T ARMIET

ALAMURI RATNAMALA
on INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Alcmuri Rotnomolo
sba ieeg And lechralgy (Run by Koti Vidya Charitable Thust)
(A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)

Astnrment no.
Explafn teature & Archtecture of &0R6?
Fe atures of 8086
1] ît is a l6-bft -.
ProcesSor. Thfs implfes that

(a) It has a l6- bit ArU that can perform l6 -bft operatfen
cfm l taneously
(b) It has l6-bt registers and nternal clata bus.
(e) ît has (6 -b t ex ternal d ata bus.

2] It has three veufon s buel on the bafs treq uenty

operatfon.
&oR6’5 MH2
(Ü) &D&6-2 8 MHz

(in) Log6-1-> LD MHz

8086 has 2o-b?t acelress (Enes to access hence Yt

memory
Can 200 = 1 MB loc atfons ..
acceSS

memorg
L6 -bt address Lnes to access T0.clevfcei hence t
acceSS 2l6 = 26 x 210= 64 x 1k
64 K T/0 locatens.

1
Specfal ekeatune &D86.
&0&6 pip eltned procegsor
a two stae piplfning ie. fe teh,stage thet pre fetcha
n the and
P to 6 butes ot nstructtons stores them queue
fnstruLtfons.
Execute that executes these
Page No, 1
 Ta ARMIET
AJAMA ALAMURI RATNAMALA
e00NSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Alomuri Ratnamala
Institute of Engneering And Technoogy (Run by Koti Vidya Charitable Trust)
etubanl (A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)

fipelfn~ong mpreves the pertormence ot the pIDcess Or i-e.the

operatons Puutere
21 S086 Can operctee in 2 mo des.
(a) Mnimun mode A cyctem wth only proceASOr
(b) Maximum mode A Cystem wth
only and o the procesior
like s0S7-CMath Co-processor J, 80g4 preeestor) Dr mulLiple
8086PprocesSOrs.

mem0ry banks,
morymemory b an
1kIng yctem e. entire data &
not stored seq
ory is sequentia
dvidend fnto two
engle
banks
"memory
ry ot
S1 KB
tah.
1 MB but the

memory
’ lhe banks cale d Lowen bank Cor even ban k, be cawe ft
stores the data ytes t even lDcatfons i-e. 0,2,t...)t
Highex
ct odcl
Bank

ocatfonse' 1,3, 5.
Cor odd bank, because t stores the data bytes

-> 1he benefPt f thfr P thet 16- b data. cun be actessed

fna
only g-bt
|e CCess even
t a lbcatfen thoughO chip Can ature

4 80&6 wses memory seqmentatfon.

A L6- bit acddress Cn fnstrucfen a l6- bit adclres na
reqiter can memory locatfon ulthough &os6 has 20
accdress Ifnes. Thfs fs nade possfble ung
usPng The concept o
Seq mentatton theat cdivides the memory nto le qlal com ponerts

PageNo, 2
 TH ARMIET
AAMA ALAMURI RATNAMALA
Alomuri Rotnamola
o10 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
nsi oEgneriag And lechnology ot S (Run by Koti idya Charitable Trust)
obtant (A Hindi Linguistic Minority lnstitute)

Here the memory 7 dfflend nto L6

sey ments o a!
2l6 ( 65536 B= 64 KB) each 'and' it fs wsed cs !
apae Data and Extra Seqmet
cocle, stack

e &086 Lnternal Architecture

Memory
Intert&ce

stream
dlalaK 2 Byte
&utue
CS

Eontrot
Sytem
15

AX AH AL
Bx BH BL
CH CL Arithmnetic
DL logfe unft
SP
BP
Operahds
Flags

Page No, 3
 TH ARMIET
ALAMURI RATNAMALA
Alamuri Ratnomala
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
hshtn od Englhing And Techology (Run by Koti idya Charitable Trust)
(A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)

2) Explain mermory seqmentation Pn 80 86

Ans. Men ory can be thought of cs a Vcut colle tiorn o by tes. These
bytes need 'to be
be organiied fn some elffcent mann e in ordey to be

