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Scientific Management
Scientific Management
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The principles
of scientific
management
/'
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mm
FROMTHE
J. HUNTINGTON WOLCOTT
FUND
GIVEN BY JtOGll WOLCO'IT [CLASS
OF 1870] IN MEMOJtY OF ms FATBEll
J'OJt 't.HE "Pt7JtCHASE OF BOOXS OF
PEllKANENTVALUE, TBE PllFEllNCE
'tO BE GIVEN ro wo:u:s OF msroJtY,
POLITICAL ECONOKYAND SOCIOLOGY"
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The Principles of
~Scientific Managemen!
BY
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COPnIGBT, 1911
BY FllEDEllICJt W. TAYLOll
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LlßP./ 1.RY
(~("' 25 197!'i
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INTRODUCTION l,
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6 INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION 7
' pete with a number of ordinary men who have been
• ,properly organized so as efficiently to cooperate.
, In the past the man has been first; in the future . /
·>lt~e system must be first. This in no sense, however,
implies tfiat great men are not needed. On the
contrary, the first object of any good system must
be that of developing first-class men; ,and under
systematic management the best man rises to the
top more certainly and more rapidly than ever
before.
This paper has been written:
First. To point out, through a series of simple
illustrations, the great loss which the whole country
is suffering through inefficiency in almost all of our
daily acts.
Second. To try to convince the reader that the
r~~E:~Yfor this inefficiencylies in systematic m,an-
agement, rather than in searching for some unusual
or extraördi....niö:.Jp.an. ••
Third. To prove that the best management is a
~{ true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, rules,
·'\ and principles, as a fmuidation. _ And Jurther to
•show that the fundaroentaJ principles of scientific
management _are _applieable to all kinds of human
actiVIties, from our simplest individual acts to the
wo~ör- our great corporations, which call for the
most elaborate cooperation. And, briefly, through
a series of illustrations, to convince the reader that
whenever these prindples are correctly applied,
results must follow which are truly astounding.
This paper was originally prepared for presenta-
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The Principlesof
ScientificManagement
CHAPTER I
Fu'NDAMENTALS OF 8CIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
G
THE principal object of ma.nagement should be
to secure the ma.xiroum prosperity for the em-
ployer, .co.upled with the maximum prosperity for
each employe. . - - -
The words "maximum prosperity" are used, in
their broad sense, to mea.n not only large dividends
for the compa.ny or owner, but the development of
every bra.nch of the business to its highest state of
excellence, so that the prosperity may be permanent.
In the same way maximum prosperity for each
employe means not only higher wages than are
usually received by men·of his class, but, of more im-
portance still, it also means the development of each
man to his state of maximum efficiency, so. that he
may be able to do, generally speaking, the highest
grade of work for which his natural abilities fit him,
and it further means giving him, when possible,
this class of work to do.
lt would seem to be so seif-evident that maxf„
9
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CHAPTER II
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• Perh_!l..P.~--tj,l~_
mqst___promi!?~~~~..&l~ ..~lei:p.entin ,
~...modern scie_~tific __management is the task idea.
The work of every workman is fully plann"ea out
by the management at least one däy in aovänce,"_
and each man receives in most cases coroplete writ:-
ten mstructlons, describing in detail the task which
-he is tö accOmplish, as weil as the means to be
-used in domg the work.- And the work planned in
aclvance in tfüs way constitutes a task which is to
be solved, as explained above, not by the workman
alone, but in a.lmost all cases by the joint effort
of the workman and the management. Tbis task
specifies not onl w t is to be done but-how ·it is·-
to one and the exact time allowed for doing it.
Arid whenever the workman succeeds in doing bis
task right, and within the„ timeliiiiit"'_ijpecified,he , ,. ..
rece~~ --~- ad<!i~~Qii _of_frojii-3(1i_e_~~.~~!1t.to ·100/
per cent. to bis _ordin~r..y_w..,a&.es. These täslis are
carefülly •pianned, so that both good and careful
work are called for in their performance, but it
,.,should be distinctly understood that in no case is
~ the workman called upon to work at a pace wbich
, would be injurious to bis health. The task is always
1 so regulated that the man who is weil suited to bis
' job will thrive while working at this rate during
\ ' a long term of years and grow happier and more
'.prosperous,instead of being overworked. '--·.·,-•-
\ ~ement
-
Scientific•
consists very largely in preparmg· för •
\ an canying out these tasks. ·-
The writer is fully aware that to perhaps most
of the readers of tbis paper the four elements
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1~ THE PRINCIPLES OP' SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
*
be removed by the tool. The proportion is as 1 with
thickness of shaving of an inch to 3½with thick-
ness of shaving ..;. of an inch.
