Decent Work Employment (NUR 112)
P 1 Labor code of the Philippines, Article 281
Decent work
└ It is an employment that respects the fundamental
rights of the human person as well as the rights of
workers in terms of conditions of work safety and
renumeration, respect for the physical and mental
integrity of the worker in the exercise of his/her
employment
 Do employers give respect to the basic rights
of the worker?
 Would the work place offer free PPEs to
promote work safety?
 Renumeration- Salary and wages are
extrinsic motivation to workers
o Workers should be properly
compensated
 Physical and mental- considers holistic
being of the worker
└ It involves opportunities for work that are productive
and deliver a fair income, security in the workplace
and social protection for families, better prospects for
personal development and social integration,
freedom for people to express their concerns,
organize, and participate in the decisions that affect
their lives and equality of opportunity and treatment
for all women and men (International Labor
Organization)
 A decent work should develop a person’s
personality and the professional career (e. g.
graduate studies scholarships for
professional growth, in-service trainings and
seminars)
Four objectives of International Labor Organization’s
decent work
└ To create jobs
 Greater job opportunities
 For better sustainable development
 To boost the economy
└ To provide guarantee in worker’s rights and rights at
work
 Employees should be well recognized
 There should be no discrimination
└ To extend social protection to workers of all
categories
 Safety condition of all aspects
 Right to rest, day offs
└ To help workers in resolutions in conflicts and
promotion of social dialogue
 Conflicts will always arise in work
environments but should be well managed
Types of employment in the Philippines
1. Regular or permanent employment
└ Will not be fired immediately, unless you violate
rules
└ They enjoy the benefit of security of tenure
└ You will have the job, unless, you resign
└ After retirement, there will be compensations
└ The maximum length of probationary employment
shall be six months, and is counted form the date an
employee started working
 Six months only for probationary but if more
than six months the person should be already
a candidate for regularizations
 But for professors, three years is needed to
be a candidate for regularization
2. Term or fixed employment
└ It is when the employee renders service for a definite
period of time and the employment contract must be
terminated after such period expires
└ Minimum time of service is six months
└ Up to the employers if they would rehire the
employee or not
└ Also called contractual employment
3. Project employment
└ An employee is hired for a specific project or
undertaking and the employment duration is specified
by the scope of work and/ or length of project
└ E.g., architects, engineers, nurse researchers
4. Seasonal employment
└ The work to be performed is only for a certain time
or a season of the year and the employment is only
for that duration
└ E.g., board exam reviewers
└ There is a peak season where employees are hired
5. Casual employment
└ An employee performs work that is not usually
necessary or primarily related to the employer’s
business or trade
└ Outside works are usually done
Working conditions and rest periods, and hours or work
└ Nurses should only work 8 hours/day, 40 hours per
week (5 days)
└ Some hospitals have 12 hours (4 days of duty only)
of duty especially in special areas
Article 83. normal hours of work
└ The normal hours of work of any employee shall not
exceed eight hours a day
Article 85. meal periods
└ It shall be the duty of every employer to give his
employees not less than sixty minutes time-off for
their regular meals
Night differential
└ Every employee shall be paid a night shift differential
of not less than ten percent of their regular wage for
each hour of work between 10 o’clock in the evening
and six o’clock in the morning
└ 10 pm-6 am duty or work
Overtime work
 └ An additional compensation equivalent to their
regular wage plus at least 25% thereof
Undertime not offset by overtime
└ Undertime work on any particular day shall not be
offset by overtime work on any other day
└ Overtime does not fix undertime
Emergency over time work
└ When the country is at war
└ When it is necessary to prevent loss of life or
property (imminent danger to public safety)
└ When there is urgent work to be performed
└ When the work is necessary to prevent loss or
damage to perishable goods
 Food delivery
└ When the completion or continuation of work started
before the eighth hour is necessary to prevent serious
obstruction to the business
Right to weekly rest day
└ It shall be the duty of the employer, whether
operating for profit or not, to provide each of his
employees a rest period of not less than 24
consecutive hours after six consecutive normal
working days
Article 92. When employee may be required to work on a
rest day
└ In case of actual or impending emergencies caused by
serious accidents: fire, flood, typhoons, earthquake,
epidemic, or other disasters or calamity to prevent
loss of life and property or imminent danger to the
public safety
└ In cases of urgent work to be performed on the
machinery, equipment, or installation to avoid serious
loss which the employer would otherwise suffer
└ In the event of abnormal pressure of work due to
special circumstances, where the employer cannot
ordinarily be expected to resort to other measures
└ To prevent loss or damage to perishable goods
└ Where the nature of work requires continuous
operations
 Even when the employee is on leave or on
rest day they will be called to report to work
Article 93. Compensation for rest day, Sunday, or holiday
work
└ When an employee is made or permitted to work on
his scheduled rest day, he shall be paid an additional
compensation of at least 30% of his regular wage
Article 94. Right to holiday pay
└ The employer may require an employee to work on
any holiday but such employee shall be paid a
compensation equivalent to twice his regular rate
The Basic Rights of Employees
Equal Work Opportunities for all
└ The state shall protect labor, promote full
employment, provide equal work opportunity
regardless of gender, race, or creed; regulate
employee-employer relations
Security of tenure
└ Every employee shall be assured security of tenure
└ No employee can be dismissed from work except for
a just or authorized cause, and only after due process
 Dismissal is not permitted unless there are
breach to code of ethics and rules
Work days and work hours
└ The normal hours of work in a day are eight hours
└ An employee must be paid his or her wages for all
hours worked
Weekly rest day
└ A day-off of 24 consecutive hours after six days of
work should be scheduled by the employer upon
consultation with the workers
Wage and wage related benefits
└ An employer cannot make any deduction from an
employee’s wage except for insurance premiums with
the consent of the employee
 Pag-ibig, SSS, Philheath
 Gross pay- total salary received before taxes
are deducted
 Net pay- total wage when taxes are already
deducted
 Premiums are deducted at the last salary of
the month (30th)
Payment of wages
└ Wages shall be paid in cash, legal tender at or near
the place of work. Wages shall be given not less than
once every two weeks or twice within month at
intervals no exceeding 16 days
 15th and 30th day salary
 According to DOLE, salary should not be
late but can be given early
Employment of women
└ Night work prohibition unless allowed by the rules
 In industrial undertakings from 10 pm to 6
am
 In commercial/non-industrial undertakings
from 12 mn to 6 am
o Industrial workers
 In agricultural undertakings, at night time
unless given not less than nine consecutive
hours of rest
 For pregnant women, a month before they
should already file a maternity leave till 90
days
Employment of children
└ Minimum employable age is 15 years old. A worker
below 15 years of age should be directly under the
sole responsibility of parents or guardians; work does
not interfere with the child’s schooling or normal
development
 For emancipated minors, they are allowed to
work since they are already living
independently
Safe working conditions
└ Employers must provide workers with every kind of
on-the-job protection against injury, sickness, or
death through safe and healthful working conditions
  All aspects of the work should be secured of
safety (holistic health, building structure,
etc.)
 Protective equipment should be provided by
the company or employer
Right to self-organization and collective bargaining
└ Right to self-organization
 Right of every worker to form or join any
legitimate worker’s organization, association
or union of his or her own choice
└ Labor unions and organizations of employees
 They demand the rights of employees
Employee’s compensation (EC) benefits for work-related
contingencies
└ The employee’s compensation program is the tax-
exempt compensation program for employees and
their dependents
 Medical benefits for sickness or injuries
o Health cards
 Disability benefits
 Rehabilitation benefits
 Death and funeral benefits
 Pension benefits
o Government workers highly
benefits this
└ Usually, only the regular workers may experience
these benefits
Types of leaves
Vacation leave
└ All employees, with the exception of casual workers,
are entitled of four weeks of vacation per year
 This type of leave is paid
 In some companies, if vacation leave is not
used it may be converted to cash
o Amount will be based on the salary
Parental leave
└ All employees are entitled to unpaid parental leave
after working for 12 months
 Should be legal spouse
 Leave to attend school meetings of children
is an example of unpaid parental leave
└ Female employees are entitled to 90 calendar days
of maternity leave with full pay
└ Male employees shall be entitled to 10 working
days of paternity leave with full pay during the
period of maternity leave of their legal spouse
Leave for personal
└ If he/she is unfit for work due to personal illness or
injury (Sick Leave)
 Medical certificate should be presented
└ If a member of the employee’s immediate family
suffers a serious injury or illness or dies (2 days paid
care leave)
Study leave
└ Study leave shall be granted by the university only on
the basis of the needs of the university and the
interests of staff development
└ Usually applicable to teachers and professors
RA 9173 “the Philippine Nursing Law”
└ Philippine nursing act of 2002
Sec. 32. Salary
└ The minimum base pay of nurses working in public
health institution shall not be lower than salary grade
15 prescribed under RA 6758 otherwise known as
“Compensation and Classification Act of 1989”
 SG15 = Php 32,000.00
 Government: Entry level is nurse I until
nurse V and salary is also increasing
 Not applicable to private hospitals
Sec. 33. Incentives and benefits
└ The BON in coordination with the DOH and other
concerned agencies, association of hospitals and the
accredited professional organization shall establish an
incentive and benefit system in the form of:
 Free hospital care for nurses and their
dependents
 Scholarship grants
 Other non-cash benefits
 PNA is the accredited professional
organization of nursing
Job Search in Nursing
Different fields in nursing
Clinical nursing
Community nursing
└ Refers to the practice of nursing in the local, national,
and city health departments which include health
centers and public schools
└ Focus: Families and Whole Community
└ Roles:
 Vaccinations
 Assessments of Children and Pregnant
Women
 Implementation of DOH programs
School health nursing
└ Responsible for the school’s activities in the areas of
health service, health education and environment
health and safety
└ Focus: Students, Teachers, and Personnel
└ Roles:
 Health education
 Attend to the complaints of Students,
Teachers, and Personnel
Industrial/ occupational nursing
└ Work alone in situations where they may have to give
immediate care to patients with serious injuries, they
need to be fully informed about their legal
responsibilities
└ Companies may have their own nurses
└ Emergency situations in the workplace, especially
needed when toxic or hazardous products are handled
in the company
Clinical nursing  At least 1 year of nursing experience in the
hospital
HOSPITAL/ INSTITUTIONAL NURSING
 A registered nurse with a master’s degree
└ Nursing in the hospitals and related health facilities
such as extended care facilities, nursing homes, and  Member of the PNA
neighborhood clinics, comprises all of the basic  With good moral character
components of comprehensive patient care and
family health
└ Roles: Nurse entrepreneur
o OR/ ER/ DR
o Infection control └ Business should still be related to the medical field
o Hemodialysis/ Renal └ i.e., Review Center, Derma Clinic, Med tools
o ICU/ PICU/ NICU
o Pediatric Flight nursing
o Psychiatric Nursing └ Responsible for patients, military or otherwise, who
o Geriatric have been evaluated from battle areas to the nearest
o Nurse Midwife installation for treatment
o Nurse Anesthetist └ First aid management while transporting the patient
└ Acute care settings from one place to another
Independent nursing practice
Clinic nursing
└ The nurse is self-employed and provides professional
└ Acts as the receptionist, answers phone, does the
nursing services to the clients/patients and their
billing, take x-ray and ECGs, changes dressings, give
families
injections (BCG, DPT, measles), and assist in
Physical examinations └ Nurse may take different certifications to have
└ Attends the needs of the patients in the clinic specializations then put-up business that is inclined
with to specialization
Nursing informatics └ Considered as clinicians
└ Practiced more often in other countries
└ Is a field of nursing that incorporates
└ Nurse anesthetists
└ Documentation of e-health records, information
science
└ There is a levelling- beginning, advanced, and expert
levels Resume
Forensic nursing └ A resume will get you through the door, but the
└ Registered Registered nurses who received interview is what will get you hired
specialized education and training to provide care to
Job search tools
patients who experienced victimized or violence
└ Needs specialization before you can enter this field └ Strong resume
└ Medico-legal cases └ Strong cover letter or application letter
Private duty nursing  Always name the addressee of the letter
 First paragraph- place your intention why
└ Is a registered nurse who undertakes to give you want to apply, where did you heart that
comprehensive nursing care to a client on a one-to- they are hiring, why did you choose the
one ratio certain institution
└ In any setting, ration is 1:1  Last paragraph- summary of your profile,
└ Usually for long-term care and chronic patients e.g., experiences
patients with TPN, NGT └ 3-4 professional references
Military nursing  Recommendations from previous employers,
former professors, dean, faculty
└ Provides comprehensive and quality nursing care to  But make sure they are informed that they
all military personnel and their dependents and will be character references, because the
authorized relatives company will be calling them
└ Army reserved personnel  Family members are not used
└ Has to complete a general military course └ Interview preparation
└ In military hospitals, in order to become a chief  Attire should be business attire
nurse, s/he should have a Colonel Ranking
Resume

