Introduction to Elementary

Differential Equation
Lecture
The Lasallian Prayer

“Let us remember
that we are in the holy presence of God.”

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma Cristina Macawile 2

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Maria Cristina Macawile 3
 Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lecture you’ll be able to

1. Understand differential equation and its

importance in Engineering discipline.

2. Describe the ordinary differential equation to

partial differential equation.

3. Distinguish the degree, order and linearity of

differential equation.

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Maria Cristina Macawile 4

 Introduction

A differential equation is an equation with a function

and one or more of its derivatives,

𝑑𝑦
𝑦+ = 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥

An equation with the function ‘ y ‘ and its

derivative ‘dy/dx‘

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 5

 Introduction
• Suppose that a bungee jumping company hires you. You
are given task to predict the velocity of a jumper as
function of time during the free fall part of jump.

Upward force due to air resistance , Fu

Downward force due to gravity , Fd
a - acceleration
𝐹 F – force
𝑎=
𝑚
m – mass
𝑑𝑣 𝐹
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 v – velocity
t - time Fd Fu

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Maria Cristina Macawile 6

𝑑𝑣 𝐹
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 m – mass
g – acceleration due to gravity
𝐹𝑑 = 𝑚𝑔
cd - drag coefficient
𝐹𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2 v – velocity

𝑑𝑣 𝐹𝑑 + 𝐹𝑢
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

𝑑𝑣 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
= −
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑚

𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
=𝑔−
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
=𝑔−
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Maria Cristina Macawile 7

How to predict the velocity in terms of time, t
What is v (t) ?
Using differential equation methods, we can solve for v (t)

𝑔𝑚 𝑔 𝑐𝑑
𝑣 (𝑡) = tanh t
𝑐𝑑 𝑚

𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
=𝑔− A differential equation
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

𝑔𝑚 𝑔 𝑐𝑑
𝑣 (𝑡) = 𝑐𝑑
tanh 𝑚
t General Solution

A differential equation is an equation that relates one of more functions

and their derivatives.

In applications, the functions generally represent physical quantities,

the derivatives represent their rates of change, and the differential
equation defines a relationship between the two.

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma Cristina Macawile 8

 Let us have a review !

Dependent and Independent Variables

Scenario 1: I increase the number of study hours (variable 1) every

examination, my chances of getting high grades (variable 2) is
higher too .

My grade is dependent in to the number of study hours.

Variable 1– number of hours studying– independent variable, “CAUSE”

Variable 2- grades - dependent variable, “ EFFECT”

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Maria Cristina Macawile 9

 Let us have a review !

Scenario 2 : I increase the number of hours (variable 1) in shopping, my

chances of spending money (variable 2) is higher.

The amount of money I have is dependent on the number of hours

shopping.

Variable 1– number of hours shopping– independent variable, “CAUSE”

Variable 2- amount of money - dependent variable, “EFFECT”

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 10

A. Types of differential equation

1. Ordinary differential equation (ODE)

It contains one independent variable and therefore containing

only ordinary derivatives.

e.g.
𝑑𝑦 Independent variable – x
= 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 Ordinary derivatives – dy/dx

𝑑𝑦 Independent variable – x
= 𝑦 csc 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Ordinary derivatives – dy/dx

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Independent variable – x

+ 4𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 Ordinary derivatives – dy/dx

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma Cristina Macawile 11

2. Partial differential equation (PDE)

It contains two or more independent variables and there containing

partial derivatives.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 Independent variables – x and y

+ + 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 Partial derivatives – and 𝜕 𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 Independent variables – x and y

3 +7 +6 =0
𝜕 𝑥2 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Partial derivatives – , 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 , 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 𝑥2

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
−𝑘 =𝑣 Independent variables – t and x
𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑥2
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
Partial derivatives – , 𝜕 𝑥2
𝜕𝑡

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma Cristina Macawile 12

Given:

y = 3 x2 z3 - 5z ln x + 3x tan 3z
y = f (x,z)

𝑦
 read as “partial derivative of y with respect to
𝑥 z
x holding z as constant”

𝑦
 = 3 z3 . 2x dx - 5 z (1/x) dx + 3 tan3z dx
𝑥 z

= 6 x z3 dx - 5z/x dx + 3 tan 3z dx

𝑦
 = 3 x2 . 3z2dz - 5lnx dz + 3x sec2 3z . 3
𝑧 x

= 9x2 z2 dz – 5lnx dz + 9x sec2 3z dz

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B. Order of a differential equation
The order of the highest ordered derivatives in the equation

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What is the order of the following differential equations?

