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TRANSFORMERS

> Single phase transformers

- EMF equation
- Equivalent circuit & phasor diagram
- Losses & efficiency
- Voltage regulation
- Test on transformers

> Three phase transformers

8
 Transformers

• Static electrical devices

• Function is to transform an alternating voltage at
one level to an alternating voltage at another level
without affecting the actual power supplied
• Transformation of voltages is required in both
power systems and in electronics
— Power transmitted at low voltages-> very large
currents, huge voltage drops and power losses
- Semi conductor devices operates at low voltages

Power Station

© GENERATION
O TRANSMISSION

Tronsmiuion

Oistnbut on
Substation

©COmmERCIA Alt ’/©DISTRIBUTION

BUSINESS CONSUMERS

©DISTRIBUTION
AUTOMATION
DEVICES

Q RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS
 Primary Secondary
winding
winding
turns
turns

Primary
current
Secondary
i current

Primary
vort age
*
Secondary
vottage

• Two windings
- Primary winding
• coil connected to an alternating voltage source
- Secondary winding
• delivers power to the load
- Windings are (usually) not directly connected.

• Magnetic core
- Magnetic flux, common to both windings
11

Types and Construction of

Transformers
• Core type: Windings are • Shell type: Windings
wrapped around two are wrapped around
sides of a simple the center leg of a
rectangular laminated three-legged
core laminated core

12
 Primary Secondary Primary & Secondary
Winding Winding Winding

Core Type Shell Type

Transformer Transformer

13

Principle of Operation

• When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary winding,

- an alternating current flows through the winding
- an alternating magnetic flux is produced in the magnetic core
• An e.m.f. will be induced in the primary and secondary windings,
according to Faraday's laws and Lenz's law
14
 Faraday's Laws

• Faraday's 1st Law: When the flux linking a

conductor or coil changes, an e.m.f. is induced
in it.
• Faraday's 2nd Law: The magnitude of the
induced e.m.f. in a coil is equal to the rate of
change of flux linkages.

Lenz's Law

An induced voltage will cause a current to flow

in a closed circuit in such a direction that its
magnetic effect will oppose the change that
produces it.

16
 The Induced e.m.f. in a Coil

• Suppose a coil has N number of turns and the

flux (</?) linking with the coil changes.
• According to Faraday's laws and Lenz's law,
the induced e.m.f. in the coil,
d<p
E = -N-^-
dt

17

e = voltage
<I> = magnetic flux
i = coil current

• Induced e.m.f in the primary winding,

d(p
E± = —N1— = —2nfN1(pm cos(2nfE)
at

• Induced e.m.f in the secondary winding,

dcp
E2 = -N2 -7- = ~2nfN2cpm cos(2nft)
dt
18
 Therefore, EMF equations of Transformer :
2n
rms ~ fN^cpm — 4.44 fN^cpm

2n
rms ~ -y=fN2(pm = 4A4fN2(pm
V2

/ "A
Turns ratio,

a= ~E~2=~N2
< J

Ideal Transformers
(A hypothetical device which only approximate the real device)

Assumptions :
► Flux produced by the primary winding is fully
linked with the secondary winding
► No losses

20
• Turns ratio,
Ex _ N±
E2 N2

• For an ideal transformer,

- No voltage drop, E1=V1 and E2=V2

— £1 - Zi - Zi
E2 V2 ^2

— MMF should be the same, N1I1=N2I2

N± _ Vi I2
a=
1^2 Ii

Phasor diagram for an ideal transformer on

no load

22
 Practical Transformers

• Winding resistances
- Copper losses (PCu)

• Leakage flux : Flux which escape the core and

pass through only one of the transformer
windings
• Core losses (PcoreY- due to eddy currents and
hysteresis losses

x'-
A r
I Rz

>2 -j

Mi
n
" HI ■y T
l V”r' mi N2 1
X. ---- «... <

• Winding resistances - R2 R2
• Leakage reactances - X2
• Core resistance - Rm
• Magnetizing reactance - Xm
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 Equivalent Circuit

Shifting Impedances

►Referred to primary: when secondary R or X (R2 or X2) is

transferred to the primary it is multiplied by a2.
►Referred to secondary: when primary R or X (R± or XJ is
transferred to the secondary it is divided by a2.

Eg: Shifting R2 to primary side:

Power losses should be the same.
/12Z?2'=/227?2

26
 Equivalent Circuits
• Referred to primary

/?2 = a2 R2

X2f = a2X2

ZL’ = a2ZL
r - h/
r — fa

V2 = aV2

• Referred to secondary

n * ___ ^m/ „

yf /n
- /fl2

/0 = g/0

L1
li/
— /Q
■^w £2 /w
 Approximate Equivalent Circuits
• Referred to primary
4 R> i,' x2'

Equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance referred to

primary,
2
flci = + ^2 = J?! + a J?2

XD1 = X2 + X/ = Xi + a2X2 29

• Referred to secondary
^2 l2 %2

Equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance

referred to secondary,

30
 Voltage Regulation

• Real transformer has series impedances,

voltage drops
• The output voltage varies with the load even if
the input voltage remains constant
• Voltage regulation: a quantity that compares
the output voltage at no load with the output
voltage at full load