└ It is a formal document that provides an overview of

Nursing education
└ Nurse who likes to consider teaching as their field of
expertise
└ According to RA 9173, for a nurse to become a
faculty in the CON a nurse should have:
your professional qualifications, including your
relevant work experience, skills, education, and
notable accomplishments
└ For fresh graduates and newly board passers, related
nursing experiences may be placed
└ Provides the professional portfolio
└ Goal: to convince employers that you are worth
interviewing
 └ Your resume is a valuable tool you can use to
highlight your experience to prospective employers
 Any relevant trainings and experiences may
be highlighted here
└ List any relevant work experience you have
 First part of the resume should show your
└ If fresh grad, related nursing experiences may be
strong points
placed
Section  Where you did your RLE duties
└ Include your title, the company you worked for, years
└ Contact details worked, and a bulleted list of your key
└ Career objective responsibilities and notable successes
└ Education └ Seminars and trainings may be placed here
 Elementary and high school may not be
included Section 5: skills
 College and post grad studies may be └ Include any resume skills you possess that are
included relevant to the position
└ Experience └ Communication skills, leadership skills
└ Skills └ Be sure to use a strong mix of hard skills and soft
└ Character references skills to demonstrate that you are well-rounded
candidate
Section 1: contact details Guidelines in making a resume

└ No more than 2 pages

 Should be stapled
 The second page should have a name in the
footer
└ No grammatical errors and typographical errors
└ First and last name └ Update resume at least annually
 Titles should be placed  Include the seminars and trainings attended
└ Permanent address └ Make sure to keep in mid things like the type of font,
└ Phone number the consistency of margins, and the styles of borders
└ Email address └ Font recommendations: Arial or Times New Roman;
10-12
Section 2: career objective └ Using resume template is discourage
└ Do not include personal information such as birthrate,
marital status, social security or in good health
 Exclude hobbies, interests and
religion/ethnic backgroundUnless necessary
└ Make sure your resume is readable
└ Change career objective with every job you apply └ Maker sure the important facts are easy to spot
 Base it on the field you are applying on  GWA, achievements, positions are usually
 Know the job description to base the career in bold
objective there  Use of headers
 Also place what you can offer └ Do a spelling and grammar check
 Summary profile may also be placed └ Do not include pictures, fancy binders, or personal
references
└ Do not include salary information or hobbies (unless
they have contributed to your work experience)
Section 3: education
└ Do not include personal information such as marital
status such as weight, marital status and number of
children
└ Do not repeat yourself just to make the resume
longer. A good resume is lean and to the point and
focuses on your strengths and accomplishments
 Only the strong points should be placed