The 8+0 cont eins foun spefad purçose req'ste caled

egment reqfs ters. They a e
The code seqment" (cs) rea?ste
2, The stak seqr
eyisten.
eyment (is)
(ss) regfster.
3. Ihe extra seqment (ES) reqister.
t. Ihe dta sement (s)
regiiten,
* he pose of
wtng thee seqment reqietex
tei can be explaned

tLthese e Lb- bit reqister,

’ The numben ot address Énes fn gO &6 s
20. So the gOg6 BIU
wf) send o t a 20 bit addreSS in orde to
access Dne of the
1, 048,576 1 MB memory location.
But t P interesting to note that the ntmorg
DR6db rot 0ork
the whole 1, 0+6, 51%, bytt (1M.
tPrme. Howeve,
byte) it
memory at
works wrth only four 65, 536
seument within the hole LM- byté memory. (6tk.byte)
e tour seqment egltexs
teuactucly hol el ont ain) the upper
IB bit of the startinq l
addreis of tre tour memory gmentsot
64 k by te tuh wth whfch the ko&6 Ps
nstant of tme.
Ko&6 s oorking t tht
-’ Tkese ttartfng adcresses wfl cd ways be changing. Thy Que

not f .

Page No,
 TE ARMIET
AJAIA ALAMURI RATNAMALA
010 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Alomuri Rotnomola
Instie ofénginring And Technology (Run by Koti Vidya Charitable Trust)
(A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)

Physress
FHFFFH Memory Hlqhest
Address
TFFFFT op (Es)

r---1000O KIAVIAUINA Bottom

Four segment
regitterin Bîu
Stett
G4k
Segment
(ss)
Bottoim.
(ss)
SS 5
Top (cs)
Ds
Gftk yment
Bottum
Cis)
IFFFFtT Top (Rs)
bta
fegment
Bottom

Memory feqmentatfen of to86,

LM'byte nemory ipALe
ceg ment s
Ihe statfn aclcr ess or base accress o the clata
20000 H. lhe uppeu l6 -bYts of this e 2000 cne loacled ?nto
e data seqment reqister (Ds).

Page No, 5
 TH ARMIET
ALAMURI RATNAMALA
oun INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ai Rotnomalo
Alomuri
(Run by Koti Vidya Charitable Irust)
hsiute of Enginering And Techrology Institute)
(A Hindi Linguistic Minority

he seq ment Can adfatent as fefnt pantially ovelng

futy "gvertaprng can be seqments . But
users
Pogram thene
&086 fown of them
can olel wfth
only regictes.
ne,
be caus e t hes
-> Nhen eve the
oniy nent ofentfctfon s to be
changed,
(have to change the base addresses andl loacd the
16 - bits înto the Ghe corresponcng seqnent reqiste.
31 auo the pin coqram ot So86 4 explain the fun ctfons
(of each pin
Ans.

3 Aj6/Sa
ADat
ArtS
26 A8l Ss
AD4 1 Aq /Se

AD9 33 MN/Mx
ADs LO 32 RD

8086 RQ/aT (HLD)

CP 290 LOck CWR)
28Sz LM/D)
21
JSCDT/R)
AD6 So LDEN)

ekEt+
12 READy
GNDL20
21
RESET

Page No, 6
 TH ARMIET
ALAMURI RATNAMALA
Alamuri Ratnomala
O0 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
((Run by Koti Vidya Charitable Trust)
hsâute di xgjineenng Ard TeshrologY
tabient (A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)
* Lk

This pin provcles the lbasic tÉming. tor the pocessor.

&086 does not has an on-chip clock genector hence a n
externcl clock qenerator Iike g284 is used to provfe, the clock

ymmetric with 33% TTL Clock

aty ycle
cauSes the PrDcessor to mmeciately terminate its present
actfvity Jhe &284 clock
must be
qenerator prov?oles ths Fnal
actiye hah tor atleast 4 clock
-> Hence the testt, vector, address &D86 is
ycles.
FFFFOH /as Cs=
FEFFH ancd îp = o00OH)

* READy
It 4 can acknowlecd ement trom the aclcdress memory Or Î o thet
it ofli complete the dota transter specially meant for slow devces
Samples the REA DY input betoeen T, enl T of a M/c ycle
- Jf READy pin s LO w uf serts a t - states bet ween t, cnd Da,
until READy becomes HI GH

Supply pYns
Vce ->
Used for po wet oe. t S v on Vc w.rt G .
poem supry
Ioo ceparate GND pins for two
layes of&O&6
the nofse refetfen.

