Assignment no 4

CHAPTER 1

1) Pressure Relief Valve: A pressure relief valve is designed to operate under the inlet static
pressure and closes once normal conditions are restored
Temperature and pressure relief valve: The pressure relief valve can be actuated by
pressure at the value inlet or by temperature at the value inlet.
Safety valve: Pressure relief valves are characterized by rapid opening and are
commonly used to discharge compressible liquids
Safety relief Valve: Pressure relief valves are characterized by rapid or slow opening
usually proportional to the increase in pressure. It can be used for compressible or
incompressible liquids
Safety Valve blow down: Purge is the difference between the set pressure and the closing
pressure of a safety valve expressed as a percentage of the set pressure.

2) The steam pressure will decrease as it passes from the steam drum to the super-heater
outlet, thus this must be taken into account while adjusting the pressure of the super-
heater safety valve. The super-heater safety valves may never open if set to boiler
pressure. The steam flow via the super-heater will halt in an overpressure situation. Loss
of cooling steam will cause super-heater tubes to overheat.

3) A higher
A Lower

4) According to the ASME boiler and pressure vessel rules, some models must have drain
holes. Its purpose is to prevent the buildup of condensate in the body, which could cause
the internals of the valve to freeze or corrode and prevent the valve from opening.

5) As with steam boilers, safety valves and safety relief valves must be fitted with their
spindles vertical. In heating boilers, safety valves must be linked directly as tapped or
flanged, y base, or by a shorter nipple. While safety valves in steam boilers are threaded
and fastened onto the valve body, the second component known as the bonnet is directly
attached to the boiler. In a heating boiler, the discharge pipe's internal cross-sectional area
must be less than the entire area of the valve outlet. The internal cross sectional area of
the discharge pipe while in a steam boiler is greater than the entire area of the valve
outlet.

6) The exhaust valve will open and let some water escape the tank if the temperature or
pressure of your tank rises above a specific point. The tank is then filled with cold water
to lower the internal pressure and temperature.
7) Every three months

8) Pop Treat Determine optimal pressure safety valve, closed pressure and purification

9) 99 degree celcius

10) 1100 KPA

11) a specific kind of temperature limiter that releases hot water when a molten element melts
at 99 degrees Celsius. Such a fuse element does not close like the T&P valve. Water
keeps flowing until the appliance is replaced.  Another kind of temperature-lowering
gadget makes use of a rod and tube configuration that expands and contracts. This causes
the gadget to start at 99 °C and end at 71 °C. It automatically closes like the T&P valve.
 CHAPTER 2

2) If the fuel pressure climbs above or falls below the level specified by the burner
manufacturer, these switches will shut off and lock the burner. By doing this, flame
 instability, overheating, and ignite are avoided. Any unstable flame situation could result
in a furnace.

3) For pressure switches with a high cut-off pressure A high pressure gas safety device
needs to be put downstream of the pressure regulator whenever a malfunction or
adjustment of the outlet pressure of the regulator results in dangerous operation. and must
turn off the gas supply due to pressure. when the maximum ignition speed is used and the
gas pressure at the high gas pressure safety device is greater than 125% of the normal
operating pressure.

Regarding the low pressure cutoff switch If the pressure at the connection point is to be
reduced, a low gas pressure safety device must be installed and the gas supply must be
turned off for appliances with a capacity more than 120 kw (400,000 Btuh). less than fifty
percent of the lowest operating pressure. The device needs to be mounted above the
safety shut-off valve(s), below the pressure regulator, and above the regulator.

4) By showing that the valve body is in the minimal position, a switch close proof
verifies the preparation. The relationship between the position of a switch's foot and the
position of the valve stem shows that the valve stem is closed, and it is quite likely that
the valve foot does not leak gas into the burner.

5) Fuel oil, which is used in fuel delivery systems, needs to be preheated to reduce its
viscosity in order to be adequately sprayed by the burner. For this reason, low fuel
temperature shut-off switches are necessary. The ability to spray will be reduced by an
excessively high viscosity. Incomplete combustion and the production of poisonous and
explosive carbon monoxide are the results of insufficient spraying. The heat transfer
surface or refractory material may become damaged when it comes in contact with the
inadequate flame pattern that results.

6) Due to the long response time of flame failures, thermocouples and thermopiles are only used
to monitor the flames of boilers with an input power of less than 120 kW. The safety shut-off
valve may not close until the thermocouple and thermopile have cooled down enough, which
might take up to 90 seconds. A sizable volume of unburned fuel may enter the furnace during
this time.

7) 550 V, 20 to 30 milliamp

8) When the primary burner is lit by either a direct transformer spark igniter, an
intermittent or interrupted pilot, or both, and the combustion air supply is mechanical, the
appliance management system must offer a tested purge period before the ignition cycle.
The combustion zone and flue passageways must get at least four air changes during this
purge period. When purging, the airflow rate must not be less than 60% of what is needed
at maximum input.

