ADVANCED CIVIL ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS

Lecture 4A Pump: Homologous Units and Affinity Laws

Dr Wei Zeng
Review (From Lecture 3B)
Important curves Pump curves
Include all information to
8 characterise a pump.
4
4 Impeller sizes (diameter in mm)
5 H vs Q curve
6 Efficiency vs Q curve
5
6 7 Power vs Q curve (second Y-axis)
7 8 NPSH vs Q curve

Can we reduce the number of the

curves?

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Review (From Lecture 3B)
Finding the operating point in pump curves

Operating point
Pump Curve

D =210 mm 𝐻𝑃 = 𝑓(𝑄)
D= 189 mm Given by the manufacturer
D=168 mm

Pump Curve System Curve

System Curve 𝑓𝐿𝑄2 𝑄2

𝐻𝑃 = 𝐻𝑆 + ෍ + ෍𝐾
𝐷2𝑔𝐴2 2𝑔𝐴2
𝐻𝑆
Can we get the pump curve for a similar
pump with a larger/smaller diameter (or
N = 2950 rpm
at a different pump speed)?

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Today’s Lecture

Pump similarity
•Homologous units
•Dimensionless numbers
• Dimensionless curves
Affinity laws
• The first law – Fixed D
• The second Law – Fixed N

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Similitude
Engineering design of large-scale structures

Numerical Simulation Experiments

• Cheap • High-confidence results

• Visualization • Expensive
• Concern on reliability

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Similitude
Case 1 Happy Valley filtered water pumping station Inlet model study

Piers

INLET BOX

Transition

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Similitude
Case 1 Happy Valley filtered water pumping station Inlet model study

view of inlet, piers, pump bellmouth and vortex

suppression devices

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Similitude
Case 2 pumped hydro model

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Similitude
Case 3 Hydraulic tests of hydraulic machinery (turbine, pump)

Scaled-down Prototype
impeller impeller
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph240/krishnamurthi2/

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Similitude - Pump Similarity
What are similar pumps?

Geometric similarity Kinematic similarity Dynamic similarity

F2
F1
u1 u2
L1 V1
V2
L2
W1 G1

W2 G2

All dimensions scaled in the same way All velocities scaled in the same way All forces scaled in the same way

L1/L2 = λL V1/V2 = λV G1/G2 = λG

W1/W2 = λL u1/u2 = λV F1/F2 = λF ≠ λG

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Similitude - Pump Similarity
Dynamic similarity
F2
F1

G1 Gravity G L1/L2 = λL G ∝ (L)3 G1/G2 = (λL)3

1
Friction F 𝐹 = 𝜏𝐴 = 𝑓𝜌𝑉 2 𝐴 F1/F2 = f1/f2 ×(λL)3
G2 8
All forces scaled in the same way F1/F2 ≠ (λL)3

G1/G2 = λG

F1/F2 = λF ≠ λG Viscous effects are neglected

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Similitude - Pump Similarity
HOMOLOGOUS UNITS
The flow through pumps has geometrically similar streamlines at the entrance and exit at the
impellers
Flow out
v = Water velocity w.r.t impeller
v Vr V V = Absolute velocity of water
Vr
u = impeller peripheral v
Blade angle (exit) bβ αa u u = Impellerv peripheral
= water velocity
velocity w.r.t. v
V = absolute𝑉𝑟
𝑏velocity lea
Vane Impeller
Impeller

w ® ® ®
Flow V=u+v
In
𝐷
Q = Vr A

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Similitude - Pump Similarity
HOMOLOGOUS
v1 UNITS
V 1
The flow through pumps has geometrically similar streamlines at the entrance and exit at the
vimpellers
1 Vr1 V1
b a
u1
velocity triangle (Outlet)
b a

Impeller 1
u
V 1sina 𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑟2
u = constant =
v2 Vr2
V2 𝑢1 𝑢2
V sina
u = constant Same velocity triangle shape
v2 b a V2 u2
Impeller 2
b a
u2