Voltage regulation — X 100%

31

Example 1:
A 230V/12V, 50Hz step down transformer is to
be wound on a core of 10.0 cm2. The core
material has a knee point of 1.6T. Determine the
number of turns required for each winding.
 Transformer Taps

• In real distribution transformers,

- turns ratio is not fixed
- a series of taps in the windings to permit small
changes in the turns ratio

• By adjusting taps, voltage is typically

maintained within ± 5% of the rated voltage

Efficiency (i;)
Poutx_
Output power
Power Efficiency = —---------------------------- x 100 %
Input power —
r
in
100%

T) = -—------------------ X 100%
^out "h ^losses

1 = D----------- D°Ut ------------ X 100%

Pout "h Pcu "I" *Core

Pout = V2I2COS0

Pcu = I1 2 Req

2
Pc ore ~ ^w Rm
34
 Example 2
A 100 kVA transformer has 400 turns on the
primary and 80 turns on the secondary. The
primary and secondary resistances are 0.3 Q and
0.01 Q, respectively. Corresponding leakage
reactances are 1.1 Q and 0.035Q. The supply
voltage is 2200 V.

1) Calculate the equivalent impedance referred to

the primary.
2) Calculate the voltage regulation at full load
having a power factor of 0.8 lagging.

Example 3:
Find the percentage regulation and power efficiency for the
transformer of following data for a rated load having a lagging
power factor of 0.8. Refer to given figure.

Circuit values of s 60 Hz, 20 kVA, 2400/240 V transformer

Element name Symbol Value

Primary resistance Ri 30

Secondary resistance r2 0.03 0

Primary leakage reactance xx 6.5 0

Secondary leakage reactance X2 0.07 0

Magnetizing reactance Xm 15 k0

Core-loss resistance Rc 100 k0

 -o-------•----------------------- ---------------
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Example 5:
A2.2kVA, 440/220V, 50 Hz step down
transformer has the following parameters as
referred to the primary side :
Re1 = 3Q, Xe1 = 4Q, Rc1 = 2.5kQ , Xm1 = 2 kQ .
The transformer is operating at full load with a power
factor of 0.707 lagging. Determine the efficiency and
the voltage regulation of the transformer.
 Determining the Equivalent Circuit
Parameters of the Transformer Model

Open Circuit Test

• To find Rm and Xm

Short Circuit Test

• To find equivalent resistance and equivalent
reactance ( Req and Xeq )

Open Circuit Test

• Secondary winding - open circuited
• Apply rated voltage to the low voltage
side and
• Take ammeter, voltmeter & wattmeter
readings

40
o

41

42
 Short Circuit Test
• Secondary winding - short circuited
• Apply a fairly low voltage to the high voltage
side and adjust this voltage until the current in
the short circuited windings is equal to its rated
value
• Take ammeter, voltmeter & wattmeter readings

eq A eq

44
 • Finding 7?eq
- Magnetization current is negligible
- Copper loss, Pin = lin2Req
p.
D - rin
^eq ~ 2
in
• Finding Xeq

— = M2

Example 4:
The following data were obtained from testing a
48kVA, 4800/240 V step down transformer.
Voltage Current Power
(V) (A) (W)
Open circuit test 240 2 120
Short circuit test 150 10 600

Determine the equivalent circuit of the transformer

as viewed from
a) The high voltage side and
b) The low voltage side
Also draw the exact equivalent circuit.
 Three Phase Transformers
A three phase transformer can be constructed
by connecting three by wrapping three sets of
single-phase transformers windings on a common
in a three-phase bank- core- cheaper, smaller,
each unit can be replaced lighter, and slightly more
individually efficient

Three-phase transformer connections

• Primary and secondary windings of a three-
phase transformer can be connected in
either a wye (Y) or a delta (A )
• There are four possible connections for a
three-phase transformer bank:
a) Y-Y
b) Y-A
c) A-Y
d) A-A
48
 Y-Y connection

The primary phase voltage, 7P1 = ^L1/

V -i /
The secondary phase voltage, 7P2 = £-/

Vo 11 age ratio, a = Vm/|t12=

50
 Y-A connection

The primary line voltage, = <37P1

The secondary line voltage, l^2 = VP2

Voltage ratio of each phase, a =

=^'
Line voltage ratio becomes, rP2 - <3q

52
 A-Y connection

The primary line voltage, i =

The secondary line voltage, = y'37p2

Line to Irne voltage ratio.

54
 l\-l\ connection

_VP1/
Line to line voltage ratio,
" /Vpz
55

Transformer Ratings & Nameplate

Ratings:
• Rated voltage, rated apparent power, rated
frequency, per-unit series impedance, etc ..
Why is it important to mention rated values?
• To protect winding insulations from breakdown
due to excessive voltages
• To limit excessive currents and prevent excessive
heating
• If operated on a different frequency, voltage
should also be changed
^2,rms ~ 4.44 f Nz(Pm 56