Ordinary Differential Equation

Flow through an orifice

 Flow through an Orifice
The rate at which a liquid flows through out an orifice is
directly proportional to the product of the area of the orifice
and velocity of the flow.
𝒅𝑽
−  𝑺𝒐 . 𝒗
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑽
− = 𝑘 𝑺𝒐 . 𝒗
𝒅𝒕
where,
h t - time
V - volume of liquid that flows out an
orifice at any time
h - height of liquid level in tank at any time
So – area of the orifice
v – velocity of the flow
So , ro
ro – radius of the orifice

28 October 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 2

 Flow through an Orifice
Energy Balance
Potential Energy = Kinetic Energy

𝑚𝑔ℎ 1𝑚 𝑣 2
=
𝑘 2𝑘 dh
h1

𝑣= 2𝑔ℎ h2

𝑑𝑉
− = 𝑘 𝑆𝑜 . 𝑣
𝑑𝑡
dV
𝑑𝑉
− = 0.61  𝑟𝑜2 2𝑔ℎ If the fluid is water,
𝑑𝑡 k = 0.61

28 October 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 3

 Sample Problem 1
Example 1.5 m
1m
A tank having a cross section h = 3m
measure 1 m x 1.5 m is filled
with water to a height of 3 m. If it
has a hole at the bottom that has
a radium of 3cm. 1.6 m

1. When will the tank be empty?

(h=0)
2. When will the water in the tank
be 1.6 m high? (activity) ro = 3 cm
= 0.03 m

28 October 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 4

 Sample Problem 1
Required:
(a) at t = ? , h = 0

𝑑𝑉
− = 0.61  𝑟𝑜2 2𝑔ℎ
𝑑𝑡 If the fluid is water,
k = 0.61
−𝐴𝑑ℎ
= 0.61  𝑟𝑜2 2𝑔ℎ Volume = Area x height
𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ
− (1.5𝑥1) = 0.61  0.032 2 9.81 ℎ Substitute given data from
𝑑𝑡 problem
28 October 2021

−1.5 𝑑ℎ
= 2 9.81 ℎ
0.61  0.03 2 𝑑𝑡 Rearrange

28 October 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 5

 Sample Problem 1
0 𝑡
−1.5 𝑑ℎ Rearrange, so that ‘h’ variable is in
න = න 𝑑𝑡 the left side and ‘t ‘ variable at the
0.61  0.03 2
3 ℎ 0 other side. Carefully set the limits
from the given data.

1 1
−869.7 ℎ𝑖2 − ℎ𝑓2 = 𝑡 hi – initial height
hf – final height

𝒕 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏 Calculate time, t

28 October 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 6

 Sample Problem 2
2. A tank 1.22m deep has a rectangular cross section of 1.83m
by 2.44m. The tank is initially filled with water, which runs out
through an orifice of radius 2.54cm located in the bottom of the
tank. Find (a) the time required for tank to empty (b) the time
required for half the water to drain from the tank and (c) the
height of water in the tank 20 mins. after it starts to drain.

Required:
1.83 m
2.44 m
a. t = ? , h=0
b. t = ? , h = 1.22/2 = 0.61 m
1.22 m c. t = 20 min h=?
= 1200 sec
r = 2.54 cm

28 October 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 7

 Sample Problem 2 (a)
Solution
𝒅𝑽
− = 𝒌 𝑺𝒐 𝒗 𝑆𝑜 =  𝑟𝑜2
𝒅𝒕
From energy balance, PE = KE
𝑣= 2𝑔ℎ = 2 9.81 ℎ

𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ Volume = Area x height

− =𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑉
Rearrange and substitute
𝑑𝑡
𝐴 𝑑ℎ
− = 𝒌 ( 𝒓𝟐𝒐 ) 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ Substitute given data from problem

− 2.44 1.83 = 0.61  0.02542 2 9.81 ℎ
𝑑𝑡
0 𝑡 Rearrange so that ‘h’ variable is in
𝑑ℎ
− 4.4652 න = 5.476418671 𝑥 10−3 න 𝑑𝑡 the left side and ‘t ‘ variable at the
1.22 ℎ 0
other side. Carefully set the limits
28 October 2021 from the given data.

Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 8

 Sample Problem 2 (b)

01/2 − 1.221/2
= −1.22646602 𝑥 10−3 𝑡
1/2

𝒕 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔.

0.61 𝑑ℎ 𝑡
b. ‫׬‬1.22 = −1.22646602 𝑥 10−3 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑡
ℎ

0.611/2 − 1.221/2
= −1.22646602 𝑥 10−3 𝑡
1/2

𝒕 = 𝟓𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟗 𝒎𝒊𝒏s

28 October 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 9

 Sample Problem 2 (c)
The time is in seconds,
ℎ 𝑑ℎ 1200
c. ‫׬‬1.22 ℎ = −1.22646602 𝑥 10−3 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑡 because ‘g’ has a unit of
m/s^2
ℎ1/2 − 1.221/2
= −1.22646602 𝑥 10−3 (1200)
1/2

2
ℎ1/2 = 1.09222

𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝒎

28 October 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 10

 END OF PRESENTATION

ONE HEART.
ONE COMMITMENT.
ONE LIFE.
1719 – 2019
#300LaSalle

28 October 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 11

The Lasallian Prayer

“I will continue, O my God,

to do all my actions for the love of Thee.”

Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for us.

Live Jesus in our hearts, forever.

28 October 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma Cristina Macawile 12