𝑥 2 324−8𝑥 2
= 2 ∫0 2𝜋√ √ 𝑑𝑥
9 9(36−𝑥 2 )
61
= 4𝜋 ∫0 9 √324 − 8𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
6
4𝜋 324 √8𝑥 𝑥
= [2√8 sin−1 + 2 √324 − 8𝑥 2 ]
9 18 0
4𝜋 162 √8(6) 6
= [ sin−1 + 2 √324 − 8(6)2 ]
9 √8 18
= 39,335 𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
or = 123,575 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
Worked Example 6.8
Calculate the surface area of a body generated by revolving the arc

𝜋
represented by 𝑥 = 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃) and 𝑦 = 2(1 − cos 𝜃) between 𝜃 = 0 and 𝜃 4
about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

𝜃
HINT: cos 𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2
2
Solution:
𝑥 = 2(𝜃 − sin 𝜃) 𝑦 = 2(1 − cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2 − 2 cos 𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
(𝑑𝜃) = (2 − 2 cos 𝜃)2 = (2 sin 𝜃)2
𝑑𝜃
= 4 − 8 cos 𝜃 + 4 cos2 𝜃 = 4 sin2 𝜃

∴ (𝑑𝜃) + (𝑑𝜃) = 4 − 8 cos 𝜃 + 4 cos2 𝜃 + 4 sin2 𝜃
= 8(1 − cos 𝜃)
𝜋
𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫04 𝑦√8(1 − cos 𝜃)𝑑𝑡
𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫04 2(1 − cos 𝜃)√8(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 3
= 4. √8𝜋 ∫04 (1 − cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃

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Mathematics N6
𝜋 3
𝜃 2
= 35,543 ∫0 [1 − (1 −
4 2 sin2 2)] 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 3
𝜃
= 35,543 ∫04 (2 sin2 2) 2
𝜋
𝜃
= 35,543 ∫04 (2,828 sin2 2) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝜃
= 100,531 ∫04 (1 − cos2 2) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝜃 1 𝜃 4
= −201,062 (cos 2 − cos3 2)
3 0
𝜋 𝜋
1 1
= −201,062 [cos 2 − 4
cos 3 24 − cos 𝜃 + 3 cos 𝜃]
3
= 1,206 𝑢2
Activity 6.2
1. Calculate the surface area generated when the curve represented by

𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 and 𝑡 = 2, is rotated about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
2. Determine the surface area generated when the arc of the curve
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 rotates about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 for 𝑡 − 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5.
3. Calculate the surface area generated when the curve 𝑥 2 = 4 − 𝑦 2 ,
between 𝑦 = −1 and 𝑦 = 1, rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
4. Calculate the surface area of the solid of revolution generated by
rotating the curve described by the parametric equations 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 2𝜃 and
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 2𝜃 for ≤𝜃≤ about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
3 2
5. Calculate the surface area of revolution generated by rotating the curve

described by the parametric equations 𝑥 = 6𝑡 + 𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑡 + 6 from
𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 1 about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
6. Calculate the surface area generated when the curve with parametric
equations 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑡 sin 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑡 cos 𝑡 rotates about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 for
𝜋
0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2.

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Activity 6.1
Answers:
1. 0,549 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2. 57,456 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3. 1,226 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
4. 5,916 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
28 14
5. / / 4,667 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
6 3
6. 4,657 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Activity 6.2
Answers:
1. 1695,645 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
2. 314,159 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
3. 8𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 / 25,133 𝑢2
4. 3,142 𝑟 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
5. 322,286 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
6. 6651,152 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
Self-Check

 Determine the arc length between two points of a given curve
 Determine the surface area generated when the arc of a curve
revolves through a full revolution

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Table of C
Past Examination Papers
APRIL 2016
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
Mathematics N6
(16030186)
6 April 2016 (X-Paper)

09:00 – 12:00
Calculators may be used.
This question paper consists of 5 pages and 1 formula sheet of 7 pages.