Page No, 7
 TH ARMIET
AR ALAMURI RATNAMALA
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Alamun Ratnamala
l hogne Ad rey (Run by Koti Vilya Charitable Tust)
(A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)

Addrtss ancl data_pfns (21 pins)

->AAD,->
) AD,- AD,
->These time mwltfplexecl olata acclress IPnes ie for Scme tPne
they have acldress and for Come tine cata
- > t gives the adelyess Ais- A, elurfng T1
(When ALE =1).
of an
Machine Cyd.
the clota - , aPtenTL o an M/c (Machine

) Ae/S,- AnSe
These 1?nes work Adclress bu (Ae .... A) cluring Ti
evey Me eycle
on scls these Lines wor k ous Statu
the status of the me nory tea ment Curreat

acceasecd. Ss grves the status of the Interrupp

Enable Flag.S
es low when &0&6 controls the shared cyctem bus.

H)BHE /S,
Thee IPne carrfu the BHE T1.
BHE and A ae ued
uedl togethe to CAeeeS

4rom the memory

Status Ine S servecl for"urther elevelepment -
is reservecl

Tnterrupt pins (2 plne)

NMT-> INTR

Page No, $
 T3 ARMIET
AJAMAALAMURI RATNAMALA
0 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Alomuri Ratnamala
hsbde t Enginening And Technalogy 0 (Run by Koti Vidya Charitable Trust)
(A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)

’ Ths s non- maskoable ecdge trPq erecd thcit causes type

type 2
on NMI fne, the'up execute
interrupt ie receivfng an fnterrupt
cn d tranc es control to loccatior 2 4 oo00H
îNT 2
Ve ctor lable îVT). ît reacs t locatfent
the Interrupt valueA for TP anl cs o the
from ths address to
starting
ÎSR aldresS.
auses the
’ A transtfon trom LoW to HTGH on this pYn,
interest ct the end of the current fstructfon.

G)îNTR.
Thfs IS a non-vectored maskeble , level trgg ened interrupt
laut clock ycle of each nitructton.
tampled oluring nfnterrupt on ÎNTR Ine, the up executes 2
On receiv+n
pulse.
First I NTA Pudse the fnterrupting clevfees Pa is ndfcated
clevfee cal culetes the
for fs interrupt being ccLepted whfle "the
vector numbe.

Dthey eontrol (3 pins

RD

TEST
1fne cedlcated for sO1 Co
input
Processor.
conhetel to GND. Tn M axmum
lnm n mode Pt fs
Coproc essOr busy Yt th)s pFo HE GH.
makes thÉs
Mode whenev the
TESd Rnput WAIT dnstrwctfen. examined by the
Page No, 9
 T3 ARMIET
ALAMURI RATNAMALA
00 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Alamuri Ratnomala
nstiute ol Engineering And Techrology
Trust)
(Run by Koti Vidya Charitable
Institute)
(A Hindi Linguistic Minority

MNMx
This is to &086 that ndic ctes the
procesSOr hou
an
fogut aanal
to work hich mode.
- Tt the Ps Pn Mioimum mode fre.
Single- ProcesSOr
afgnal
<ystem.
&086

> thic ignad fs Low &o86 fs frs Maxmum mode fe

Mlti processor Sustem

RO
an active low When it fs 1ow go&6 reads
from memDry Or n
output afgnal.
î/0 levices.

Mode multi plexecl

HLDA- RQ, /GT,ÝLOLKk >
DEN - - S
INTA

HoLD.. RQ. /GT.

- n MEnimum Mo de this ne caes the HOLID
fsem anothey mter requerting local bus
Ynput thnal
The MA Controller ceues the HoLO reques t for
the System bu gnal to

-> n resjponse' &o86 cle an

completes the current bus yele
release the system bus,
Ln Maximum Mode ft carrfes the b- afre ctional
RO./ el. ( Requect / árant) sqnal.

