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Earth Reinforcement Using Soil Bags
Earth Reinforcement Using Soil Bags
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Technical Note
Abstract
This paper describes the method of earth reinforcement using soilbags and illustrates its application for case studies involving a pond
and the expansive soil slope protection for a highway. The strength properties of soilbags were investigated using unconfined
compression tests and bearing capacity tests on real soilbags containing either medium grained sands or gravels. The test results show
that soilbags have high strength when subjected to an external load. This is primarily attributed to the mobilization of tensile forces in the
bags. It is concluded that earth reinforcement using soilbags could substantially improve the bearing capacity of soft ground as well as
minimizing deformation under working loads.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Bearing capacity; Earth reinforcement; Retaining wall; Soilbag; Unconfined compressive strength
Corresponding author. (1) The bearing capacity of a soft ground can be increased
E-mail address: yongfuxu@hotmail.com (Y. Xu). by 5–10 times using soilbags.
0266-1144/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.10.003
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280 Y. Xu et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26 (2008) 279–289
(2) Soilbags are easily constructed. Heavy construction 2. Materials and test method
equipment is not needed, and mere manpower can be
enough. The fundamental mechanism of the reinforcement using
(3) Soilbag is environment friendly due to no use of any soilbags is that when a confining pressure is acted on the
cement or chemical agents. The noise during the contained soil, the tensile strength of woven bags will be
construction is very low. mobilized. The qualities of woven bags affect the reinforce-
(4) The materials contained in soilbags can even be any ment effectiveness. Two important parameters, tensile
construction wastes such as recycled concrete, asphalt, strength and maximum extension strain, were used to
tire and tile. Therefore, the impact of the construction describe the bag qualities. During the transport and
wastes to environment can be mitigated. installation of soilbags in practice, tensile strength is
(5) The soilbag itself has a high compressive strength, required. In this study, in order to determine the tensile
which is nearly up to 3 MPa, nearly equals to 1/10 strength and maximum extension strain of woven bags, the
times that of the usual concrete. tensile tests of two woven bags, black woven bags and
(6) The traffic- or machine-induced vibration can be yellow feedbags, were conducted on an extension–compres-
reduced due to the absorption of vibration by soilbags. sion apparatus with electronic digital control device. The
(7) Frost heaving can be suppressed if granular coarse black woven bags are specially brought for pond filling up,
materials are used. while yellow feedbags are bought from local farmers. The
pulling speed was controlled as 5 mm/min in this study.
The tensile force–settlement relationship of two woven
Matsuoka (2003) indicated that the bearing capacity bags is shown in Fig. 1. The tension test results are
of a foundation could be greatly improved if a part of the tabulated in Table 1.
foundation is wrapped up with flexible reinforcements. An unconfined compressive test is often used to
Shao et al. (2005) and Xu et al. (2007) used soilbags to determine the behavior of a material when it is subjected
fill up ponds in highway in Jiangsu Province, China. to a compressive load. For soilbags, loading was controlled
Their field test results showed that solibags could at a constant rate, about 200 kg/min in the unconfined
effectively reduce the settlement of subgrade and low compressive testes. The typical size of soilbags was
down the engineering costs. However, limited studies on 10 mm 40 mm 40 mm. The soilbags used for unconfined
the unconfined compressive strength of real soilbags compressive strength tests were made of woven bags in
subjected to external forces have been conducted. In this which medium graded sands and gravels were contained.
paper, the strength properties of soilbags subjected to The soilbags were tamped and trimmed to a diamond
external forces are presented. The bearing capacity of shape so that their initial length, width and height would be
the soilbag-reinforced foundation was investigated by easily measured before tests. The contained materials were
the static load tests. Two case studies using soilbags in medium sands and gravels with internal friction angles of
pond filling up and expansive soil slope protection are 401 and 441, respectively. Unconfined compressive tests of
presented. soilbags are shown in Fig. 2.
Table 1
Test conditions and results of woven bags
Bag type Test type Width (mm) Length (mm) Tensile force Maximum Tensile Maximum extension strain l
(N) extension strength T (%)
(mm) (kN/m)
Measurement Average
Fig. 3. Plate load tests for undisturbed soil foundation and soilbag reinforced foundation: (a) undisturbed soil foundation and (b) soilbag reinforced
foundation.