(D) The shape or contour of the cutting edge of
the tool. The proportion is as 1 in a thread tool
to 6 in a broad-nosed cutting tool.
(E) Whether a copious stream of water or other
cooling medium is used on the tool. The proportion
is as 1 for tool running dry to 1.41 for tool cooled
by a copious.stream of water.
(F) The depth of the cut. The proportion is as
1 with ½-inchdepth of cut to 1.36 with ¼-inchdepth
of cut.
(G) The duration of the cut, i.e., the time which
a tool must last under pressure of the shaving without
being reground. The proportion is as 1 when tool
is to be ground every 1½ hours to 1.20 when tool
is tobe ground every 20 minutes.
(H) The lip and clearance angles of the tool.
The proportion is as 1 with lip angle of 68 degrees
to 1.023 with lip angle of 61 degrees.
(J) The elasticity of the work and of the tool on
account of producing chatter. The proportion is
as 1 with tool chattering to_1.15 with tool nmning
smoothly.
(K) The diameter of the casting or forging which
is being cut.
(L) The pressure of the chip or shaving upon the
cutting surface of the tool.
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unless one has seen first the old plan and afterward
the new tried upon the same man. And in fact
until one has seen simUar accurate experiments
made upon various grades of workmen engaged in
doing widely ~ifferent types of work. The remark-
able and almost unüormly good results from the cor-
re,ctapplication of the task and the bonus must be
seen to be appreciated.
These two elements, the task and the bonus
(whlch, as has been pointed-Öut m previous papers,
can be applied in several ways), constitute two of
the most important elements of the mechanism of
scientific management. They are especially impor--
tant from the fact that they are, as it were, a climax,
demanding before they can be used almost all of
the other elements of the mechanism; such as a
planning department, accurate time study, standard-
ization of methods and implements, a routing system,
the training of functional foremen or teachers, and
in many cases instruction cards, slide-rules, etc.
(Referred to later in rather more detail on page 129.)
The necessity for systematically teaching work-
men how to work to the best advantage has been
several times referred to. lt seems desirable, there-
fore, to explain in rather more detail how this teach-
ing is done. In the case of a machlne-shop whlch
is managed under the modern system, detailed
written instructions as to the best way of doing
each piece of work are prepared in advance, by men
in the planning department. These instructions
represent the combined work of several men in
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A routing system.
Modem cost system, etc., etc.
These a.re,however, merely the elements or details
of the mechanism of mana.gement. Scientific man-
a.gement,in its essence, consists of a certain philoeo-
phy, which results, a.sbefore sta.ted, in a combination
of the four grea.t underlying principles of ma.nage-
ment: 1
' When, however, the elements of this mecha.nism,
such a.s time study, functional forema.nship, etc.,
are used without being accompa.nied by the true
philosophy of ma.na.gement,the results a.re in many
ca.ses disastrous. And, unfortuna.tely, even when
men who a.re thoroughly in sympathy with the
principles of scientific management undertake to
change too ra.pidly from the old type to the new,
without heeding the wa.rnings of those who have
ha.d years of experience in ma.king this cha.nge,
they frequently meet with serious troubles, and
sometimes with strikes, followed by failure. '
The writer, in his paper on "Shop Management,"
ha.s ca.lled especial a.ttention to the risks which
managers run in attempting to cha.ngera.pidly from
the old to the new management. In ma.ny ca.ses,
however, this warning ha.s not been heeded. The
physical changes which a.re needed, the actual
time study which has to be ma.de, the standardiza-
tion of all implements eonnected with the work,
't 1 Pirat. The development of a true acience. &cond. The aclentific
- ', selection of the workman. Third. His scientific education and develop-
, \ ment. Fov.rtl,,. Intimate friendly cooperation between the management
\!'°'d the men.
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~- -----------------
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
.,•
http://lib.harvard.edu
-----------------
If tbe ltem is recalled, tbe borrower will
be notlfied of tbe need for an earlier return .
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