PageNo, 1
 TH ARMIET
AMA ALAMURI RATNAMALA
0J0 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Alamuri Ratnamala
nsthe of Engineeriang And Technology
(Run by Koti Vidya Charitable Trust)
(A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)

)11 HLDA.- RQ, / / GT,

Ln Mnimum Mode, this 1ne carrfes the HLOA c¡nals
’ hs Pe Tssuee by &Os6 atter relecsng
cy Png the cyste
bus.
Maxmum Mode it funtfonc es RQ, / GT, wh)chh i the
whic
-> Tn
GT,; but ?t s of lowe
Same RQ prferity
(1) WR . . Lock
-> In Minmum carrfes the wR sfqncd Pnelfcate a
Mo de thf Ifne
orite operatiern when this pfn s Lo
1t is usedi with MIio to orite to memory or îo Device.
Jnmaximum mode ft functlons the L0Ck output 1fne.

(iv) EN ---
-> Minimum Mode ft carrfes the DEN Tqncl onel Ps usecl to
In
IC &2 &6).
enable the Deta tran ceiveu (bilire cto ncl butteu
-> In maxfmum Mode t carrfes the S. +gnad
ivento &2&8.
Th Manum Moce Bu Controller (TC &2&&) qenerattes the
for 82g6.acetas
DEN

4nMfnfmumn
Nata Trang mit or Receive.
Mode t carriesthe T /R
fnafcattn
- This siqnal qoe low for a read opercaton anc hfqh tor a wrte
bperatfen.
Tn Marmum Mocde ft carries the S riqncl. S, is a ctatus ftanal
to &2&8.
Page No, I
 T ARMIET
1A ALAMURI RATNAMALA
TECHNOL0GY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERINGANDTrust)
Alomuri Ratnamalo
hsitte of Engine ring And Technology t r t (Run by Koti Vidya Charitable
Linguistic Minority Institute)
(A Hindi

(v) M/io- S,
-> In Minf um Mo de ft caies the M/10
Rgnali, to eittng
betweenMemory and dd acceS.

In Maxfnu Mode ?t carrfes the S.

ctatus fven to &88.
Ln Marimun Mocle S. s. and. s are usedl generate the
Ppreprete contrDl
Rgnad.
-> In Minfmum Mocle ?t carrfes the ALE aígnod,
to demutplex the acdress clata Ifne latchfng the cddres
In Maximum Mede it carrfes. the s.
wfth @s, to ndlcecte the InstrultBon ueue stats.
Tn Maxfmum Mede, Bu lontro lle &2&8 ssue the ALE
siqnal. (to Latehes î C- &288

vii) JNTA - S
In Minfmum Mode t carrfeu the INTA
t s fssued, în reiponce anthe to an fnterrupt shgad. NTR line
-> It fs usecd to read the veutor nunben torm the cerruptig
clevce.
n Maxfmum Mo le it carrfes the S, ngal siqnal.
- InMaximum Mede, Bus controller ssue s. he INTA sqnd
to ( oS6).

PageNo,
 TH ARMIET
AtAMA ALAMURI RATNAMALA
E OINSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ANDTECHNOLOGY
Alamuri Ratnomala
hsiue of Enginering And Technology t de (Run by Koti Vidya Charitable Trust)
(A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)

&D86
tfrfng &086
olfoaqrams?
are carrfed Dut whPh
dns. i the pperation in SLpart
sequence in a synchronized manne,
to unclerstand
Kso to' unclectan dd every ope rafon t øs hececsary
the tfmng cliagram foy the readl
Before, qihg nto the eletafis öe the tfmfng elfaqram
encl uort operatfens, we wu frst ele ffne soñe o the Pon portant
terms

Clock Waveform
The clock waveform repres ents the Crystal controlled gnals
sent to &o&6 Erom an external enerator
elock qenerator usinq &2&4.
gene
T- State
of clock fs called o T-state,. The tÉmeus
One
eomplete ycle
intervals T, or T are the examples of
o T: state.
AT-state is measured from the fe of one clock pudue
falinq elge of the next clock pulte,
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Alamuri Rotnomala
hsute of Eginerng And Technology
(Run by Koti Vidya Charitable Trust)
(A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)
inlt234

1 maehine cyde

one
state state

Vaufous veusfons of &os6 have max?munm clock frequency trom

5 MH, to Lo MH, Hence the minfmum ime for one T- state is
between LoO
Loo to 200 n

Machfne yele
Machfne' Cycle
>lhe bautc mropro cessor operatren uch c reading machtne
a byte trom!
port or
worfting
to memory C callecl e
byte
The time Jy called cs he machine
yele Thus' u machine!
eonsfsts of sverl T- states.
yule
* Initructfon Cycle
Ihe tme micro prDcessor needs feth and execute
one entire instrutien is knouon as an
instructfon cyele,
p:5] Explain minimum mocle conffqunatfon of sOS6 mfcro
processor?