Pointers in preparing for an interview

└ Only include college and post grad studies
└ School names
 Address of the school should be placed
 Place the date of when you graduated
└ Highest degree earned, majors and minors
└ Course
└ GWA may be placed
└ Honor and accomplishments
 Positions held may also be placed
Section 4: experience
└ Make an appointment either by mail or telephone
 Date, time, and place of appointment will be
sent by the employer
 Always keep your lines open
└ Be at the place at the appointed time
 Never be late! This will mark as a first
impression
└ Know something about the institution where you will
apply so that you can answer intelligently
 Know the vision and mission of the
organization
  Organization chart, who are the
administrators (top-level managers)
└ Be at your best
 Not only your best attire but also the best
momentum (mood, psyche)
└ Knock before you enter
 As a sign of respect
└ Bring credentials such as registration card, residence
certificate tax account number
 Certificate of registration for nurses as proof
that you have already passed the board exam
 PRC ID
 Board rating certificate
 Resume
 Photocopy of certificates for seminars
 A portfolio of credentials
└ Ask questions about the job
 There are some employers who ask for an
expected salary, if they ask, give your
answer
└ Thank the interviewer for giving you some of his or
her time
 Sign of sincerity or respect
└ Give yourself time to think about the position
└ If the prospective employer does not answer, you
may write a follow-up letter stating your interest in
the position
 Following up in the status of application
 Beyond a week, you can write a follow-up
letter because 3-5 days they already respond
└ Do not begin with questions about vacations,
benefits, or sick time. This would leave the
impression that these are the most important part of
the job to you and not the work itself
 Knowing what to contribute, job functions
and responsibilities should be asked first to
show your interest
└ Do begin with questions about the employer’s
expectation of you. This will leave the impression
that you want to know how you can contribute to the
organization
└ Be sure you know enough about the position to make
a reasonable decision about accepting an offer if one
is made
 Know the scope of responsibility
└ Do ask questions about the organization as a whole.
This information is useful to you and demonstrates
that you are able to see the big picture
 Philosophy, core values, management
└ Do bring a list of important points to discuss to help
you if you are nervous
└ Phrase your questions appropriately and use
appropriate grammar and diction. Words like “yeah”,
“uh-huh”, “you know”, or “like” are too casual for an
interview
└ During the interview, use the interviewer’s title and
last name as you speak. Never use the interviewer’s
first name unless specifically requested to do so
Additional tips
└ Bring only essential items to the interview (resume,
references, portfolio, datebook,
└ Know location of office and how to get there. Make a
trial trip getting to the interview
 To prevent from getting lost and predict the
time you can arrive to the are
└ Arrive 15 minutes early for the actual interview
 As much as possible, arrive their 30 minutes
early
 Shows diligence and punctuality
 Also sets the mood
└ Be pleasant, polite, and friendly but business-like to
everyone you meet, including office staff
└ Check your appearance before going in
└ Language used is in accordance to the language of
question asked
Professional dressing
└ For women
 Wear a suit and tailored jacket, dress with
sleeves, or dress with jacket in conservative
style, color and fabric. Be feminine, but
business-like. Do not dress sensually unless
sex appeal is part of the job
 Hair is conservative style; nails manicured,
short to mid length, clear or light color
polish
 Keep make-up and accessories to minimum;
less is more
└ For men
 Wear a suit, blue or gray, in conservative
style. Blazer, slack and shirt with collar but
w/o tie are acceptable in few instances.
Freshly pressed
 Shirts solid color; ties conservative
 Eliminate earrings, flashy jewelry, or strong
after-shave
 Conservative style hair, beard
 Dress style shoes, polished and repaired
 Shoes should match color with the belt
Non-verbal
└ Always offer your hand; use a firm but not crushing
handshake
└ Use eye contact without starring; avoiding contact is
a sign of deception, disinterest, or lack of confidence
└ If a place of sitting is not indicated, choose a chair
closest to the interviewer
└ Sit relaxed, but not slouch. Leaning lightly forward
shows interest but do not lean on desk or knees
└ Use hands naturally to emphasize a point; do not
cover mouth, hold your head or twist hands
 Hand gestures
Summary of deadly interview mistakes
└ Arrives late for the interview
└ Indicates he is late because the directions he was
given were not good
└ Looks disheveled and inappropriately dressed
└ Slouches in his seat
└ Does not maintain good eye contact with interviewer
└ Assumes he will find out about the company in the
interview. Ask interviewer, “What do you do here?”
└ Does not link what he can do with the needs of the
employer
└ Brags about how great he is, but cites no evidence
└ Responses have no clear focus, seems disorganized
and rambling
└ Is low-key; does not provide enthusiasm nor appear
to want the job; what are you going to do for me
attitude
└ Answers most questions with short “yes” or “no”
 Always provide explanations
└ Appears desperate for a job-- any job
 └ Call the interviewer by his first name repeatedly or └ What would you most like to improve about yourself?
uses the wrong name └ What could you have done better on your last job?
└ Badmouths his former boss and the company └ What can you tell me that best illustrates your personal
└ Gives memorized responses and forgets parts drive and motivation?
└ Asks “how am I doing? Are you going to hire me?”
Questions an interviewee may ask
After the interview └ Were there any questions i didn’t provide an adequate
answer?
└ Review and analyze └ Is this new or replacement job?
└ Send a thank you note └ As you think about this position, what aspects of this job
└ Make a return visit or telephone call two or three could be performed better?
days after your interview └ What do you visualize as the major opportunity areas for
this position?
Common questions └ To whom does this report?
└ What is the background of my potential boss?
└ Review and analyze your performance. Take notes,
└ What qualifications does your ideal candidate need?
modify any items to improve your next interview
└ What are the opportunities for personal growth?
└ Send a thank you note to the manager immediately
└ If you were to offer me this job, where could i expect to
after the interview. Don’t put this off
be in 5 years?
└ Make a return visit or a telephone call two or three
days after your interview
 Reintroduce yourself and remind which job Compensation issues
you interviewed for └ Never ask about salary. The company will discuss salary
 Add any additional thoughts you may not when appropriate
have covered when interviewed
 Usually reserved for the second interview or when
 Emphasize your strengths for the job there is a firm offer
 Find out if a hiring decision has been made.
 When the offer is made, ask: is there a sign-on bonus
If decision and you’re not it, ask for or commission in addition to salary? How often are
suggestions for creating a better impression.
the reviews?
 Thank the interviewer for speaking to you └ Benefits questions. Company benefits are offer worth
and for their time
25%-50% or more of cash salary offered.
└ If you are asked give me one good reason to not hire
 Ask: when am I eligible for the plan? Do I have a
you choice of benefits available?
 Answer it by saying a negative trait that └ Negotiations. Everything can be negotiated after you have
could be turned to positive received an offer. Know the market and request
 E.g., micromanaging, does not stop until consideration in terms of salary; benefits and perks
something is finished
Legal questions
Common questions and answers
└ Tell me about yourself
 Highlight your background as it relates to particular
job
└ In what ways will your education or training help you in
this position?
 Demonstrates your capacity to make practical
application of formal knowledge and training
└ Why did you specialize in your particular field?
 Solicits about basic value system
└ What do know about our company?
 Use company research
└ Why are you interested in working for this company?
 Relate your skills to what you know about the
company
└ How does this position fit into future plans?
└ Where do you see yourself in three years?
 Demonstrate ambition, potential and flexibility P 2
└ In a job, what interests you the most/least?
 Relate to the position Transcultural Nursing
└ Describe your best/worst boss
 Keep it positive └ Madeleine Leininger- proponent of transcultural nursing
└ How others do describe you? theory
 Personal traits and characteristics, adjectives  Provides culturally-congruent care
└ What do you consider your single most noteworthy  Care that fits or is sensitive to the culture
accomplishment in your job?  If it is sensitive to the culture, people tend to
└ Give me one good reason I should hire you. adapt and respond to it
└ Give me one good reason I shouldn’t hire you.  Highest and most universal care construct is trust
└ What qualifications do you have for this job? and should be achieved when caring
└ If you were hired, what ideas/ talents could you contribute
to this position? Culture
└ What do you consider your most outstanding quality?
└ What evidence can you cite that demonstrates your job └ Attitude of people who are geographically grouped
effectiveness? └ Beliefs and behaviors
  What do they believe in, in certain practices Biases of culture
└ Customs
└ Prejudice- negative feelings
└ A concept that encompasses beliefs and behaviors that are
└ Stereotype- negative opinions
learned by a group of people
 Generalizing a certain group with a negative
Characteristics of culture opinion
└ Discrimination- negative actions
└ Culture can be learned
└ Shared to a certain group of people or community Types of prejudice
└ Cumulative
└ Racism
 Can be passed from one generation to
└ Sexism
another
└ Heterosexism- discrimination of the third sex
└ Diverse
└ Classicism- discrimination depending on social status
 Cultures differ from place to place
└ Linguicism- discrimination based on language
 Naturally diverse in nature
└ Dynamic └ Ageism- discrimination of the older age
└ Lookism- discrimination based on physical
 Culture changes with time
appearance
What are the components of culture?
Dietary practices of certain religions
└ Communication- transfer of information from one
Buddhists
person to another
 Uses nonverbal and verbal communications └ Natural foods of the earth are considered most pure
 Take note of the verbal, most especially, the └ They refrain from eating meat and a vegetarian diet is
nonverbal communication of a certain desirable
culture └ Monks avoid all solid food on afternoon
└ Cognitive- composed of ideas and knowledge
└ Materials Hindus
└ Behaviors- there are acceptable behaviors and
└ Beef, other meats, and fish are restricted or avoided
standards in a certain community (norms)
└ Cow is sacred and cannot be eaten, but products of
Types of norms the “sacred” cow are pure and desirable
└ Alcohol is avoided
└ Acceptable behavior of a society
└ Mores- moral values Islam
 E.g., pagmamano, the use of po and opo └ Halal- means “permitted”
 Even if you do not follow more, sanctions └ Haram- means “forbidden”
are not done
└ Alcohol and all alcohol-containing foods are haram
└ Laws- among all types, this is the most formal
└ Coffee, tea, stimulants are haram
 If you do not follow laws, you may be
└ Pork and carnivorous/omnivorous meats are haram
sanctioned
└ Animal blood, meat that has already been dead are
└ Folkways- repetitive behavior of a certain group of
haram
people
└ Animal meats that have been properly slaughtered
 E.g., the way Igorots dress, the way Aetas
with their blood drained are halal
eat
└ Ramadan- fasting during the day time
└ Rituals- ceremonies
 E.g., weddings, burials, baptisms Mormons
Cultural transmission └ Alcohol and beverages containing caffeine prohibited
└ Caffeins is addictive and leads to poor physical and
└ Enculturation- transmission of culture within/ inside
emotional health
the group (families)
└ Fasting is the discipline of self-control and honoring
 E.g., if one parent is a nurse, an offspring
to God
will also be a nurse
└ Acculturation- transmission of culture to another Seventh-day Adventists
group
 When a person moves to another country, a └ Pork prohibited, and meat and fish avoided
person may acquire beliefs of the country └ Alcohol, coffee, and tea prohibited
└ Assimilation- Removal or forgetting previous culture └ Vegetarian diet is encouraged
└ Immersion- acquiring culture when immersed to a
Born again Christians
group of people
└ Balut is restricted
Cultural relativity
└ Fasts from the new year to the mid-year
└ You cannot relate your culture to the culture of others
Jehovah’s witnesses
 Because cultures are different and diverse
└ Ethnocentrism- feeling of superiority └ Any foods to which blood has been added are
 White supremacists prohibited (also INC)
└ Xenocentrism- feeling of inferiority └ Can consume animal flesh that has been drained (no
blood)
Judaism └ Will be excommunicated if they receive blood
transfusions
└ Meats allowed include animals that are vegetable
eaters (cows) and animals that are ritually slaughtered Islam
└ Fish that have scales and fins are not allowed
└ Second-degree male relatives such as cousins or
└ Any combination of meat and milk is prohibited
uncles should be the contact person and determine
└ Yom Kippur- similar to Ramadan
whether the client and/or family should be given
 Fasting for 24 hours (1 day)
information about the client
 Pregnant women and those who are
 If no second-degree families or no family
seriously ill are exempted from fasting
members at all are available the doctors may
└ During their pass over, the only thing they can eat is
decide
the unleavened bread (no yeast)