9) Ultraviolet Scanner
 10) A dedicated airflow proving switch that initiates the purge timer at maximum air
flow may be present on a larger boiler. A differential pressure switch detects the forced
draught fan's airflow. if the switches close and the differential pressure is at its highest.
The purging timer begins after this. When the purge switch opens and the airflow
becomes less.

11- The equipment control system must provide a proven purge time before the ignition
cycle when intermittent or intermittent controls or direct transformer igniters are used to
mechanically light the main burner and the gas supply. At least four air changes from the
chimney and combustion region must be provided during this purge stage. At maximum
inflow, the airflow during filtration should not be less than 60% of what is necessary.

12) Dirt, debris, and frost can clog mesh with smaller opening diameters. If a screen is
employed, the mesh size cannot be less than 6 mm.

13) The programming interface is the key distinction between APIs and PACs. Use C or C+
+ since PACs are more sophisticated. On the other hand, ladder logic is used to
programme PLCs. The two computers' architecture and capabilities differ as a result of
these programming variations.

14) 10 seconds

15) Maximum 4 seconds

16) The safe start check mainly searches for a flame that existed prior to the ignition phase. if
a flame is seen. The controller enters standby mode and does not carry out any additional
startup processing.

17) Whenever the ignition transformer is turned on. If the primary ssov lacks energy. If
there isn't a flame. Flame extinguishing is the term used most often to describe this
situation. The SSOV driver is NOT powered if the driver is sporadic. The SSOV IS
driver is already activated if the driver is interrupted. When the air flow proving switch
is activated.

18) The burner shuts off when these switches open, but the BMS does not lockout. We can
regulate the boiler on-off switch, operating limit control, high pressure or high
temperature on-off, high low fuel pressure cut-off switches and low water fuel cut-off.

CHAPTER 3

1)
The float maintains the electrical switches in the closed position even when the water
level in the boiler is over the minimum allowable level and is still visible in the gauge
glass. This enables the safety shut-off valve to be powered up. The float switch opens
when the boiler water falls below the minimal safe level, closing the safety shut off valve.
As a result, the burner's fuel supply is cut off.
2) The piston lowers in a flammable cutting water as the water level drops. The burning
circuit opens and closes the fuel supply as the piston drops from the magnetic field at the
cutting point.

3) Water-filled hot water boilers frequently have automatic filling valves that are connected
to the water supply. By doing this, a full system is always maintained. Boilers and hot
water boilers both have the potential to experience water shortages. In this situation,
mechanical or human error are the most likely causes of the problem. A water heater's
construction is not all that dissimilar from a boiler's. Less water can therefore have
devastating implications. Hot water boilers can use the same cut-out as boilers as long as
the unit's pressure rating is high enough. Boilers cannot function at pressures that hot
water heaters can.

4) Large Capacity boiler which require to run continuously

5) Check and control valves make hot water boiler low water cut-off testing easier.
Installation of low cut-outs or hot water boilers is required by good operating procedure,
and they must be frequently inspected to ensure that the controller will function as
intended in the event of low water.

6) This is so that while steam connections are not prone to clogging, water connections are.
Both cut-offs would malfunction if they shared a similar water connection and the water
connection blocked.

7) All boilers with a fixed water level (steam and water interface) are required to contain at
least one gauge, according to ASME BPVC I Part PG60.1 of the code. Boilers having a
maximum permitted operating pressure of more than 400 psi (3 MPa) are required to
have two gauge glasses, according to the law. This is so that you always know how full
your boiler is of water, especially if you have high-pressure boilers. In accordance with
PG60.1, the lowest visible water level in the gauge glass must be at least 2" (50mm)
above the boiler manufacturer's recommended minimum water level. The ASME BPVC I
Part PG60.1.1.1 additionally permits the use of two independent remote water level
indicators in place of the two required gauges: "Instead of one of the two required
gauges, the boiler may be provided with two independent remote water level
indicators."one or more water gauges connected to the boiler or water column using valve
fittings of at least PS 12 (DN 15).The relief valve on the bottom fitting must have an
unrestricted drain aperture no smaller than 14" (6mm) in diameter for cleaning purposes.

8) Glass material , Thickness of glass, Diameter of gauge glass, temperature at guage glass
operates

9) Because new glass is not heated gradually.

10) As a result, the boiler will have a high water level that may deceive both operators and
controllers into thinking it is full of water when it actually may not be.
 CHAPTER 4

1) The valve, which serves as the boiler's safety valve, is a crucial component. Its
purpose is to safeguard the boiler shell from overpressure and the ensuing fire.

2) Steam pipe from the boiler's shell up to and including the main steam shut-off valve.
A pipeline connecting the feed water regulator and feed water shut-off valves on the
boiler shell. Steam exhaust from the boiler jacket to the second relief valve. Drainage
line from the boiler shell to a continuous drain valve or an isolating valve for the
surface drain. sewage line for a boiler. Other systems include the water column, metre
valve, pipeline running from the boiler body to water level indications and pressure
gauge. Steam, feed water, blower valves, and other valves mounted on the pipeline
system outside the boiler are examples of valves and installation accessories.