1. (y”’)2 + 3 (y”)4 – 2y = 0, this can also be written as,

2 4
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
+ 3 - 2y = 0
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3

Answer : order = 3rd order

2. yy‘ = x2 , this can also be written as,

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥

Answer : order = 1st order

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C. Degree of differential equation

Exponent to which the highest ordered derivative is raised.

The highest order for each differential equation is highlighted in red.

degree

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𝑑3 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦
- +
𝑑𝑧
=𝑒 −2𝑡 Answer: degree = 1
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

2 𝑣 2 𝑣 2 𝑣 Answer: degree = 1
- + =0
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2

y”’ - y” + y’ - 2y = 𝑒 −𝑥 Answer : degree = 1

Look for the order of the differential equation

and its degree is the Degree of the
Differential Equation.

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D. Linear differential equation

An equation which is first degree in the dependent variable and its

derivatives.

The presence of transcendental function (trigonometric, exponential,

logarithmic, etc.) combined with dependent variable makes an equation
non-linear.

For practical purposes, a linear first-order DE fits into the following

form:

Examples:

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Classification by Linearity

A nonlinear ordinary differential equation is simply one that is not linear.

Nonlinear functions of the dependent variable or its derivatives, such as
sin y or ey’ , cannot appear in a linear equation.

Examples:

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More Examples:

1. (y”’)2 + 3 (y”)4 – 2y = 0

Order – 3rd order ordinary differential equation

Degree – 2nd degree
Nonlinear

2. 2e4 y + y‘ sin y + y” = 0

Order – 2nd order ordinary differential equation

Degree – 1st degree
Nonlinear

3. dx/dt + t2 x(t) = cos(t)

Order – 1st order ordinary differential equation

Degree – 1st degree
Linear

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4. 2x3e3 + y IV sin x + x2 y ‘ = 0

Order – 4th order ordinary differential equation

Degree – 1st degree
Linear (dependent variable is raised in first degree)

5. yy‘ = x2

Order – 1st order

Degree – 1st degree
Nonlinear (the multiplication of dependent variable and its derivative
makes the equation non linear (yy’)

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Where can you find Differential equation?:

1. Equation arises in mechanics, heat, electricity, aerodynamics, stress

analysis and many other fields.

𝑑2 𝑥
= −𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑡 2

2. Equation in the field of mechanics in connection with simple harmonic

motion, as in small oscillations of a simple pendulum.

𝑑2 𝐼 𝑑𝐼
+ 8 𝑑𝑡 + 10 I = 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠 10𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2

3. Equation might arise in the determination of the current I as a function of

time t in an alternating current electric circuit.
=
𝐸𝐼 𝑦𝐼𝑉 𝑤 (𝑥)

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4. An important equation in civil engineering, in the theory of beam
deflections, or bending.

𝑤
y“= 1 + 𝑦′ 2
𝐻
5. Equation arises in connection with a problem relating to suspended
cables

𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑚 = 𝑣2
𝑑𝑚

6. Equation arose in a problem on a rocket flight

2 𝑉 2 𝑉 2 𝑉
+ + =0
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2

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7. Equation could arise in heat, electricity, aerodynamics, potential
theory and many other fields.

𝑢  2𝑢  2𝑢
=𝑘 +
𝑡  𝑥2  𝑦 2

8. Equation arises in the theory of heat conduction as well as in the

diffusion of neutrons in an atomic pile for the production of nuclear
energy

2𝑦 2  𝑦
2
= 𝑢
 𝑡2  𝑥2

9. Equation arises in connection with the vibration of strings and

propagation of electrical signals.

2 2 4
+ 2 2 2 + 4 = 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 Theory of stress analysis
𝑥 4 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦

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 END OF PRESENTATION

ONE HEART.
ONE COMMITMENT.
ONE LIFE.
1719 – 2019
#300LaSalle

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 25

The Lasallian Prayer

“I will continue, O my God,

to do all my actions for the love of Thee.”

Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for us.

Live Jesus in our hearts, forever.

12 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 26