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Mathematics N6
DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
MATHEMATICS N6
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
__________________________________________________________________
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION
1. Answer ALL the questions.
2. Read ALL the questions carefully.
3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this question
paper.
4. Questions may be answered in any order, but subsections of questions must be

kept together.
5. Show ALL the intermediate steps.
6. ALL the formulae used must be written down.
7. Questions must be answered in BLUE or BLACK ink.
8. Write neatly and legibly.

___________________________________________________________________

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Mathematics N6
QUESTION 1:
1.1 𝜕2 𝑧 (2)
If 𝑧 = 5𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 4 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦, determine 𝜕𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑣
1.2 Given 𝐼 = 𝑅 (4)
Calculate the change in I if V decreases with 5 volts and R with 8 ohms.

The original value of V i2 30 volts and of R is 10 ohm.s
[6]
QUESTION 2:
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if
2.1 𝑦 = sin4 5𝑥 cos3 5𝑥 (5)
2.2 1 (3)
𝑦=
√16 − 𝑥 2
2.3 𝑦 = sin4 𝑥𝑚 (4)

𝑥
2.4 𝑦 = 𝑒 2 . cos 3𝑥 (6)
[18]
QUESTION 3:
Use partial fractions to calculate the following integrals.
3.1 −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 (6)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(1 − 2𝑥)2
3.2 −102 + 7𝑥 + 1 (6)

∫ 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 2 + 1)(4𝑥 − 1)
[12]
QUESTION 4:
4.1 Calculate the particular solution of: (5)

𝑑𝑦 2 sin 𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 − 𝑦(sin 2𝑥) = 𝑎𝑡 (0; 1)
𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥

− 7 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
[12]
QUESTION 5:

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Mathematics N6
5.1 3 (3)
5.1.1 Calculate the points of intersection of the two curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 and
𝑦 + 𝑥 − 4 = 0. Make a neat sketch of the curves and show the
area, in the first quadrant, bounded by the curves. Show the
volume (use the SHELL method only) generated if the area
bounded by the curves rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.1.2 Use the SHELL method to calculate the volume generated if the (5)
area, described in QUESTION 5.1.1, bounded by the two curves
3
𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 4 = 0, rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.2 5.2.1 Make a neat sketch of the graph 𝑦 = tan 𝑥. Show the (2)
volume generated if the area bounded by the graph, the ordinates
𝜋
𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3 rotates about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.2.2 Calculate the volume generated if the area, described in (3)

QUESTION 5.1.1, rotates about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.2.3 Calculate the volume moment about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as well as the (6)
distance of the centre of gravity from the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.3 5.3.1 Calculate the points of intersection of the two curves 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 and (3)
𝑦
𝑥 = 3. Make a neat sketch of the curves and show the area
bounded by the curves. Show the representative strip/element,
PERPENDICULAR to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, that you will use to calculate
the area bounded by the curves.
5.3.2 Calculate the area described in QUESTION 5.3.1, bounded by the (3)
𝑦
two curves 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 and 𝑥 = 3.
5.3.3 Calculate the second moment of area of the area described in (4)
QUESTION 5.3.1 about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.3.4 Express the answer in QUESTION 5.3.3 in terms of the area. (1)
5.4 5.4.1 A weir in the form of a trapezium is 2 m high, 10 m wide at the top (3)
and 4 m wide at the bottom. The top of the weir is in the water
surface.
Sketch the weir and show the representative strip/element that you
will use to calculate the depth of the centre of pressure on the
retaining wall.
5.4.2 Calculate, by using integration, the area moment of the weir about (3)