Roman Catholicism └ Client may choose to face Mecca

 West or southwest direction
└ Avoid meat on Ash Wednesday and good Friday but └ The head should be elevated above the body
fasting is optional └ Discussions about death are usually not welcomed
└ During lent, discourage eating of meat on Friday └ Stopping medical treatment is against Allah’s will
Dietary preferences of different races  DNR/ advanced directives are not allowed
└ Grief may be expressed through slapping or hitting
Africans the body
└ If possible, same-sex Muslim should handle the body
└ Fried foods
after death (or same sex if no Muslim)
└ Pork, greens, rice
 Gloves are worn if the nurse handling the
└ Some pregnant Africans engage in pica
patient is not a Muslim
Asians └ Embalming is not done and should be immediately
buried
└ Rice
└ Soy sauce Judaism
└ Raw fish- Japanese └ Prolongation of life is important
Europeans  Life-support must remain so until death
└ A dying person should not be left alone
└ Carbohydrates └ Ravi (priest) is required
└ Red meat └ Autopsy and cremation are forbidden
Hispanic Americans Hinduism
└ Beans └ Rituals include tying a thread around the neck or
└ Fried foods wrist of the dying person, sprinkling the person with
└ Spicy foods special water, or placing a leaf of basil on their
└ Tortillas tongue
└ Carbonated beverages └ After death, the sacred threads are not removed and
the body is not washed
American Indians └ They prefer cremation and ashes are cast in the holy
└ Blue cornmeal river
└ Fish Buddhism
└ Fruits and berries
└ A shrine to buddha may be placed in the client’s
End-of-life issues of different religions room
Roman Catholicism └ Time for meditation at the shrine is important and
should be respected
└ A priest anoints the sick └ Clients may refuse medications that may alter their
└ Other sacraments before death include reconciliation awareness
and holy communion  Opioids
 Confessions  Anesthesia
└ After death, a monk may recite prayers for one hour
Protestant
End-of-life issues of different races
└ No last rites
└ Prayers are given to offer comfort and support Hispanic and Latin groups

Mormons └ The family generally makes decisions and may

request to withhold the diagnosis or prognosis from
└ May administer a sacrament if the client requests the client
└ They discourage cremation  Several family members should be at
Jehovah’s witness bedside of the dying person
 Even the extended family members should
└ Blood transfusion and organ donations are prohibited be included in the end-of-life care
└ Do not believe in sacraments
  Pregnant women are prohibited to attend
funerals and take care of dying persons
└ Vocal expression of grief and mourning is acceptable
and expected
└ Members refuse procedures that can alter the body
such as organ donation or autopsy
└ Members prefer to die at home
 If they know that their family member will
die, they will prefer to take the family
member home
Africans
└ Members discuss issues with the spouse or older
family member
 The elderly is treated with high respect they
usually make the decision for the client’s
care
└ Family is highly valued and is central to the care of
the terminally ill
└ Open displays of emotion are common and accepted
└ Organ and blood donation usually are not allowed
└ Members prefer to die at home
Chinese
└ Family members may make decisions about care and
often do not tell the client the diagnosis or prognosis
 Because they believe that this can aggravate
the condition of the patient
└ Dying at home may be considered bad luck
Native Americans
└ Family meetings may be held to make decisions
about end-of-life and type of treatments that should
be pursued
└ Some tribes avoid contact with the dying
Additional notes:
└ For races and religions who do not encourage
cremation, if the patient turns out CoVid positive the
patient may still be cremated d/t exception to the
general rule
Cultural Practices of Different Races
ASIANS
└ Body built is petite, thin
Communication
└ Languages include Chinese, Japanese, Korean,
Vietnamese, and English
└ Silence is valued
 Especially the Chinese
└ Eye contact may be considered inappropriate or
disrespectful
 Koreans and majority of the Asians practice
this
 This means that when you look at their eyes
you are at their level
└ Criticisms or disagreements are not exposed verbally
└ Head nodding does not necessarily mean agreement
└ The word “no” may be interpreted as disrespect for
others
Time orientation and personal space
└ Time orientation reflects respect for the past but
includes emphasis on the present and the future
 Asian’s respect and value time
 When you say that you will be going back at
a specific time, go back to that time
└ Usually, members do not touch others during
conversations
└ Touching is unacceptable with members of the
opposite sex
 Male nurses are assigned to male patients
and female nurses are assigned to female
patients
└ The head is considered to be sacred
 When you touch someone’s head it means
disrespectful
Social roles
└ Large extended family networks are common
 Family-oriented people
 They honor loyalty to immediate and
extended family
└ Family unit is structured and hierarchical
 Most Asians practice patriarchal families
└ Men have the power and authority
 They are the breadwinners, makes decisions
for the family
 Women are expected to be obedient to men
└ Education is viewed as important
└ Religions include Taoism (Buddhism), Islam, and
Christianity
└ Social organizations are strong within the community
Health and illness
└ Health is a state of physical and spiritual harmony
with nature and balance between positive and energy
forces
 Chinese- yin (femaleness, darkness) and
yang (light, maleness)
└ A healthy body is viewed as a gift from the ancestors
└ Yin foods are cold and yang foods are hot
└ Illness to attributed to prolonged sitting, lying, or to
over exertion
 Moderate work is the standard
Health risks
└ Hypertension
 Asians like meat and salty foods
└ Heart diseases
└ Cancer
└ Lactose intolerance
└ Blood disorders- thalassemia
Interventions
└ Avoid physical closeness and excessive touching
 Unless necessary e.g., performing
procedures
 But inform the client that you will be
touching a body part
└ Limit eye contact
└ Avoid gesturing with hands
└ If possible, a female client prefers a female health
care provide and male nurse to a male client
└ Be flexible in scheduling care
  They do not want rigidity when scheduling
care (Asians do not like structure)
└ Alternative modes of healing may include herbs,
acupuncture, restoration of balance with foods,
massage, and offering of prayers and incense
└ Encourage family involvement in the care of the
patient
AFRICANS
Communication
└ Members are competent in standard English
└ Head nodding does not necessarily mean agreement
└ Direct eye contact may be interpreted as rudeness or
aggressive behavior
└ Be observant when it comes to their nonverbal cues
 Nonverbal cues are important because they
are not totally expressive
└ Personal questions asked on initial contact with a
person may be viewed as intrusive
 Explain well the importance of health
history taking and why certain information
is asked
Time orientation and personal space
└ Members may be late for an appointment because
relationships and event may be deemed more
important than being on time
└ Members are comfortable with close personal space
when interacting with family and friends
Social roles
└ Large extended family networks are important
└ Many households are headed by single-parent women
└ Religious beliefs and church affiliations are sources
of strength
Health and illness
└ Religious beliefs profoundly affect ideas about health
and illness
└ Members believe illness can be prevented by
nutritious meals, rest, and cleanliness
Health risks
└ Hypertension
└ Heart disease
└ Stroke
└ Sickle-cell anemia (crescent-shaped RBCs)
└ Cancers except skin cancer
└ Lactose intolerance
└ Diabetes mellitus
Interventions
└ Recognize the presence of many individual subgroup
variations
└ Build a relationship based on trust
└ Clarify the meaning of client’s verbal and nonverbal
behavior
└ They do not like rigid scheduling of care, be flexible
in scheduling
└ Encourage family involvement in care
└ Alternative modes of healing may include herbs,
prayers, and laying of hands
EUROPEANS
└ Body built is large and broad
Communication
└ Languages include national languages and English
└ Silence can be used to show respect or disrespect for
another, depending on the situation
└ Eye contact is viewed as indicating trustworthiness
Time orientation and personal space
└ Members are future-oriented
└ Time is valued
 Always on time
 Gets impatient when a person is not on time
└ Members may be aloof and tend to avoid physical
contact
 When a patient requests to be alone, respect
the decision
└ Handshakes may be used for formal greetings
Social roles
└ The nuclear family is the basic unit
 Elderly is placed in nursing homes
└ The man is the dominant figure
 But it depends in the variation of culture
└ Religion includes Judeo-Christian beliefs
└ Community social organizations are important
Health and illness
└ Health is usually viewed as an absence of disease of
illness (clinical model)
└ Members have a tendency to be stoical when
expressing physical concerns
 Does not show or express emotions and
physical pains
└ Members primarily rely on modern western health
care delivery system
Health risks
└ Diabetes mellitus (they are fond of carbohydrates)
└ Cancer
└ Heart disease
└ Injury
Interventions
└ Monitor and assess client’s body language
 They do not express if they feel pain
└ Respect client’s personal space
 Europeans are usually aloof
HISPANIC AMERICANS
Communications
└ Languages include Spanish and Portuguese
└ Members tend to be verbally expressive
└ Avoiding eye contact with a person in authority
indicates respect and attentiveness
└ Direct confrontation is disrespectful and the
expression of negative feelings is impolite
└ Dramatic body language is used to express emotion
or pain
 Gestures, facial expressions are used to
express emotions and pain
Time orientation and personal space
└ Members are oriented more to the present
 └ Members may be late for an appointment because
relationships and events are valued more than being
on time
└ Members are comfortable with close proximity with
family and friends
└ Members are very tactile and use embraces and
handshakes
└ Value physical presence of others
└ Politeness and modesty are essential
Social roles
└ The nuclear family is the basic unit
 But still takes regard of the extended family
└ Needs of the family take precedence over individual
family members’ needs
└ Men are the decision makers
 They are the breadwinners
 Women are homemakers and caretakers
└ Religions include Catholicism, evangelicalism,
Jehovah’s witness, and Mormons
└ Social organizations and church affiliations are strong
within the community
Health and illness
└ Health may be a reward from God
 Health is also a sign of good luck
└ Health results from a state of balance between “hot
and cold” forces and “we and dry” forces
└ Illness may be viewed as a result of God’s
punishment for sins
└ Members may adhere to folk medicine traditions
Health risks
└ Lactose intolerance
└ Diabetes mellitus
└ Parasites (diet is usually raw foods)
└ Hypertension
└ Heart disease
Interventions
└ Allow time for the client to discuss treatment options
with family members
└ Protect privacy
└ Offer to call clergy because of the significance of
religious practices related to illness
└ Ask if it would be all right to touch a child before
examining him or her
└ Be flexible in scheduling care
└ Herbs, consultation with lay healers (alternative
modes of healing)
 Diet between hot and cold foods should be
balanced
NATIVE AMERICANS
Communications
└ Languages include English, Navajo, and other tribal
languages
└ Silence indicates respect for the speaker
 When another person speaks, the person
listening should be quiet
└ Members speak in a low tone of voice and expect
others to be attentive
 They value listening and attentiveness
└ Eye contact is viewed as a sign of disrespect
 They are still listening even if they are not
looking at your eyes
└ Body language is important
Time orientation and personal space
└ Oriented more to present
└ Personal space is important
└ Members will lightly touch another person’s hands
during greetings
└ Massage is used for the newborn infant to promote
bonding between infant and mother
└ Some tribes may prohibit touching of a dead body
 Unless there is permission from family
members
Social roles
└ Members are family oriented
└ Basic family unit is the extended family
└ Elders are honored
 Children are taught to respect this tradition
 Involved in decision-making about care
└ The father does all the work outside the home and the
mother assumes responsibility for domestic duties
 The mother is the caretaker of the family
└ Sacred myths and legends provide spiritual guidance
└ Community social organizations are very important
Health and illness
└ Health is a state of harmony between person, family
and environment
 If you have conflict with family, neighbor,
community you are considered unhealthy
└ Illness is caused by supernatural forces and
disequilibrium, between person and environment
└ Traditional health and illness beliefs may continue to
be observed, including natural and religious folk
medicine tradition
Health risks
└ Alcohol abuse
└ Injury (physical; may be d/t nature of work)
└ Heart disease
└ Diabetes mellitus (too much carbohydrates)
└ Tuberculosis
└ Arthritis
└ Lactose intolerance
└ Gall bladder disease
└ Some American Eskimos are susceptible to glaucoma
Interventions
└ Clarify communication
└ Understand that the client may be attentive even
when eye contact is absent
└ Obtain input from members of the extended family
 Include them in decision-making
└ Encourage client to personalize space in which health
care is delivered
 Allow them to include his/her personal items
└ Alternative modes healing includes herbs, restoration
of balance between the person and the universe, and
consultation with traditional healers