3) Power boiler

4) The operator can determine remotely if the boiler is working at normal operating
pressure when the pressure gauge is calibrated to double the safety valve setting.
Nearly vertical will be the measurement needle. The pressure gauge is more accurate
when it displays the average. Pressure gauges can be used in hydrostatic tests, which
are carried out at a pressure that is one time the highest permitted boiler working
pressure.

5) Boiler pressure gauge dial scale must be graduated to a pressure of no more than 414
kPa and no less than 200 kPa.

6) A syphon or mounting mechanism that will create and maintain a water buffer to stop
water vapour from entering the measuring tube must be installed on the metre or the
pipe leading to the gauge.
7)

8) without a roof The specified steam shut-off valve must be prepared with a function
indication, to disclose from a distance whether the valve is open or closed. Screw and
yoke (OS&Y) valves are desired as steam shut-off valves. Growing stem valves
outside of screw and yoke are desirable.
9) Slow-opening valves help the operator reduce thermal shock by slowly warming up
the blow-off line under control before exposing it to high-strain, high-temperature
liquid.

10) In a system with two valves, one valve functions in a fluid that is not shifting,
maintaining its integrity for shut-off purposes. The various valves evaluate wear. 950
kg of steam are produced every hour by a low-strain steam boiler. Its blowoff
connector and blow-off piping are required to be DN or NPS 32 (1*0.25) by design.

11) Thermometer
Safety relief valve
Temperature control
Low water cut offs
Stop valve
Blow off
Expansion tanks
Pressure gauge

12) The trio is a dual-purpose instrument that uses a separate pointer and scale to read
temperature and pressure levels on the same dial. This device, commonly referred to
as a boiler gauge, is mostly utilised with boiler heating systems.

13) HG-611

14) enables full condensate evaporation under all operating circumstances, including
on/off or application adjustment. It lessens the hammering of the water. Temperature
swings and inconsistent heating and cooling are reduced.

15) On the boiler drum, vents are provided for the release of dissolved gases and air.
Saturated steam will build up in the boiler drum during startup, and its pressure will
begin to rise.
16)

CHAPTER 5

1) Show how leftover air affects combustion efficiency. Extra air rotates freely,
enters the burner at 70°F, and leaves the chimney at 350°C, stealing heat from the
boiler. Consequently, the boiler's effectiveness declines. The boiler cycle is
another important driver of fuel usage.

2) The service pressure regulator and the high pressure breaker both function in a
similar ways. To open the firing circuit, a bellows or pressurised tablet engages
the SPST switch. The operational pressure control, high and low flame control,
and modulated pressure control are all placed below the high pressure cut-off.
When the operating pressure control is unable to turn off the hob, it does so. The
high-pressure cut-off is the last line of defence in this situation before the safety
valve opens.  Operating pressure control and HPCO are distinct in two key
ways: 1. There is no differential adjustment for HPCO. 2. HPCO contains a button
for manual reset.

3) Boilers with fully modulated burners need modulated pressure control in addition
to operating pressure control and high pressure cut-off. The pressurised switch
works in a manner that is quite similar to the on/off pressurised switch. However,
the bellows run a potentiometer in the form of a resistive slip wire when the boiler
pressure changes. The boiler control panel must have an INSTRUCTION button
and a manual flame control potentiometer to allow low-fire operation while the
boiler is cold. When the programmable controller is turned on and the MANUAL
switch is set to AUTO, the modulation controller is engaged. When the boiler is in
AUTO mode, the fire rate is continuously changed to accommodate the
fluctuating load. change. A manual flame control potentiometer takes over
 operation of the modulation motor when the switch is set to the MANUAL
position. As a result, the flame rate is kept low during warm-up and then adjusted
when the pressure returns to normal.

4) Balance circuit

5) As soon as a positive steam strain is attained, the boiler is turned off. However,
that serves as a backup control in addition to the operator control. The excessive
restriction must cut off the burner before the protection valve releases if there is a
problem with the operator but the boiler is not shut down.

6) A little amount of the liquid steel mercury links a steel electrode to close the
circuit during a mercury transfer, which is an electrical transfer that opens and
shuts a circuit.

7) The guide flame control potentiometer controls the firing rate of the boiler
independent of the pressure control single when the damper positing transfer is
ready to Auto and the guide-automated transfer is ready to Manual.

8) The modulating motor stays in the low speed position when the damper position
switch is set to LO.

9) The manual flame control potentiometer controls the heating rate of the boiler
independently of the pressure command when the damper position switch is set to
Auto and the manual auto switch is set to Manual. basic capability. This enables
the boiler base load to produce whatever output is desired. Additionally, it permits
reheating cold boilers to low temperatures, lowering damaging stress brought on
by unequal thermal expansion.