Course Code: Electrical Machines 1

Teachers’ Guide Module #10

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:________________________________________ Date:________________

Lesson title: DC GENERATOR: Materials:

 Cumulatively Compounded DC Generator Pen
 Differentially Compounded DC Generator Calculator
Short bond paper
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to: References:
1. Differentiate Cumulatively Compounded DC Generator and A Textbook Of Electrical
Differentially Compounded DC Generator. Technology in SI Units (Volume
2. Solve problems involving application of DC Generator. II) by B.L. Theraja and A.K.
Theraja

Electric Machinery
Fundamentals (4th Edition) by
Stephen J. Chapman

Productivity Tip:
Create flashcards for key terms, formula and concepts you learned today. Quiz yourself using these
flashcards every few days!

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)

This is the last module for this subject. In this module we will be discussing cumulatively compounded DC
generator and differentially compounded DC generator. We will discuss the difference of these two type
generator and their voltage characteristics..

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 What is a Cumulatively
Compounded DC Generator?

2 What is a Differentially
Compounded DC Generator?

B.MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

Cumulatively Compounded DC Generator

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 Course Code: Electrical Machines 1
Teachers’ Guide Module #10

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:________________________________________ Date:________________

When the series winding is connected to aid the shunt winding, then this generator is called cumulatively
compounded DC generator.

If the load on a generator is increased, the load current also increases. We all know that the armature current of
a generator is given by the formula, 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐹 + 𝐼𝐿 . Since the load current increases as the load of the generator
increases, we can say using the formula above that armature current 𝐼𝑎 increases too. This will have two effects
in the terminal voltage of the generator. These are:

1. As the armature current increases, the terminal voltage decreases. It is because of the voltage drop
of the armature resistance and the series field. 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 )
2. As the armature current increases, the flux in the generator increases too. This will make the terminal
voltage to increase.

The two effect mentioned above oppose each other. We can determine what effect will be at the output of the
generator by looking into the series turns of the generator. If the series field amp-turns are such as to produce
the same voltage at rated load as at no-load then the generator is flat-compounded. It should be noted, however,
that even in the case of flat-compounded generator, the voltage is not constant from no-load to rated-load. If the
series field amp-turns are such that rated-load voltage is greater than the no-load voltage, then generator is over-
compounded. If the rated-load voltage is less than the no-load voltage, then the generator is under-compounded
but such generators are seldom used.

The graph for over-, flat-, under-compounded generator is shown below.

OVER

FLAT

UNDER
Voltage

RATED OUTPUT

Current

How to Calculate Require Series Turns?

(Theraja Vol. II)

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 Course Code: Electrical Machines 1
Teachers’ Guide Module #10

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:________________________________________ Date:________________

In general, let

∆𝐼𝑠ℎ = increase in shunt field current required to keep voltage constant from no-load to full-load
𝑁𝑠ℎ = No. of shunt field turns per pole (or the total number of turns)
𝑁𝑠𝑒 = No. of series turns per pole ( or the total number of turns)
𝐼𝑠𝑒 = current through series winding
= armature current 𝐼𝑎 -- for long shunt
= load current 𝐼𝐿 -- for short shunt

It is seen that while running as a simple generator, the increase in shunt field ampere-turns necessary for keeping
its voltage constant from no-load to full-load is 𝑁𝑠ℎ ∙ ∆𝐼𝑠ℎ . This increase in field excitation can be alternatively
achieved by adding a few series turns to the shunt generator thereby converting it into a compound generator.

Therefore, 𝑁𝑠ℎ ∙ ∆𝐼𝑠ℎ = 𝑁𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑠𝑒

If other things are known, 𝑁𝑠𝑒 may be found from the above equation.

Differentially compounded DC Generator

Differentially compounded DC generators has a series winding that opposes the shunt winding. This generator
has huge voltage drop as the load increases. A typical terminal characteristic for a differentially compounded DC
generator is shown below.

Differentially
Voltage

Compounded

Current

Problem 1. A shunt generator is converted into a compound generator by addition of series field winding. From
the test on the machine with shunt excitation only. It is found that a field current of 5 A gives 440V on no-load
that 6A gives 440V at full load current of 200A. The shunt windings has 1600 turns per pole. Find the number of
series turns required.