Complementary and Alternative
Therapies
└ Therapies are used in addition to conventional treatment
to provide healing resources and focus on the mind-body
connection
└ Included are high-risk (invasive) therapies and low-risk
(non-invasive) therapies
 E.g., Low-risk therapy: Meditation, Music therapy,
Massage, Aromatic therapy, Humor Therapy,
Relaxation techniques (deep breathing exercises)
CATEGORIES OF COMPLEMENTARY AND
ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
1. Alternative Medical Systems
2. Mind Body Interventions
3. Biological-based interventions
4. Manipulative and body-based interventions
5. Energy therapies
ALTERNATIVE MEDICAL SYSTEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
 Focuses on preventing the harmful effects of the
environmental toxins
 focuses on the use of environmentally safe products
 a multidisciplinary field involving medicine,
environmental science, chemistry and others, overlapping
with environmental pathology
 Environmental Medicine focuses on the causes of disease
in an environmental context
 i.e. health teaching, therapeutic diet, detoxification,
immunotheraphy, counseling, use of environmentally safe
products
HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
 The modern field of environmental medicine originated
sometime around the mid-20th century, when possible
links between environmental factors and human disease
gained increased recognition.
 Environmental Health (1950's) - emerged after WW II
as a public health discipline to study the control of
environmental factors harmful to human health, focus on
sanitation and control of communicable disease.
 Environmental Science (1960's)- Pollution in air, water
and soil did not emerge as a discipline until 1960's
 Environmental Medicine (1970's) - Focus on how
pollution enter the body and cause harm
FACTORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
 Biological Factors - bacteria, virus, molds, candida,
parasites, food, animal hair, dust and pollen from the
trees.
 Chemical factors - Formaldehyde, phenol, solvents,
petroleum products, pesticides and herbicides
 Physical Factor - Hot, cold, air cycle, noise,
electromagnetic radiation found on mobile phones,
nuclear explosion and exposure to random gas.
 Psychosocial Factors - Prolonged psychological stress
due to work or personal relationships ex. death of a close
relative and lost of job.
HOW ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE WORKS
 Environmental medicine patients are told that the world
has made them sick.
o They blame their symptoms on everything from
cell phones to the very walls of their houses,
from air pollution to food additives.
 The theory is that while one chemical might not be a
problem, many different chemicals and substances
overwhelm their ability to cope.
 Most Treatment plans for alternative medicine include:
avoidance, immunotherapy, nutritional supplements,
detoxification, restricted diets, and drugs.
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
 focuses on restoring and maintaining a balanced flow
of vital energy
 A branch of traditional medicine in china.
 Traditional Chinese medicine or TCM for short has
evolved over thousands of years, with TCM practitioners
using various psychological and/or physical approaches as
well as herbal products to address health problems.
 Traditional Chinese medicine is founded on the concept
that an energy called qi (pronounced "chee") runs
through the body along paths called meridians
 i.e. acupressure, accupuncture, meditation, tai chi, herbal
medicines
ETYMOLOGY
 Era of the Shang dynasty period which was from 1766-
1122 BC.
 Shang Di believes that "illness was caused either by
upsetting an ancestor and consequently being cursed or
that a demon or evil entered the body and caused illness"
TYPES OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
1. Acupuncture
 Procedure used in or adapted from Chinese
medical practice in which specific body areas
are pierced with fine needles for therapeutic
purposes or to relieve pain or produce
regional anesthesia.
 The focus is the imbalance in the patient, and
the causality is always multifactorial
 function of the points is described in terms of
TCM diagnosis
 According to WHO, acupuncture is effective in:
o colds and flu
o bronchitis and asthma
o hay fever and sinusitis
o high blood pressure diabetes and
hypoglycemia
o constipation and hemorrhoids
o ulcers and colon infections
o indigestion and diarrhea
2. Diet Therapy
 Strict dietary discipline remains an important
aspect of treatment in all branches of traditional
Chinese therapy.
 TCM emphasizes that it is necessary for people
to keep a regular diet habit and arrange a
balanced diet according to one's age, gender
and constitution.
 The most basic principle of proper food
combining is to avoid conflicts of yin and yang
in the stomach.
 Examples of yin and yang food are:
o Yin = raw foods, fruits and vegetables,
alcohol, sugar
o Yang = meat, cooked food, chicken and
eggs, salt.
3. Herbal Medicine
 Chinese medical herbs are classified according to
their basic yinyang nature (warming, cooling, or
neutral), their Five Elemental Energy identities
as reflected in the Five Flavors (pungent, sweet,
sour, bitter, or salty), and their primary
therapeutic properties (tonifying, purging,
concentrating, or dispersing)
 The method of preparation used for each remedy
depends on several factors, including the nature
 of the herb(s), the type of condition to be treated,  Combination of Air and Space
and the therapeutic effects to be achieved:  Most powerful Dosha
o Raw  Vatta controls:
o Decoction (broth) o muscle and joint movement
o Paste (gao) o breathing and heartbeat
o Pill (wan) o anxiety and fear
o Liquor (yao jiou) o pain
o Ointment (yio) o other functions of the nervous system
 Things that can disrupt it include eating again too
4. Qi Gong soon after a meal, fear, grief, and staying up too late
 exercise that focuses on breathing,  If vata dosha is your main life force, you’re thought
visualization and movement to be more likely to develop conditions
 Which uses movement, breathing techniques, o Anxiety
and meditation o Asthma
 Is believed to treat a variety of health conditions, o heart disease
o skin problems
including high blood pressure, heart disease,
o rheumatoid arthritis
diabetes, chronic fatigue, insomnia, and leg and
back pain, among others
 The concept of the “five elements” (wood, fire, PITTA DOSHA
earth, metal and water) as energetic archetypes  Combination of Fire and Water
whose cycles affect the flow of energy in our  Pitta controls:
bodies is central to ancient Chinese medicine and o digestion
to its qigong health exercises. o metabolism
o intelligence
5. Taichi o skin color
 Is often described as "meditation in motion,"  Pitta governs the emotions of anger, hate, and
but it might well be called "medication in jealousy.
motion."  Things that can disrupt it are eating sour or spicy
 There is growing evidence that this mind-body foods and spending too much time in the sun.
practice, which originated in China as a martial  If it’s your main life force, you’re thought to be more
art, has value in treating or preventing many likely to develop conditions
health problems. o Crohn’s disease
 Because tai chi integrates low physical impact o heart disease
body movements with deep breathing and mental o high blood pressure
concentration, relaxation is possible, thus making o infections
it an alternative option to conventional anxiety
treatments. KAPHA DOSHA
 Combination of Earth and Water
AYURVEDA  Kapha controls
 Ayurveda, or ayurvedic medicine, is an alternative o immune system
medicine system promoting a healthy-lifestyle system that o muscle growth
people in India o body strength and stability
 focuses on the balance of mind, body and spirit o weight
 Emphasizes good health and prevention and treatment  Kapha includes calmness, forgiveness, love, and
of illness through lifestyle practices greed.
 Ayurvedic medicine is holistic  You can disrupt it by sleeping during the day, eating
 Goal of treatment is to cleanse your body too many sweet foods, and eating or drinking things
 Panchakarma = Cleansing process that contain too much salt or water.
o designed to reduce your symptoms and restore  If it’s your main life energy, practitioners believe you
harmony and balance may develop
o To achieve this, an Ayurvedic practitioner might o asthma and other breathing disorders
rely on blood purification, massage, medical oils, o cancer
herbs, and enemas or laxatives o diabetes
 Ayurveda came from the Sanskrit words: o nausea after eating
o "Ayur" meaning "Life" o obesity
o "Veda" meaning "Sacred"
o Ayurveda thus means Sacred Life USES OF AYUVERDA
 i.e. yoga, breathing exercises  People use ayurvedic practices to maintain health, reduce
stress, and improve flexibility, strength, and stamina.
PRINCIPLES OF AYUVERDA  Practices like yoga and meditation can be helpful for
Five basic elements found in the universe: people with diseases such as asthma, high blood pressure,
Space and arthritis.
Air  Ayurveda stresses proper diet for maintaining good health
Fire and treating disease.
Water  Herbal medicines are prescribed based on the person's
Earth
dosha type
These combine in the human body to form three life forces or
IS IT SAFE TO USE AYVERDA
energies, called doshas.
 Ayurvedic practices such as yoga and meditation can be
safe ways to promote health. If you have a long-term
VATTA DOSHA
 illness, you may be able to combine ayurveda with
conventional medical treatment.
 Ayurvedic herbal medicines, like conventional medicines,
may cause side effects, trigger allergic reactions, or
interact with other medicines or herbs you are taking.
 Some ayurvedic medicines may contain high levels of
heavy metals, which may be harmful to your body.
 Not all countries allow the entry/ practice of Ayurveda
HOMEOPATHY
 uses of plants and mineral extracts
 the body can cure itself
 use tiny amounts of natural substances, like plants and
minerals
 developed in the late 1700s in Germany
 common in many European countries, not popular in the
United States
 Origin of Homeopathy > Greek Words :
o "Omoios" meaning "SIMILAR"
o "Pathos" meaning "Suffering"
 i.e. Hydrotherapy
TWO THEORIES OF HOMEOPATHY
1. LIKE CURES LIKE
 Large amount of substance that causes an illness
to a healthy person, can cure illness in a very
small dose to a sick person
 stimulates a person's self healing capabilities
2. LAW OF MINIMUM DOSE
 Serial dilution
 The more dilution occur, the more potent remedy
will be the outcome
 Naturopaths claim the ancient Greek "Father of
Medicine", Hippocrates, as the first advocate of
naturopathic medicine, before the term existed
 “Natura", Latin root for "Birth”"
 “Pathos" Greek root for "Suffering", which suggest
Natural Healing
 Naturopathic treatment plans focus on Education and
Prevention
o emphasize diet, exercise, and stress management
 The practice of neuropathy is based on a belief in the
body’s ability to heal itself through a special vital energy
or force guiding bodily processes internally
PRINCIPLES AND BELIEFS
1. Use the most natural, least invasive and least toxic
therapies.
2. Look beyond the symptoms to the underlying cause.
3. View the body as an integrated whole in all its physical
and spiritual dimensions.
4. Trust in the body's inherent wisdom to heal itself.
5. Educate patients about the steps to achieving and
maintaining health.
6. Focus on overall health, wellness and disease prevention.
NATUROPATHIC CARE
 Naturopathic physicians use a blend of traditional
treatment methods (such as ordering labs or x-rays) and
holistic therapies (such as leveraging botanical medicine)
to manage a broad range of health conditions.

