Unified nonlinear electrical interfaces

for hybrid piezoelectric-electromagnetic

small-scale harvesting systems

Giulia Lombardi

Thesis supervisor: Prof. Mickaël Lallart

Réunion plénière GDR NAME

4-6 Octobre 2021
INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

Energy harvesting
Connected devices in
billions

BATTERYLESS
Limited /
lifetime (3-4 years)
WIRELESS
High SENSORS
self-discharge rate “Fit and Forget”

Why Where
Maintenance-free Harsh environments Low conversion efficiency
Self-sustaining energy source Implant devices Dependency of external
Environmentally & economically Dense sensors networks conditions
friendly
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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

ENHANCE project
Automotive

Output voltage: 1 - 3 V
Working T: 20 - 600°C
Energy density: 300 –
500 µW cm-2 g-2

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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

EH process
Final Constraint:
Ambient Electromechanical Electrical energy
application: system
energy transduction extraction
sensor nodes compactness

Mechanical losses Electromechanical Energy extraction

(structure losses) conversion losses and management
losses

Outdoor: 1500 µW.cm-2; A miniaturization of the

Radiations Solar cells Outdoor (cloudy): 150 µW.cm-2; transducing system leads
Indoor: 10 µW.cm-2
RF antenna to lower mechanical
0.1 µW.cm-3
couplings and, therefore,
Vibrations lower output power
Piezoelectricity 330 µW.cm-3
Electromagnetism 4 µW.cm-3 (4 Hz); 800 µW.cm-3 (kHz)
Thermal Possible solutions:
energy Electrostatic 50 to 100 µW.cm-3
Using several
Thermoelectric conversion effects
40 µW.cm-3 (ΔT = 10° C)
Other generators
Using a proper
Pyroelectricity 8.64 µW.cm-3 (at 8.5°C.s-1)
treatment through
electrical interfaces
Basagni et al. (2013)

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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

Solutions for power enhancement

1. Using several conversion effects 2. Using a proper electric treatment

Piezoelectricity Hybrid
Piezoelectric-Electromagnetic
Electromagnetism Energy Harvesting
Vibrations

Mostly focused on the

mechanical structure
Lallart et al. (2011) Xia et al. (2015) Wacharasindhu et al. (2008)

EM
Power [a.u.]

Piezo Main issue: duality of piezoelectric and

electromagnetic systems
REM Rpiezo Liu et al. (2019)
Toyabur et al. (2018)
5
R [a.u.]
INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

Solutions for power enhancement

1. Using several conversion effects 2. Using a proper electric treatment

Source Energy Basic Load and

extraction rectification
VS VDC Energy
optimization
storage

Nonlinear interfaces
Series SSHI SMFE
Taylor et al. (2001) Arroyo et al. (2011)

Parallel SSHI SECE

Lefeuvre et al. (2005)
Guyomar et al. (2005)

Piezo-based interfaces EM-based interfaces

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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

Solutions for power enhancement

1. Using several conversion effects 2. Using a proper electric treatment

Solution for hybrid PZT-EM systems: all-active systems on the same electronic
interface obtained by replacing passive components with electroactive systems

Synchronized Switch Harvesting Synchronous Electric Charge and

on ElectroMagnetic System Induced Current Extraction
Strategy: the inductor of the SSHI is Strategy: energy transfer from the
replaced by an electromagnetic system piezo to the EM system

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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

How to enhance the output power? SSHI SSH-EM

Synchronized Switch Harvesting on ElectroMagnetic System

Higher

Voltage
output
Default configuration: Switching configuration voltage t

Higher
output
power

Current
Switch 2
t

Switch 1 is open and Switch Switch 1 is closed and

2 is closed: no circulation of Switch 2 is open: the Piezo u,v
current between the piezo and the EM are connected
and the EM t

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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

Experimental validations Constant acceleration

Constant displacement
+20%

+750%

Coil +
ferrite Piezo Power [W]

x10
core buzzer

x8.2

R [Ω]

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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

The SECICE technique

SECE
Synchronous Electric SECICE
Charge Extraction Synchronous Electric
Charge and Induced
Current Extraction

Lefeuvre et al. (2005)

SMFE
Synchronous Magnetic
Flux Extraction

Arroyo et al. (2011)

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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

Experimental validations Theoretical prediction

Contribution of piezo
 2 2  2
Pharv  2 fEharv  em f  PZT   uM
 C0 L0 
Constant displacement analysis

Constant acceleration analysis

SECICE

x3.5
2
 
SMFE  
  2  2  FM 
Pdamp  em f  PZT   2 
Experimental results  C0 L0  4  2
 
 C0     
   C0 L0 
RC

+200%

SECICE Optimum value for

k p 2Qm  0.51
x4

SMFE

RC
Experimental RC: 60 kΩ
Theoretical RC: 73 kΩ 11
INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

Summary
Technical Miniaturization of energy harvesting system that leads to lower
challenge mechanical couplings and, therefore, lower output power