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 Course Code: Electrical Machines 1
Teachers’ Guide Module #10

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:________________________________________ Date:________________

Solution. It would be assumed that shunt generator is converted into a short shunt compound generator. It is
given that for keeping the voltage of shunt generator constant at 440V both at no-load and full-load, shunt field
ampere-turns per pole have to be increased from 1600 × 5 = 8000𝐴𝑇 to 1600 × 6 = 9600𝐴𝑇. The same increase
in field AT can be brought about by adding a few series turns.

Let n be the number of series turns required per pole. Since they carry 200A.

𝑛 × 200 = 1600

𝒏 = 𝟖 turns/pole

Problem 2. A long shunt compound generator has a shunt field winding of 1000 turns per pole and series field
winding of 4 turns per pole and resistance of 0.05 ohm. In order to obtain the rated voltage both at no-load and
full-load for operation as shunt generator, it is necessary to increase field current by 0.2 A. The full-load armature
current of the compound geberator is 80A. Calculate the divertor resistance connected in parallel with series
field to obtain flat compound operation.

Solution. Adittional AT required to maintain rated voltage both at no-load and full-
load = 1000x0.2 =200

No. of series turns/pole = 4

Currebt required to produce 200AT by series field = 200/4 = 50A

Since, 𝐼𝑎 = 80𝐴 , the balance of 30A must pass through the parallel divertor
resistance

𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼𝑑 𝑅𝑑

50(0.05)
𝑅𝑑 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟑 ohm
30
Problem 3. A 60kW dc shunt generator has 1600 turns/pole in its shunt winding. A shunt field current of 1.25A
is required to generate 123V at no-load and 1.75A to generate 150V at full-load. Calculate:

(i) The minimum number of series turns/pole needed to produce the required no-load and full-load
voltages as a short shunt compound generator.
(ii) If the generator is equipped with 3 series turns/pole having a resistance of 0.02 ohm, calculate the
diveter resistance required to produce the desired compounding.
(iii) Voltage regulation of the compound generator.

Solution.

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 Course Code: Electrical Machines 1
Teachers’ Guide Module #10

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:________________________________________ Date:________________

(i) Extra excitation ampere-turn required = 1600(1.75 − 1.25) = 800𝐴𝑇

60000
𝐼𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼 = = 400𝐴
150
800
∴ No. of series turns/pole required = = 𝟐 turns/pole
400

(ii) Now, actual No. of series turns/pole is 3. Hence, current passing

through it can be found from
800
3 × 𝐼𝑠𝑒 = 800 ; 𝐼𝑠𝑒 = 𝐴
3
800 400
As shown in figure, 𝐼𝑑 = 400 − ( ) = 𝐴
3 3
𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼𝑑 𝑅𝑑
800 400
(0.02) = 𝑅
3 3 𝑑
∴ 𝑹𝒅 = 0.04 ohm
𝑉𝑁𝐿−𝑉𝐹𝐿 125−150
(iii) %𝑉𝑅 = × 100 = × 100
𝑉𝐹𝐿 150
%𝑽𝑹 = −𝟏𝟔. 𝟕%

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Problem Solving. Solve the following problems completely. Write your solution in a separate short bond paper.
BOX your final answer.

Problem 1. A 250kW, 240V generator is to be compounded such that its voltage rises from 220V at no-load to
240V at full-load. When series field is cut out and shunt field is excited from an external source, then from the
load test it is found that this rise in voltage can be obtained by increasing the exciting current from 7A at no-
load to 12 at full-load. Given shunt turns/pole = 650, series turns/pole =4 and resistance of the series winding
is 0.006 ohm. If the machine is connected long shunt, find the resistance of the series amp-turn at no-load in
series winding resistance at full-load.

Problem 2.

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Now answer the “What I Learned” column in Activity 1.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Problem Solving. Solve the following problems completely. Write your solution in a separate short bond paper.
BOX your final answer.

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 Course Code: Electrical Machines 1
Teachers’ Guide Module #10

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:________________________________________ Date:________________

Problem 1. Find how many series turns per turn per pole are needed on a 500kW compound generator required
to give 450V on no-load and 500V on full-load, the requisite number of ampere-turns per pole being 9000 and
6500 respectively. The shunt winding is designed to give 450V at no-load when its temperature is 20 oC. The
1
final temperature is 60oC. Take ∝0 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℃.
234.5

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

Three things I learned:

1.

2.

3.

Two things I like to learn more:

1.

2.

One question you still have:

1.

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