HOW DOES HOMEOPATHY WORK

 come from plants (red onion, arnica [mountain herb],
poison ivy, belladonna [deadly nightshade], and stinging
nettle), minerals (white arsenic), or animals (crushed
whole bees)
 often made as sugar pellets to be placed under the
tongue; such as ointments, gels, drops, creams, and
tablets
 Homeopathic doctors weaken these ingredients by adding
water or alcohol
 “potentization.”
 transfers the healing essence
 believe that the lower the dose, the more powerful the
medicine

CONDITIONS HOMEOPATHY TREAT

 Allergies BENEFITS OF NATUROPATHY
 Migraines 1. Disease Prevention
 Chronic fatigue syndrome 2. Treatment of disorders
 Rheumatoid arthritis 3. Sleeping aid
 Irritable bowel syndrome 4. Alternative therapies
5. Increases self-awareness
 bruises, scrapes
6. Changes the way one think
 headaches, nausea
7. Safe & effective treatment
 coughs, and colds
MIND-BODY INTERVENTIONS
IS HOMEOPATHY SAFE
 focus on controlling physical functions through positive
 There are currently no homeopathic products approved by mental processes
FDA as of NOVEMBER 01,2021
 Mind-body medicine focuses on the communication
between mind and body and the powerful ways in which
NATUROPATHY
emotional, mental, social, and spiritual factors can
 Naturopathic medicine directly affect health.
 is a holistic approach to treating illness & disorders of  Mind-body interventions utilize the mind’s capacity to
all kinds, by stimulating a body’s self-healing affect the body and its physiological responses. They
mechanism thereby influence health.
 It is a combination of multiple therapies including  include biofeedback, hypnosis, relaxation therapy,
acupuncture, herbs, massage, physical manipulations, meditation, music or art therapy, qigong, prayer and
homeopathy, hydrotherapy, nutritional counseling & mental healing
much more following the Naturopathic principles
BIOFEEDBACK
 non-drug treatment in which patients learn to control  beneficial for expressing feelings, reducing stress and
bodily processes that are normally involuntary, such as anxiety, enhancing relaxation and a distraction to aid in
muscle tension, blood pressure, or heart rate pain management
 the therapy is used to help prevent or treat conditions,  Examples
including migraine headaches, chronic pain, incontinence, o Analytical Music Therapy
and high blood pressure o Benenzon Music Therapy
 Biofeedback has been Scientifically Proven to help with: o Cognitive Behavioral Music Therapy (CBMT)
o Reduce the intensity and/or patterns of mental o Community Music Therapy
health issues like drug and alcohol addiction, o Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy
depression and eating disorders. o The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and
o Improve sleep quality by reducing hyperarousal Music (GIM)
and insomnia. o Vocal Psychotherapy

HYPNOTHERAPY ART THERAPY

 involves attention and focused concentration with a  A technique rooted in the idea that creative expression can
relative suspension of peripheral awareness foster healing and mental well-being.
 verbal repetition and mental images
 The goal of art therapy is to utilize the creative process to
 effective method for coping with stress, anxiety and
PTSD help people explore self-expression, develop self-
 3 Aspects: Absorption, Dissociation and Suggestibility awareness, cope with stress, boost self-esteem, and work
on social skills.
HYPNOTIC INDUCTION  It is helpful when the person has difficulty expressing
 Relaxation technique feelings verbally.
 Handshake Technique  Examples
 Eye Cues o Collage
o Coloring
RELAXATION THERAPY o Doodling and scribbling
 Relaxation technique is any method or process that o Drawing
produces a relaxing effect to the body lessening pain,
o Finger painting
stress, anxiety or anger.
o Painting
 The stress response is a good example of how systems
cooperate to protect an individual from harm through this o Photography
it also triggers the sympathetic response of our body. o Sculpting
o Where our muscles are tightened, increase heart o Working with clay
rate, in other words, our body is in a fight or
flight state
o relaxation response is indeed needed to reduce
the neural impulses to the brain QI GONG
o It helps individuals to develop cognitive skills to  A form of exercise (stimulation therapy)
reduce negative ways in which they respond  Improves health by redirecting mental focus, controlling
within their environment. breathing, improving coordination, and promoting
o Relaxation enables individuals to exert control relaxation.
over their lives.  Activates the natural currents that flow along the body's
o The long-term goal of relaxation therapy is for meridians to rebalance the body's own healing ability.
people to know the indicators of tension and
release the tension in various body parts. PRAYER
 According to Potter and Perry (2017) research shows that  PRAYER is one of the most ancient expressions of
relaxation in combination with imagery, yoga, and music religion.
reduces anxiety and pain while improving well-being.  IN HINDUISM
 It includes slow deep abdominal breathing. o dhyana (“meditation”) and the stotra (“praise”)
 Research shows that relaxation effectively triggers the  IN BUDDHISM
parasympathetic response, lowering blood pressure, heart o muyou (“monastic prayer”)
rate, decreasing muscle tension, and improving well-  IN ISLAM
being. o five daily prayers include:
 It can help improve one’s satisfaction in work and  Fajr (sunrise prayer),
relationships with others.  Dhuhr (noon prayer),
 Asr (afternoon prayer),
MEDITATION  Maghrib (sunset prayer),
 A practice that connects the mind and the body which can  Isha (night prayer)
produce a deep state of relaxation and a tranquil mind to  IN CHRISTIANITY
enhance physical and emotional well-being o worship, thanksgiving, rosary, fasting, during
 2 Main Types meals
o Concentrative Meditation
o Mindfulness Meditation MENTAL HEALING
 process of alleviating or attempting to alleviate mental or
MUSIC THERAPY physical illness through the power of the mind
 A therapeutic approach that uses the naturally mood-
lifting properties of music to help people improve their
mental health and overall well-being
 can be an active or passive