87
Mathematics N6
the water level.
5.4.3 Calculate, by using integration, the second moment of area of the (4)
weir about the water level, as well as the depth of the centre of
pressure on the weir.
[40]
QUESTION 6:
6.1 Calculate the arc length of the curve described by the parametric (6)
equations, 𝑥 = 5(cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 sin 𝑡) and 𝑦 = (sin 𝑡 − 𝑡 cos 𝑡), between the
points 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 𝜋.
6.2 Calculate the surface area generated when the curve of 𝑦 = √16𝑥, over (6)
the interval 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, is rotated about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
[12]
TOTAL: 100

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Marking Guidelines
APRIL 2016
Mathematics N6
(16030186)
6 April 2016(X-Paper)
09:00 – 12:00

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Table of C
NOVEMBER 2015
Mathematics N6
(16030186)
24 November 2015 (X-Paper)

09:00 – 12:00

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MATHEMATICS N6
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
__________________________________________________________________
paper.

kept together.

___________________________________________________________________

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QUESTION 1:
𝑥
1.1 𝑦
If 𝑧 = . sin 𝑦 calculate the following:
𝑒𝑦
𝜕𝑧 (1)
1.1.1 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 (2)
1.1.2 𝜕𝑦
1.2 The length of the base of a right-angled triangle is 3 m and the (3)
perpendicular height is 5 m. In constructing the triangle an error of 0,1 m
is made with the base and an error or -0,13 m is made with the
perpendicular height. Use partial differentiation to determine the error
made with the area calculation.
[6]
QUESTION 2:
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if
2.1 𝑦 = arctan 3𝑥 (2)
2.2 𝑦 = sin3 2𝑥 . cos 7 2𝑥 (4)
2.3 1 (4)
𝑦=
√5𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
2.4 𝑥2 (4)
𝑦 = ( 2 + 1) cos 2𝑥
2.5 𝑦 = tan5 𝑎𝑥 (4)

[18]
QUESTION 3:
3.1 −𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4 (5)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 4)3
3.2 −𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 (7)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 3𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 1)
[12]
QUESTION 4:
4.1 Solve the following differential equation: (5)

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Mathematics N6
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 21(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 9𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
[12]
QUESTION 5:
5.1 5.1.1 Calculate the points of intersection of the graphs 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 and (3)
𝑥
𝑦 = 2 + 1. Sketch the graphs and show the representative
strip/element that you will use to calculate the area bounded by the
graphs and the line 𝑥 = 0 in the first quadrant.
5.1.2 Calculate the magnitude of the area described in QUESTION (3)

5.1.1.
5.1.3 Calculate the area moment described in QUESTION 5.1.1 about (5)
the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as well as the distance of the centroid of the first
quadrant area from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.2 5.2.1 Make a neat sketch of the graph 𝑦 = 5 sin 𝑥. Show the (2)
volume generated if the area bounded by the graph, 𝑦 = 0 and
𝜋
𝑥 = 2 is rotated about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.2.2 Calculate the volume described in QUESTION 5.2.1. (3)
5.2.3 Calculate the the moment of inertia of the solid generated when (5)
the area described in QUESTION 5.2.1 rotates about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
and express the answer in terms of the mass.
5.3 2 (2)
5.3.1 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +1 in the first quadrant and show the
representative strip/element that you will use to calculate the area
2
bounded by the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +1, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 0.
5.3.2 Calculate the area described in QUESTION 5.3.1. (3)
5.3.3 Calculate the second moment of area described in QUESTION (4)

5.3.1 with respect to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.4 5.4.1 A trapezoidal weir is 3 m high, 8 m wide at the top and 6 m wide at (3)
the bottom. The top of the weir is 2 m below the surface of the
water. Sketch the weir and show the representative strip/element
that you will use to calculate the depth of the centre of pressure on
the retaining wall.
Calculate the relation between two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.