400
F (kN)
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80
s (mm)
2500
Feedbag contained sand,
12cm×47cm×55cm
Black bag contained sand,
Fig. 4. Earth pressure measurement between soilbags: (a) sketch map and 2000
14cm×52cm×57cm
(b) installation of earth pressure transducer. Feedbag contained gravel,
13cm×25cm×30cm
1500 Black bag contained gravel,
(kPa)
is larger than that of the sand. During the unconfined requires (Chen, 1999):
compressive test, break of sand and gravel particles was
2T 2T
observed. s1f þ ¼ K p s3f þ , (2)
Fig. 8 is a schematic illustration of the stress distribution B H
when the soilbag is subjected to external principal stresses, where Kp ¼ (1+sinf)/(1sinf). It can be seen from Eq. (2)
s1f and s3f. The tension force T is induced in the bag when that the confining effect induced by the tension force T is
it is exposed to the external forces. This tension induces greater in s3 direction than that in s1 direction. This is
additional stresses that act on the soil particles inside mainly attributed to the higher value of B than that of H in
soilbags, as expressed by (Chen, 1999) Eq. (1a,b). As a result, a large ratio B/H of soilbags would
enhance the reinforcement effectiveness. Comparing
2T Eq. (2) with the strength expression s1f ¼ s3p K p þ
s01 ¼ , (1a) pffiffiffiffiffiffi
B 2c K p for a cohesive-friction material, the expression of
the apparent cohesion c of soilbags can be expressed by
2T (Chen, 1999)
s03 ¼ , (1b)
H T Kp 1
c ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi , (3)
Kp H B
where B and H are the width and height of soilbags,
respectively. Thus, the stresses acting on the soil particles Eq. (3) shows that a frictional material can be considered
inside soilbags are the combined result of the externally as a cohesive-frictional material merely by wrapping it up
applied stresses and the additionally induced stresses by T with a bag.
as shown in Fig. 8. At failure, the following equation In the unconfined compression tests (s3 ¼ 0), the
relationship between the unconfined compression stress sf
and the apparent cohesive c can be given by
3000 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
Contained sand sf ¼ 2c K p , (4)
Contained gravel
A comparison between the theoretical value calculated
from Eq. (3) and the experimental value of apparent
Compression strength (kPa)
2000
cohesive is shown in Fig. 9. It can be seen from Fig. 9 that
the difference between the theoretical values and the
experimental values is slight. The difference is mainly due
to the abnormal shape of soilbags and the difficulty in the
measurement of the soilbag size.
To obtain the stress–strain relationship of soilbags,
1000 Matsuoka (2003) assumed that the ratio of principle stress
400
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 300
Theoretical value of c (kPa)
100
This paper
Matsuoka and Liu (2003)
x=y
0
0 100 200 300 400
Experimental value of c (kPa)
Fig. 8. Stresses acting on soilbags and on particles inside soilbags (Chen, Fig. 9. Comparison between theoretical and experimental values of
1999; Matsuoka, 2003). apparent cohesion c.
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284 Y. Xu et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26 (2008) 279–289
s1m/s3m was the function of principal strain e1 under the where m ¼ B/H. In the unconfined compressive tests since
external load s1 and s3, i.e. s3 ¼ 0, the stress–strain relationship of soilbags is then
s1m given by
¼ f ð1 Þ, (5)
s3m 2k1 f ð1 Þ m 1 þ 1 ð1 1 Þ m
s1 ¼ . (8)
where s1m ¼ s1+2T/B, s3m ¼ s3+2T/H, f(e1) ¼ a exp(e1)+ B0 ðm þ 1Þð1 1 Þ f ð1 Þ 1 1
Kp, a depends on the original state of soilbags. If s1m/s3m ¼ 1 The parameters used for calculation are listed in Table 2.
and e1 ¼ 0, a ¼ 1Kp, the relationship of external stress s1 The calculated stress–strain relationship of soilbags is
and s3 and principle strain e1 can be written as shown in Fig. 11. It can be seen from Fig. 11 that the
calculation matches well with the test results of the
2T B
s1 ¼ s3 f ð1 Þ þ f ð1 Þ 1 . (6) stress–strain relationship of soilbags.