BIOLOGICAL-BASED THERAPIES
 therapies includes natural and biological-derived
products, interventions, and practices
 include aromatherapy, herbal therapies, macrobiotic diet,
and orthomolecular therapy
AROMATHERAPY
 According to the National Association for Holistic
Aromatherapy (NAHA) aromatherapy is the
therapeutic application or the medicinal use of
aromatic substances like essential oils for holistic
healing.
 This Aromatherapy is just a complementary therapy
 does not provide a cure for diseases, rashes or illnesses,
but it can be supportive treatment for various conditions
 It provides respiratory disinfection, decongestant, and
psychological benefits.
HOW IS THIS AROMATHERAPY APPLIED
It can be through inhalation or as a topical application.
 For inhalation: the oils evaporate into the air using a
diffuser or in a steamed bath
 For topical applications: the massage oils are
absorbed through the skin.
 These essential oils are readily available from the market
 be aware of fake oils because this can lead to irritations
and may possibly cause you death once you inhale it
 According to the one of the best selling essential oil
brands in the Philippines, there are 5 most popular
essentials oils and their superpowers:
o Lavender - promotes feelings of calmness and
fights nervous tension
o Peppermint - cools fatigued muscles after
physical activity
o Lemon - promotes healthy immune system
o Frankincense - promotes relaxation and
tranquility
o Thieves - promotes healthy immune system
HERBAL THERAPIES
 herbal medicines are products made from botanical or
plants and also involving the use of natural and
biologically based practices and interventions
(Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Committee of Craig Hospital, 2021)
 these are made through extraction from plants, herbs or
flower
 The extracted plant part will be used for its scent,
flavor, or therapeutic properties.
 according to The World Health Organization, an estimate
of 80% of the world’s population, or about 4 billion
people, currently use herbal medicine for some of their
health care.
 PURPOSE:
o treats wounds
o enhances general health and wellbeing
o improves energy
o aids relaxation and sleep
o can even makes the mixture taste better
 DIFFERENT FORMS OF HERBAL MEDICINE:
o liquid herb extracts
o skin creams
o teas
o herb
o powders
o capsules
o tablets
 10 APPROVED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE PH:
There are ten (10) Philippine medicinal plant species
approved for therapeutic uses by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) under the Department of Health
(DOH):
o Lagundi (Vitexnegundo) – Cough and asthma
o Sambong (Blumeabalsamifera L.) – Anti-
urolithiasis (kidney stones)
o Ampalaya (Momordicacharantia L.) – can
Lowering of blood sugar and anti-diabetes
o Garlic (Allium sativum) – Anti-cholesterol
o Guava (Psidium Guajava) – Oral/skin
antiseptic
o Tsaang-gubat (Carmona cetusa) –
Mouthwash
o Yerba-Buena (Mentha Arvensis) –
Analgesic or antipyretic
o Niyog-niyogan (Quisaualisindica) – Anti-
helminthic
o Acapulco (Cassia alata) – Antifungal
 BENEFITS:
o more affordable and accessible than
conventional medicines
o many people prefer using them because they
align with their personal health ideologies
MACROBIOTIC DIET
 first developed by a Japanese philosopher named George
Ohsawa
o he believed in a holistic approach to health
incorporating many lifestyle aspects, from diet
and exercise to meditation and even the ‘yin
and yang’ energy of particular foods
 macrobiotic diet is divided as follows:
o Around 40-60% of your food contains whole
grains such as brown rice, barley, oats,
buckwheat
o Around 20-30% contains fruits and vegetables
such as pickles, which are one of the things that
are believed to have a balancing effect
o Around 10% – 25% contains bean and bean
products such as tofu, miso as well as seaweeds
BENEFITS
 By adopting a macrobiotic way of eating you are likely
to lose weight, but be careful that you don’t replace
protein-rich foods with too many carbs
 o Starchy carbs like grains and rice are easy to
overeat.
o Research suggests that it has a positive effect on
heart health reporting lower blood lipids and
cholesterol plus benefits in the management of
blood pressure.
o plant-based, low-fat, high-fibre nature of the
regime
 may be useful for women because it moderately reduces
the level of circulating estrogens in the body, which
possibly helps reduce the risk of having breast cancer
o This effect is due to the diet being rich in whole
grains which may also benefit post-menopausal
women.
o Wholegrain foods supply a bounty of helpful
compounds, specifically phyto-estrogens,
including lignans, which may help maintain
insulin sensitivity and weight management
after the menopause
 There are some prime causes of concern which are
associated with minimal nutritional inadequacies
including calcium, iron, vitamins B12 and D as well as
protein, social limitation due to the strict nature of the
plan as well as possible delay in pursuing more
conventional medical treatments.
 Eating more fruit and vegetables and lowering your
salt, sugar and fat intake can have a positive effect.
 chewing your food thoroughly and breathing deeply
are also important elements of this lifestyle
ORTHOMOLECULAR THERAPY
 The term orthomolecular therapy or also known as
"orthomolecular medicine"
 coined in around 1968 by a famous chemist and
biochemist named Dr. Linus Pauling
o best known for his work on the nature of
chemical bonds and the structure of molecules
PURPOSE OF ORTHOMOLECULAR THERAPY
 a form of alternative medicine
 aims to maintain human health through nutritional
supplementation
 The concept builds on the idea of an optimal nutritional
environment in the body and suggests that diseases reflect
deficiencies in this environment.
 The treatment for disease, according to this view, involves
attempts to correct "imbalances or deficiencies based
on our individual biochemistry" by use of substances
such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, trace elements
and fatty acids.
TYPES OF CONDITIONS FOR WHICH
ORTHOMOLECULAR PRACTITIONERS HAVE
CLAIMED SOME EFFICACY
 Acne
 Alcoholism
 Allergies
 Arthritis
 Autism
 bee stings
 bipolar disorder
 burns
 cancer
 common cold
 depression
 drug addiction
 epilepsy
 heart diseases
 hypertension
EXAMPLES
 Vitamin E
o even large doses of vitamin E pose no risk to
health and are useful for the treatment and
prevention of a broad list of conditions, including
heart and circulatory diseases, diabetes and
nephritis
o The usefulness of vitamin E in orthomolecular
medicine was based on epidemiological studies
suggesting that people who consumed more
vitamin E had lower risks of chronic disease,
such as coronary heart disease.
CHELATION
 Chelation therapy is an IV therapy that removes heavy
metals from the body.
 heavy metals accumulate in the body through many of
our daily activities, most commonly through certain
foods, people who smoke, dental procedures, seafood
are all possible sources of heavy metals and we are
exposed to these if not every day
 Heavy metals can cause inflammation and can be
catalysts to disease processes.
PROCESS
 The process of chelation therapy is an IV solution
based in saline including vitamin C and B vitamin that
includes EDTA.
o ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
 a synthetic amino acid that grabs onto
heavy metals
 When EDTA is filtered through the kidneys, the EDTA
and the heavy metals get filtered out and come out in the
urine.
 What Chelation therapy basically does to our body is to
detox the body from heavy metals.
CONDITIONS DOES CHELATION THERAPY TREAT
 It is both a preventive measure and a treatment for
heavy metal toxicity.
 The most common form of heavy metal toxicity is from
the most poisonous form of metals which are lead and
mercury and these are in our environment.
o There are lead based gasolines
o mercury is in dental amalgams
o mercury is in some curtains seafood
o both of these chemicals can cause chronic issues
and acute poisoning if the levels are high enough
 If you feel to have been exposed to heavy metals you can
be checked through blood tests and urine tests and even
hair samples.
MANIPULATIVE AND BODY-BASED
INTERVENTIONS
 involve manipulation and movement of the body by a
therapist
 interventions include acupressure, movement reeducation
techniques, chiropractic therapy and therapeutic massage
CHIROPRACTIC THERAPY
 A system of diagnosis and treatment based on the concept
that the nervous system coordinates all of the body's
functions, and that disease results from a lack of normal
nerve function
 Spinal manipulation is not recommended for people who
have any of the following:
o Osteoporosis
o Symptoms of nerve damage or malfunction
o Previous spinal surgery
o Stroke
o Blood vessel disorders
 There is no evidence that chiropractic manipulation is
effective for conditions not directly related to the
musculoskeletal system.

ACUPRESSURE
 Ancient form of massage used in Traditional Chinese
Medicine
 Restore health balance by regulating the positive and
negative forces of the body
 BENEFITS
o It relieves:
 Stress
 Pain
 Anxiety
 Muscle tension
o Improves circulation
o People can try doing acupressure on themselves
or use the services of a licensed practitioner who
has studied pressure points
 HOW TO DO IT
o Use deep, firm pressure to massage and stimulate
each point
o While applying acupressure, close your eyes, and
breathe deeply.
o Use your thumb to massage point in a circular or
up and down motion. Massage point for 1-2
minutes.
o Repeat acupressure as often as you would like.
CUPPING THERAPY
 Also known as Ventosa or Ventosa therapy
 It is an ancient form of alternative medicine in which a
therapist puts special cups on your skin for a few minutes
to create suction.
 Many Taoists believe that cupping helps balance yin and
yang, or the negative and positive, within the body
 People get it for many purposes, including to help with
pain, inflammation, blood flow, relaxation and well-
being, and as a type of deep-tissue massage.
 The heated cup is immediately inverted and placed on the
skin.
o The resulting vacuum sucks the skin partway
into the cup, which may be left in place for
several minutes.
 A massage therapist is a person trained in giving
massages.
5 BASIC MASSAGE STROKES
EFFLEURAGE- is more on long, sliding, gliding, and
sweeping strokes, usually used for spreading massage oil. In
effleurage, movement is usually repeated several times to
induce relaxation of muscle.
PETRISSAGE- ‘petri’ means ‘to knead’. This technique is
like kneading a dough. The kneading, rolling, and squeezing
strokes stimulates the nerve endings, getting rid of impure
substance in the muscle, and increases circulation which then
will promote cell repair
VIBRATION- It is a fine, gentle, trembling movement
performed with hands or fingers. Vibrations can be used to
stimulate soft tissues in the body. Vibration movements can
help stimulate nerves, relieve muscular tension and decrease
stress.
FRICTION- This technique can be done by rubbing back and
forth. The movement creates heat, warming up muscles in the
body to be treated for deep massage technique.
TAPOTEMENT- This is a rhythmic tapping, pounding, and
patting movement. The motion is like drumming with your
hands by cupping, hacking and chopping. This technique is
usually used as the last technique in a massage session.
REFLEXOLOGY
 “Zone Therapy”
 It is a low-cost therapy, that can be applied easily
 It is performed on the reflection points on soles and palms
in order to create biophysiological changes in the body.
 Similar with acupressure