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Mathematics N6
5.4.2 Calculate, by using integration, the area moment of the weir about (3)
the water level.
5.4.3 Calculate, by using integration, the second moment of area of the (4)
weir about the water level, as well as the depth of the centre of
pressure on the weir.
[40]
QUESTION 6:
6.1 Calculate the length of the curve described by the parametric equations, (6)
𝜋
𝑥 = 3 sin3 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 3 cos 3 𝜃, between 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑥 = 0.
6.2 Calculate the surface area generated when the curve represented by (6)
𝑦 = √25 − 𝑦 2 , between 𝑦 = −5 and 𝑦 = 5, rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 by
[12]
TOTAL: 100

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Marking Guidelines
NOVEMBER 2015
Mathematics N6
(16030186)
24 November 2015 (X-Paper)

09:00 – 12:00

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Table of C
AUGUST 2015
Mathematics N6
(16030186)
6 August 2015 (X-Paper)

13:00 – 16:00
Calculators may be used.

143
Mathematics N6

MATHEMATICS N6
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
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paper.

kept together.

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QUESTION 1:
1.1 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 (3)
If 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑥 . cos 𝑦, prove that 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
1.2 𝑑𝑦 𝜋 (3)
Given 𝑥 = 4 sin 𝜃 and 𝑦 = cos3 𝜃, calculate 𝑑𝑥 at the point where 𝜃 = 6 .
[6]
QUESTION 2:
Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if :
2.1 𝑥 (4)
𝑦 = cot 4
2
2.2 𝑦 = √12 − 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 (4)
2.3 𝑦 = e3𝑥 sin 𝑥 (5)
2.4 cos4 4𝑥 (5)

𝑦= sin2 4𝑥
[18]
QUESTION 3:
3.1 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 (6)
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3)
3.2 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 (6)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
[12]
QUESTION 4:

𝑑𝑦 6𝑦
2 − = 2(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑎𝑡 (3; 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1

− 6 𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
[12]
QUESTION 5:
5.1 5.1.1 Calculate the points of intersection of the two curves 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4 (3)
and 𝑦 = −4𝑥 2 + 4. Make a neat sketch of the curves and show the

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Mathematics N6
area, in the first quadrant, bounded by the curves and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Show the representative strip/element that you will use to calculate
the volume generated if the area, in the first quadrant, bounded by
the curves rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.1.2 Calculate the volume generated if the area, described in (4)

QUESTION 5.1.1, bounded by the two curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4 and
𝑦 = −4𝑥 2 + 4, rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.2 5.2.1 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2 and show the representative (2)
strip/element that you will use to calculate the volume generated
when the area bounded by the graph and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 rotates
5.2.2 Calculate the volume described in QUESTION 5.2.1. (3)
5.2.3 Calculate the distance of the centre of gravity from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of (5)
the solid generated when the area described in QUESTION 5.2.1
rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.3 𝑥2 (2)
5.3.1 Make a neat sketch of the graph 4 − 𝑦 2 = 1 and show the
volume of the solid generated when the area, in the first quadrant,
bounded by the graph, the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the line 𝑦 = 2
is rotated about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.3.2 Calculate the volume of the solid generated as described in (3)

QUESTION 5.3.1.
5.3.3 Calculate the moment of inertia of the solid generated when the (5)
area described in QUESTION 5.3.1 rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5.3.4 Express the answer in QUESTION 5.3.3 in terms of the mass. (1)
5.4 5.4.1 A vertical sluice gate, in the form of a parabola, is installed in a (2)
dam wall. The sluice gate is 4 m high and 8 m wide at the top.
The top of the sluice gate lies in the water level. Sketch the
vertical sluice gate and show the representative strip/element that
you will use to calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about
the water level.
5.4.2 Calculate the relation between the two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 that you (2)
will need to calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about the
water level by means of integration..
5.4.3 Calculate the area moment of the sluice gate about the water level (4)
5.4.4 Calculate the second moment of area of the sluice gate about the (4)

146
Mathematics N6
water level, as well as the depth of the centre of pressure on the

sluice gate by means of integration.
[40]
QUESTION 6:
6.1 𝑥2 (6)
Calculate the length of the curve represented by 𝑦 + ln 𝑥 = between the
8
points 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 𝑒.
6.2 The curve ith parametric equations of 𝑥 = 6𝑡 + 𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑡 + 6 revolves (6)

about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 between 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2.
Calculate the surface area thus generated.