B H
The main conclusions obtained from unconfined com-
The principal strain in the height direction of soilbags is pressive tests are listed as: (1) unconfined compressive
given by e1 ¼ (H0-H)/H0. The tensile strength of woven strength of soilbags is related to tensile strength of woven
bags is written as T ¼ kl, where l is the maximum bags and internal friction angle of contained materials. The
extension strain of bags and k is the slope of the extension unconfined compressive strength of soilbags increases with
curves (Fig. 10). Parameter k can be determined by the tensile strength of woven bags and internal friction angle of
ratio of the tensile strength (T) to the maximum extension contained materials. (2) The stress–strain relationship of
strain (l) of bags. The value of k is listed in Table 2. The soilbags is different from that of soils. The theoretical
volume of soilbags is assumed to be invariable and stress–strain relationship is validated by the unconfined
constant, i.e. B0H0 ¼ BH, where B0 and H0 are the original compressive tests. (3) Soilbags can effectively reduce
length and height of soilbags, respectively. The stress– settlement due to the strong tensile strength of bags.
strain relationship of soilbags can be written as (Matsuoka,
2003) 3.2. Bearing capacity of the soilbag foundation
f ð1 Þ m 1 þ 1 ð1 1 Þ m
s1 ¼ s3 B0 2k1 A series of bearing capacity tests were carried out on the
B0 ðm þ 1Þð1 1 Þ f ð1 Þ 1 1
real soilbag foundation. The slip surface of the soilbag
(7) foundation is similar with that of the soil foundation
(Leshchinsky and Marcozzi, 1990; Matsuoka, 2003). It was
observed that the soilbags were very solid and deforms
similar to a footing foundation. The interparticle forces
inside the soilbags are considerably larger than those
outside (Yamamoto et al., 1995). This is because the
external force acting on the footing induces a tensile force
in the wrapping bags, and the tensile force thereafter acts
on the contained materials inside the soilbag.
The load–settlement curves of the plate load tests on real
soilbag foundation are shown in Fig. 12. The vertical
pressure, p, acts on the plate area. Soilbags are arranged as
shown in Fig. 4(a). The ultimate bearing capacity is
determined according to the failure in the ground. From
Fig. 12, it can be seen that the ultimate bearing capacity for
the cases without soilbag, with two layers of soilbag, and
with three layers of soilbag are 70, 17 and 240 kPa,
respectively. The bearing capacity of the soilbag-reinforced
ground is 2–3 times larger than that of the soil ground
Fig. 10. The meanings of k. without soilbag.
Table 2
Parameters for the stress–strain curves of soilbags
Bag type Filling material T (kN/m) l (%) k (kN/m) F (1) Kp a ¼ 1Kp B (cm) H(cm)
Yellow feedbags Medium grained sand 20.8 9.5 219 40 4.60 3.60 55 12
Black woven bags 21.5 12.5 172 57 14
Yellow feedbags Gravel 20.8 9.5 219 44 5.55 4.55 13 45
Black woven bags 21.5 12.5 172 14 46
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Y. Xu et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26 (2008) 279–289 285
1500 2000
Feedbag contained sand, Black bag contained sand, 14cm×52cm×57cm
12cm×47cm×55cm
Experiments
1500 Prediction
1000
(kPa)
(kPa)
1000
500
500
Experiments
Prediction
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
(%) (%)
2500 2500
Feedbag contained gravel, 13cm×25cm×30cm Black bag contained gravel,14cm×36cm×46cm
Experiments
2000 2000
Prediction Experiments
Prediction
1500 1500
(kPa)
(kPa)
1000 1000
500 500
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
(%) (%)
Fig. 11. Comparisons between the calculated results and test results of the stress–strain curves of soilbags.
Table 3
Results of load tests
The relationship between the bearing capacity and the earth pressure distribution at rest. The active earth pressure
height and width (length) of the soilbag foundation is was calculated including apparent cohesion. It can be seen
shown in Fig. 13. In Fig. 13, BSB and HSB are the width from Fig. 14 that the horizontal earth pressure is less than
(length) and height of the soilbag foundation, respectively, the active earth pressure and the earth pressure at rest, and
b is the width of the load plate. The relationship between is nearly constant. This phenomenon implies that soilbags
the bearing capacity and the size of the soilbag foundation were strongly confined by the tensile strength of bags, and
can be expressed by could not laterally expand. The measured results of the
earth pressure verify the reinforcement mechanism of
puðSBÞ BSB H SB soilbags.