MOXIBUSTION
 a manipulative and body-based practice
 a therapy within traditional Chinese medicine
 Dried moxa herb (a mugwort) is burned usually just above
but sometimes directly on the skin over acupuncture
points
 The herb may be in the form of incense sticks or wool
 BENEFITS
o Expelling cold and dampness
o Relieves back pain and pain from arthritis and
menstrual camping
o Improving female health issues
o Relieving male health problems
o Increasing resistance to cold and flu
o Stimulating the immune system to fight more
serious illnesses
o Regulating the digestive system to relieve
constipation and chronic diarrhea
o Reducing numbness in the fingers and toes
o Reducing the risk of developing blood clots
o Easing anxiety disorders and certain symptoms
of depression
o Eliminate general fatigue TAI CHI AND QI GONG
 Tai chi and qi gong are centuries-old, related mind and
THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE body practices
 Massage is the practice of rubbing and kneading the  TAI CHI
body using the hands. o a practice that has grown from the Qigong
 During a massage, a massage therapist will apply gentle tradition
or strong pressure to the muscles and joints of the o more complex, including foot movements, thus it
body to ease pain and tension. is excellent for brain plasticity maximization
 o involve certain postures and gentle movements
with mental focus, breathing, and relaxation
o movements can be adapted or practiced while
walking, standing, or sitting
 QI GONG
o movements associated with the practice, was
designed solely as a meditative and healing
practice
o movements developed as a part of the Tai Chi
tradition can be used as a martial art or applied to
self- defense
o Qigong can be very easy, thus it soothes the
nervous system
 Qi gong, tai chi movements, if practiced quickly, can be a
form of combat or self-defense.
 Exercise programs, including tai chi, may reduce falling
and the fear of falling in older people.
 Tai chi also may be more effective than other forms of
exercise for improving balance and stability in people
with Parkinson’s disease.
ENERGY THERAPIES
 focus on energy originating within the body or on
energy from other sources
 include therapeutic touch and magnetic therapy
 Energy therapy is based on the belief that the body has an
invisible energy field, and that when this energy flow is
blocked or unbalanced, you can become sick.
 Unblocking this energy can help promote healing and
wellbeing.
 The purpose of energy therapies can be broadly defined as
"The healing of mental or physical disorders by
rebalancing the energy fields in the human body or by
drawing upon spiritual energies or forces for such
healing".
o Some energy therapies include internal
detoxification or release of trauma-related
memories as additional purposes.
 energy therapies consist of interventions that are
designed to interact with the biofield of a person
 The concept of the biofield is based on the assumption
that all living things have a natural flow of energy that is
integral to their basic composition.
 The concept of energy flowing through and around the
physical body has a long-standing history and is the basis
for various ancient healing practices and many
complementary and alternative therapies.
BENEFITS
 There is no scientific evidence of an energy field or that
energy therapies have any benefits.
 Energy therapies are very gentle and do not require the
therapist to make any heavy physical adjustments.
 They are used to help people feel relaxed and less
anxious, and to improve overall wellbeing
SIDE EFFECTS
 As energy therapies are not invasive, they are considered
to be safe.
THERAPEUTIC TOUCH
 The placement of hands in specific sequences above or on
the body to assess and determine areas of energy
imbalance, which are generally, experienced as
temperature, texture or vibration changes.
 Therapeutic touch uses a practice called "laying on of
hands" to correct or balance energy fields. Despite the use
of the word "touch," the hands usually hover over the
body and do not physically touch it. The goal of the
technique is to help people relax, relieve their pain, and
help them heal faster. Therapeutic touch is thought to
promote healing through restoring harmony to a person's
energy fields.
 "Some people use therapeutic touch to reduce pain, ease
tense muscles, speed healing, and improve sleep. It is
sometimes used to help people who have pain or
discomfort from cancer or other diseases"
 Why use it?
o Healing touch works with your personal energy
field to support the body’s own natural ability to
heal
 What to expect?
o Therapeutic touch can be practiced while you are
sitting, standing or lying down.
o Before beginning, the therapist may perform a
meditation and then assess your energy field by
observation and movements of the hands over
the body.
REIKI
 Reiki is an energy healing technique that promotes
relaxation, reduces stress and anxiety through gentle
touch.
 Reiki practitioners use their hands to deliver energy to
your body, improving the flow and balance of your
energy to support healing.
 Reiki is an ancient form of Japanese healing that is
practiced by many practitioners around the world
o there is an omnipotent energy that gives life to
every living thing, and the Japanese call this
“Ki”
o It is also known as Chi by the Chinese, Prana by
a number of Asian cultures, and most of the
western world refers to it as the Holy Spirit.
 “Because it works on the entire self – mind, body and
emotions – and because it is universal life force energy,
reiki may be successful in all types of physical, emotional,
mental and spiritual healing”
 How does Reiki work?
o Reiki practitioners act as a conduit between you
and the source of the universal life force energy.
o The energy flows through the practitioner’s
hands to you.
o The term reiki is a Japanese word meaning
universal life energy.
o It is a form of gentle hands-on therapy using
energy fields within and around the body.
 Why use it?
o People use reiki to improve physical, emotional
and spiritual wellbeing, on or slightly above your
body.
o The aim is to use their own healing energy to
identify energy imbalances and promote health.
o This may generate a feeling of warmth.
 What to expect?
o During a reiki session a client sits or lies down
fully clothed.
o The therapist places their hands in a series of
positions.
o Reiki treatments typically last about 50 minutes.
o During a session, you’ll lie on a massage table
fully clothed, as your reiki practitioner gently
places their hands, palms down, on or just above
your body in specific energy locations.
o They use a series of 12 to 15 different hand
positions.
 Evidence
o Anecdotal evidence suggests that reiki is calming
and relaxing, often helping to relieve pain and
anxiety, reduce stiffness and improve posture.
 What does Reiki feel like?
 o “You may experience the energy in the form of UNIPOLAR MAGNETS
sensations like heat, tingling or pulsing where the  Magnets that have north on one side and south on the
Reiki practitioner has placed their hands” other.
o By placing the hands over the corresponding
seven major chakra centers that are experiencing NORTH POLE SOUTH POLE
any of the imbalances mentioned and performing CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS
Reiki, these centers can be rebalanced leading to Sedating, Stimulating,
better health. Cooling Heating
Negative: Yin Positive: Yang
Low back pain Tingling
Arthritis Numbness
Inflammation Weak muscles
Acute headaches Paralysis
Sharp pain Scars

BIPOLAR OR ALTERNATINGPOLE MAGNETS

MAGNETIC THERAPY
 The term magnet therapy usually refers to the use of static
magnets placed directly on the body, generally over
regions of pain.
 An umbrella term for various advancements in the
principle that high frequency electromagnetic currents
could have therapeutic effects.
 Utilizes specifically calibrated electromagnetic fields to
induce biochemical changes at the cellular level,
stimulating multiple natural healing mechanisms.
 Static magnets (Permanent Magnets) are either attached to
the body by tape or encapsulated in specially designed
products such as belts, wraps, or mattress pads. There are
also therapeutic magnets used that is either unipolar or
bipolar.
 How does it work?
o A commonly held misconception is that magnets
attract the iron in blood cells, thus moving the
blood and stimulating circulation.
o However, the iron in the blood is not in a
magnetic form.
o Static magnets could affect charged particles in
the blood, nerves, and cell membranes or subtly
alter biochemical reactions, although whether the
effect is strong enough to make a difference
remains to be shown.
 These are made from a sheet of magnetic material with
north and south magnets arranged in an alternating
pattern, so that both north and south face the skin.
 This type of magnet exerts a weaker magnetic field
because the alternating magnets tend to oppose each
other.
o Fractures
o Chronic pain
 The type of ailment determines the type and power of the
biomagnet to be used, the length of time the patient has
had the problem, its severity, if the ailment is superficial
or deep, the area of the body to be treated, and the
patient's sensitivity.
 Side Effects
o Lightheadedness
o Headache
o Sleepiness
o Itching
 Precautions:
 Should not be used during pregnancy, patient with a
pacemaker or who have metal implants that could be
dislodged by magnet use

TYPES OF MAGNETIC THERAPY

1. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy
 Effects:
o Increasing blood flow
o Stimulating cell metabolism and healing
o Rehabilitating unhealthy tissue
 In orthopedic cases, it was used to promote bone
healing after surgical procedures
 In plastic surgeries, it was used to decrease swelling,
promote faster wound healing, and minimize scarring
2. Combined Electromagnetic Field Therapy
3. Focused Electromagnetic Field Therapy