Page No, I
 TH ARMIET
AANIA ALAMURI RATNAMALA
3030 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Alomuri Rotnomolo
rstta xgnigAndTeshrobgy (Run by Koti Vidya Charitable Trust)
(A HindiLinguistic Minority Institute)

bNE MACHINE tYCLE

CLKd
Address BHE ow Status out
A
AND SHE/S

ADis AD. Adelress out Data in

floating

#LE

M6 Louw= T/0 reacl, HEh Memory Rea

RO

DT/R

DEN

t ta ta ts te t ts t tib

Step1i- The-80&6 will make M/Io 1 Pf the read rom memory and
M/T0 =0 P the read s from. the T/ device. memorg

Page No, IS
 TH ARMIET
AJAMA ALAMURI RATNAMALA
D30 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Alomuri Ratngmala
Insiute of Engineering And Technalogy n st (Run by Koti idya Charitabe Trust)
(atuitent (A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)
Step2 i- At about the came tfme the ALE Dutput is asserted by f
step3;- Make BHE Iow/ h and sen l out the desired adoress
On AD, to Ar cnd Al to A4 nes.
Stept - Pull cdo on ALE ( makes fte ), The address latchednto
externel latch
S\epSi- Reimove the' address fronm AD, to ADiIhes and put then
in the
fnput
mode (floct them).
Step 6- Assert the RD (real) sfqnal lbw. This wf ll put the olota
from the addresstt r&einory tocuton or I/o. port on to the olata
bus.
Stepl;- Insert the'oct " T- state s i the eog6 READY Tnput Ys mad
Loo before or

Step SOOn as
dur'ngXEADY Fnput
theI t a t e of a machine
&086 comes Out the
uoatt T- states angl complete the machine
Step 9:- Complete the Read" yole
the RD lne
(înactive ).
ycle by makfng. tah
Step 10:- For
(t2R6
lagus Ihen
transcefveu) yrtem the
need to use
bT/R ancl
the lata butte.
SEN &Yqnale ot g0& are
conneted to &o86 Cnd enabled ethe PproprYate time.
Q-6| Whet is maximum mode tf &D&6
o the bus controlley Dc S2¢g the othe
Suyport chips.
alongquo?th
-> AoldlitYonal creuty fs reqired to translate the control
.The accitie nal cYrcui ty cohvects the statw dlgnads
(s- S) t /o andmemorytransfex siqnals The Dntel
82&8 bw cOntrolley s used for this
for this purpore. It qenerates the
Bh
PageNo, 14
 TEN ALAMURI
ARMIET RATNAMALA
oso INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Alomuri Rotnamalo
Insihe of Engjineriog And Technology n (Run by Koti Vidya Charitable Trust)
(A Hindi Linguistic Minority Institute)

Lontrol sfanls required to frett the clata flp w and for

Controlifna the |athe &2 &2 and trans receives,
MWT, A MwC, AToW
the Rynals -MRDC
I0RC gnals.
- The MRDC and MRTC CMe memory read Command and
emory ntruet the to
mem0ry wrfte
accept or cenc
Lommand
caanals.
cata on the data bus.
They
memorg write
-’ he ToRC Are I70 read cominnd and Ilo
command iqnals. lhe inctruct the D 0 olevce to reacd or wrte
data to anal from adlclr essed port on the dota bus.
lhe ATDWC nd AMWTC advanced T0 orte
command An d acdvanced memory write coinm and
anali. These
e cÉmla to the TowC ancl MWTC anals excépt
that, thy uctivcted One clock clock elanal eeu earle to
the Low an d MWTC eiqncals.

Page No, !7