¼ 1þ 1þ , (9)
puðSoilÞ b b
4. Practical applications of soilbags
where pu(SB) and pu(Soil) are the ultimate bearing capacity of
the soilbag foundation and undisturbed soil ground, 4.1. Filling up of pond using soilbags
respectively. The soilbag foundation is constructed by
two layers at least according to Fig. 4(a). In the construction of highway in Jiangsu Province,
The earth pressure distribution in soilbags is shown in extremely weak pond foundations were encountered where
Fig. 14. In Fig. 14, sx and sz are the horizontal and vertical the ground was waterlogged and the construction machine
earth pressure between soilbags at the same plane. The could not stand on it (see Fig. 15(a)). Initially the pond was
solid line in Fig. 14 denotes the active earth pressure designed to be improved by filling up crushed stones.
relationship, and the dashed line in Fig. 14 represents the However, this method is cost and usually results in large
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286 Y. Xu et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26 (2008) 279–289
-20
p = 70kPa -200
-30
p = 160kPa
-300
-40
Undisturbed soil foundation
z (kPa)
Soilbag foundation with n = 2
Soilbag foundation with n = 3
-50 -400
Fig. 12. Results of plate load tests.
25
-500
This paper
Matsuoka and Liu (2003)
x=y
20
-600
15
pu (SB)/pu (Soil)
10 -700
Fig. 15. Construction of the pond by filling up of soilbags: (a) initial condition of pond bottom and (b) compaction of soilbag reinforced foundation using
a vibro-roller.
Left
-40 Middle
-80
-120
-160
200
tion of the two layers of soilbags, the natural soil was filled
and rolled in a way similar to the tradition embankment
150
filling materials.
Since the confining stress s of the subgrade soil is very
small, its shear strength is therefore low. However, if soil is 100
reinforced by woven bags, the shear strength of the soil
would increase due to the tension force of the bags that is 50
mobilized when the wrapped soil dilated under the traffic
loading. This will lead to an increase in the bearing 0
capacity of the subgrade foundation and the reduction in 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4
2005y Date
the settlement of subgrade soil. The effectiveness of this
reinforcement method has been verified through a series of Fig. 18. Comparison of subgrade settlement in the pond between the case
load tests on the soilbag foundation. The settlements of the that filled by soilbags and the case that filled by crushed stone.
subgrade are plotted against the elapsed time is shown in
Fig. 17. The settlement reaches the ultimate value much
rapidly. The comparison of the ultimate settlement in the than 275 mm for the case reinforced by crushed stone,
pond filled by soilbags and by crushed stone is shown in while reduced to less than 150 mm for the case reinforced
Fig. 18. It can be seen that the settlement reached more by soilbags.
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288 Y. Xu et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26 (2008) 279–289
Fig. 19 shows a case of construction of retaining walls The authors would like to acknowledge cooperation
using soilbags to protect the expansive soil slope. The in experimental work provided by Qubin Chen, Feng Sun,
retaining walls were constructed on the expansive soil Xin Huang, Bin Yang, YinYi Chen, Xin Jin, Lixin Tong,
foundation with a height of about 4 m, a total length of Rui Li, Lei Zhang and Yuheng Bai. The Communication
about 71 m and an inclined angle of 301. Four soilbags Bureau of Jiangsu Province is acknowledged for its
were connected in the lower part and the slope angle was fund support. Mingkang Lu, Xiaoan Gu and Yi Dong
301 (Fig. 20). One soilbag has a length of 40 cm, width of of Changzhou Construction Headquarter of Highway
40 cm, and height of 10 cm. The materials inside the Engineering, and Boming Zhou of Jiangsu Construction
soilbags were natural soils with optimum water content. Headquarter of Highway Engineering are also acknowl-
The woven bags were made of polyethylene. Soilbags were edged for their help in the tests in situ. Shanghai
piled up and well compacted by vibrators layer by layer. leading Academic Discipline Project (B208) was also
Since the polyethylene bag was sensitive to sunlight, a thin acknowledged.
layer of grass was cast on the outside surface of the wall, as
shown in Fig. 20. In this project, about 2000 soilbags were
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