[12]
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Marking Guidelines
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N6 Mathematics is one of many Other titles in the Gateway series are:
publications introducing the
gateways to Engineering
Studies. This course is designed n N1 Engineering Science
%
to develop the skills for learners n N2 Engineering Science
that are studying toward an n N3 Engineering Science
artisanship in the electrical, n N4 Engineering Science
engineering and related
technology fields and to assist n N5 Engineering Physics
them to achieve their full n N6 Engineering Physics
potential in an engineering
n N1 Mathematics
career.
n N2 Mathematics
This book, with its modular n N3 Mathematics
competence-based approach, is n N4 Mathematics
aimed at assisting facilitators n N5 Mathematics
and learners alike. With its n N6 Mathematics
comprehensive understanding
of the engineering environment,
it assists them to achieve the Other fields in the Gateway series are:
outcomes set for course.
v MECHANICAL / MOTOR / WELDING /

The subject matter is presented
BOILERMAKING / PANELBEATING & SPRAY PAINTING
as worked examples in the
problem-solving-result v ENGINEERING SCIENCE / MATHEMATICS
methodology sequence,
supported by numerous and v ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS / REFRIGERATION /
clear illustrations. Practical AUTO-ELECTRICAL
activities are included
throughout the book. v INTRODUCTORY / BRIDGING
v DRAWING OFFICE PRACTICE
v BUILDING AND CIVIL
v PIPE FITTING
v CHEMICAL ENGINEERING / WATER & WASTE WATER

TREATMENT PRACTICE / ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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G ateways to Engineering Studies - John Dillon & Chris Brink

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N6 Mathematics

1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 12

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 23

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 30

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 38

Gateways to Engineering Studies

5.3 Centroids ........................................................................................................................................ 43

6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 74

Gateways to Engineering Studies

Icons used in this book

Icon Description Icon Description

Assessment / Activity Multimedia

Demonstration/ observation Presentation/ Lecture

Did you know? Read

Experiment Site visit

Group work/ discussions, role-

Keywords Think about it

Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Apply the concept of partial differentiation

This module discusses differentiation.

1.2 Partial differentiation

Worked Example 1.1

A rectangle has a width of 3 m and a height of 2 m. Due to design changes,

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 = 𝑤 × ℎ

Gateways to Engineering Studies

∆𝐴 = 0.1 𝑚2 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Worked Example 1.2

Worked Example 1.3

Gateways to Engineering Studies

Worked Example 1.4

In measuring the length of the perpendicular sides of a right-angled triangle,

Worked Example 1.5

If 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 𝑦) determine the values of:

Gateways to Engineering Studies

1.2.1 Review trigonometric differentials

Worked Example 1.6

If 𝑧 = sin 𝑥𝑦 determine the value of:

Gateways to Engineering Studies

Worked Example 1.7

𝑦 = cos 2𝑡 and 𝑥 = 4 sin 𝑡

Worked Example 1.8

If 𝑧 = cos 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , calculate the following:

Gateways to Engineering Studies

1. The base of a right-angled triangle is 2m and the perpendicular height is 4 m. In

3𝑡 and 𝑦 = ln(1 − 𝑡).

Gateways to Engineering Studies

10. 3𝜋 2 cos 𝜋 𝑥 + 4𝜋 2 sin 𝜋 𝑦

13. 5𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥

Gateways to Engineering Studies

I am able to: Yes No

Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Integrate the product of two functions

This module discusses integration techniques.

2.2 The integral of a product

Integrate with respect to 𝑥:

Worked Example 2.1

Gateways to Engineering Studies

Worked Example 2.2

Worked Example 2.3

Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 . cos 𝑥

Gateways to Engineering Studies

∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