BIOL S236F Cellular and Molecular Biology

Tutorial 4: Process and control of cell division and programmed cell death II

Fill in the blank below

______________ refers to the tightly regulated suicide process for cells that are

no longer needed or are a threat to the organism. This process is mediated by

proteolytic enzymes called ____________, which trigger cell death by cleaving

specific proteins in the ______________ and ____________. The inactive

precursors, called _____________, which are usually activated by cleavage by

other _____________, producing a proteolytic _______________. The activation

process is initiated by either _____________ or ___________ _____________,

which cause intracellular adaptor molecules to ___________ and ____________

procaspases.

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BIOL S236F Cellular and Molecular Biology

Tutorial 2 – Genome structure and gene expression II

1. Briefly explain how the structure of chromatin can regulate gene expression.

2. Explain how transcription factors can regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.

3. Explain the role of miRNAs in gene regulation.

4. Name TWO regulatory mechanisms in eukaryotes that influence protein

activities.

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5. What is the function of operator in an operon?

6. Use lac operon as an example, explain the gene regulation mechanism in

bacteria.

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BIOLS236F Genome structure and gene expression I
Tutorial 1

1. The 2 chains of the double helix in DNA are held together by _____________.

2. _____________ is the process to synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA.

3. ______________ is the process to synthesis of proteins under the direction of RNA.

4. (a) What is the monomer of DNA?

(b) What does the monomer composed of?

(c) How many types of monomer in a DNA structure? What are their differences?

5. Comment on the following statement: “One gene only encodes for one protein”.

6. Compare THREE differences between RNA and DNA.

7. Compare the similarities and differences between promoter and terminator.

8. Compare the functional difference between RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase II in
eukaryotes.

9. What are the functions of 5’-end cap and poly-A tail at 3’end in the mRNA.

10. What are the properties of genetic code?

11. Briefly describe the steps involved in gene transcription.

BIOL S236F Cellular and Molecular Biology
Tutorial 3: Process and control of cell division and programmed cell death I

PART I Concept Check Questions

1. The diagram represents the cell cycle through time of a

eukaryotic organism. Which phase of the cell cycle is the most
variable in length of time, depending on the type of cell?
A. G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
E. All phases last for a constant duration

2. At what part of the cell cycle would you see a chromosome that looks like this?
A. G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
E. All of the above

3. How many chromosomes are there in the above figure?

A. 1/2
B. 1
C. 2
D. 4
E. 23

4. The amount of DNA in a certain cell would be doubled __________.

A. Between the G2 phase and prophase
B. Between the G1 and G2 phase
C. Between prophase and anaphase
D. Between anaphase and telophase
E. During the M phase of the cell cycle

5. Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in __________.

A. Interphase
B. Prophase
C. Metaphase
D. Telophase

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 E. Cytokinesis

6. Which form of cell division accounts for the development of the frog?
A. Binary fission
B. Mitosis
C. Meiosis
D. Both binary fission and mitosis
E. Both mitosis and meiosis

7. Which of the following events occur(s) during prophase?

(i) Chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell
(ii) Nucleoli reappear
(iii) The mitotic spindle begins to form

A. (i) only
B. (ii) only
C. (iii) only
D. (i) and (iii) only
E. (i), (ii) and (iii)

8. When animal cells are grown in a petri dish, they typically stop dividing once they have formed
a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish. This arrest of division is an example of
__________.
A. cell constraint
B. density-dependent inhibition
C. cell division repression
D. growth factor desensitization
E. cell differentiation

9. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the cell cycle control system?
A. The cell cycle control system receives messages from outside the cell that influence cell
division
B. The cell cycle control system triggers and controls major events in the cell cycle
C. The cell cycle control system includes three key checkpoints to complete a cell cycle
D. The cell cycle control system operates independently of the growth factors
E. All of the above descriptions are correct

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10. Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
are known as __________.
A. alleles
B. homologous chromosomes
C. non-homologous chromosomes
D. a tetrad
E. sister chromatids

11. During which stage of meiosis do crossing over occur?

A. Anaphase I
B. Anaphase II
C. Prophase I
D. Prophase II
E. Metaphase II

12. In this cell, what phase is represented?

A. Mitotic metaphase
B. Meiosis I metaphase
C. Meiosis II metaphase
D. Meiosis I anaphase
E. Meiosis II anaphase

13. Nondisjunction occurs when __________.

A. a portion of a chromosome breaks off and is lost
B. a portion of a chromosome is duplicated
C. two chromosomes fuse into one
D. members of a chromosome pair fail to separate
E. an entire pair of chromosomes is lost during meiosis I

14. If a chromosome fragment breaks off and then reattaches to the original chromosome but in
the reverse direction, what is the resulting chromosomal abnormality?
A. Deletion
B. Inversion
C. Translocation
D. Reciprocal translocation
E. Nondisjunction

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PART II Short Questions

1. Name and order the following stages of mitosis in an animal cell. Describe the events that
occurs in each stage
Order TEM Stage Events

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