Using several conversion effects (Piezo+EM) taking

Aim advantage of their differences
Using a proper treatment through electrical interfaces

SSH-EM: the inductor of the SSHI is replaced by

Developed an electromagnetic system
solutions SECICE: energy transfer from the piezo to the EM
system

High power gain (for low-coupled system)

Outcome
Unified optimal load
Relative load independency
Low efficiency for highly coupled structures
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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

Summary
kem 2Qm
SSH-EM and SECICE
common outcomes
Hybrid EM Standard
Increase of the final power
systems 2

(nonlinear SMFE Unified optimal load

interfaces) 0.5

PZT Standard
SECICE

SSHI
SECE
0.05

SSH-EM

0.05 0.5 0.7 2 k p 2Qm

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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

Perspectives

Self-powered switching interface

SSH-EM

Combining more energy sources

SECICE
Nano/Multifunctional materials
and system integration

Development of a global and

optimized harvesting device

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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

Perspectives
SSH-EM Nano/Multifunctional materials “There is plenty of room at the bottom”
and system integration Richard Feynman
Exploiting different functional properties
exhibited on the same material at
SECICE nano/microscale The decrease of size
and thus power is
counteracted by the
increase of global
performance thanks
to the dedicated
electrotonic interface
S. Mousavi, M. H. Doweidar, 2018

Piezoelectric matrix filled

X. Z. Chen, 2017
with magnetic microparticles
Nanowires possessing a FeGa
magnetostrictive core and a
piezoelectric P(VDF-TrFE) shell

15
INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSION PERSPECTIVE

Perspectives
SSH-EM Development of a global and
optimized harvesting device
Towards the development of an optimized
harvesting structure at micro/nanoscale:
SECICE from the transducer to the final storage

Electromechanical Electrical energy Energy

transduction extraction storage

Morel et al. (2020)

Bounor et al. (2021)
Multifunctional Dedicated Micro
micro/nano electronic interface supercapacitor
material

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INTRODUCTION SSH-EM SECICE CONCLUSIONS

Publications and conferences

Publications Conferences Awards
“Synchronous Electric Charge and Induced Current G. Lombardi, M. Lallart, “Hybrid synchronized switch harvesting based Best Student Poster
Extraction (SECICE): a unified nonlinear technique on piezoelectric and electromagnetic conversion”, 8eme Journées Award, International
combining piezoelectric and electromagnetic Nationals pour la Récuperation e le Stockage d’Energie, May 2018, Workshop on
harvesting”, G. Lombardi, M. Lallart, Smart Materials Besancon, France, (Poster Presentation) Piezoelectric Materials
and Structures – under revision and Applications in
G. Lombardi, M. Lallart, “Hybrid nonlinear interface for energy
“A piezoelectric self- powered active interface for AC/DC Actuators (IWPMA),
harvesting: towards all-active microgenerators”, From Molecular
power conversion improvement of electromagnetic Lyon, France, October
Engineering to Advanced Materials, May 2019, Cologne, Germany
energy harvesting” G. Lombardi, M. Lallart, M. Kiziroglou, 2019
(Poster Presentation)
E. M. Yeatman, Smart Materials and Structure – Sept.
2020 G. Lombardi, M. Lallart, “Synchronized Switch Harvesting for hybrid ENHANCE ambassador
energy harvesting systems”, International Workshop on Piezoelectric programme
“LiNbO3 films - a low-cost alternative lead-free Materials and Application in Actuators 2019, October 2019, Lyon, competition, European
piezoelectric material for vibrational energy harvesters” France (Oral presentation) Union, May 2019
G. Clementi, G. Lombardi, S. Margueron; M. A. Suarez, E.
G. Lombardi, M. Lallart, “Hybrid rotational electromagnetic-piezoelectric
Labrasseur, S. Ballandras, J. Imbaud, F. Lardet-Vieudrin, L. INSA Prix de Thèse
energy harvesting for AC/DC power conversion improvement”, 19th
Gauthier-Manuel, B. Dulmet, M. Lallart, A. Bartasyte, 2020, Institut National
International Conference on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing – Sept. 2020. de Sceinces Appliquées
Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS),
de Lyon, July 2021
“Synchronized Switch Harvesting on ElectroMagnetic December 2019, Krakow, Poland (Oral presentation)
system : a nonlinear technique for hybrid energy G. Lombardi, M. Lallart, “A unified nonlinear circuit combining
harvesting based on active inductance” M. Lallart, G. piezoelectric and electromagnetic transducers”, International
Lombardi, Energy Conversion and Management – Jan. Conference on Advances in Energy Harvesting Technology (ICAEHT),
2020 March 2021, Online (Oral presentation)

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 Unified nonlinear electrical interfaces
for hybrid piezoelectric-electromagnetic
small-scale harvesting systems

Giulia Lombardi
Thesis supervisor: Prof. Mickaël Lallart
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from European Union's Horizon 2020
Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 722496.

Réunion plénière GDR NAME

4-6 Octobre 2021