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Dimensionless numbers and curves
For homologous units
Pump Dimensionless Numbers** and η
What are these dimensionless numbers?
𝑄
Dimensionless Pump Flow 𝐶𝑄 = 3 = constant
𝑁𝐷
1 𝑁𝑄1/2
Dimensionless Pump Speed 𝐶𝑁 = = constant
𝑔 3/4 𝐻 3/4

𝑔𝐻𝑃
Dimensionless Pump Head 𝐶𝐻 = = constant
2
𝑁 𝐷 2

𝑃
Dimensionless Pump Power 𝐶𝑃 = 3 5 = constant
𝜌𝑁 𝐷
𝑇
Dimensionless Pump Torque 𝐶𝑇 = = constant
2
𝜌𝑁 𝐷 5

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Pump Dimensionless Numbers
Dimensionless pump flow CQ
u is related to N (rpm) and D (m) by 𝑉𝑟
𝑏 𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝑏
2𝜋𝑁 𝜋
𝑢 =𝑟∙𝜔 =𝑟 = 𝑁𝐷
60 60 𝑏
Flow out = constant
𝐷
v Vr V 𝑉𝑟 𝐷
= constant
b a
𝑢 u = impeller peripheral velocity 𝑄 = 𝑉𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑉𝑟 𝜋𝐷𝑏
u v = water velocity w.r.t. vane
V = absolute velocity leaving vane2
Vane Impeller 𝑉𝑟 ∝ 𝑁𝐷 𝑄 ∝ 𝑉𝑟 𝐷
w ® ® ® 𝑄
Flow V=u+v 3
In 𝑄 ∝ 𝑁𝐷 𝐶𝑄 = 3 = constant
𝑁𝐷

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Pump Dimensionless Numbers
Dimensionless pump flow CQ
u is related to N (rpm) and D (m) by 𝑉𝑟
𝑏 𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝑏
2𝜋𝑁 𝜋
𝑢 =𝑟∙𝜔 =𝑟 = 𝑁𝐷
60 60 𝑏
Flow out = constant
𝐷
v Vr V 𝑉𝑟 𝐷
= constant
b a
𝑢 u = impeller peripheral velocity 𝑄 = 𝑉𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑉𝑟 𝜋𝐷𝑏
u v = water velocity w.r.t. vane
V = absolute velocity leaving vane
Vane Impeller

𝐿3
w ® ® ® [𝑄] [ ]
𝑇 𝑄
Flow V[𝐶
= u +] v= = = [1]
In 𝑄 3
𝑁 [𝐷 ] 1
[𝐿3 ]
𝐶𝑄 = 3 = constant
𝑇
𝑁𝐷

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Pump Dimensionless Numbers
Dimensionless pump speed CN

Consider the orifice equation (to approximate

the Hp Vs Q relationship)

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴 2𝑔𝐻𝑃 𝐴 ∝ 𝐷2 𝑄
𝐶𝑄 =
𝑄 𝑁𝐷 3
= Constant
𝐷2 𝑔𝐻𝑃
Cancel D

1 𝑁𝑄1/2
𝐶𝑁 = 3/4 =constant
𝑔3/4 𝐻𝑃

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Pump Dimensionless Numbers
Dimensionless pump speed CN and specific speed Ns

1 𝑁𝑄 1/2 𝑁𝑄1/2
𝐶𝑁 = 𝑁𝑠 = 3/4
𝑔3/4 3/4
𝐻𝑃 𝐻𝑃

Dimensionless Not dimensionless

N, Q, HP @ Any point N, Q, HP @ BEP

Same Specific speed for

all homologous units

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Pump Dimensionless Numbers
Dimensionless pump head CH, power CP, torque CT

𝑔𝐻𝑃
Dimensionless Pump Head 𝐶𝐻 = = constant
2
𝑁 𝐷 2

𝑃
Dimensionless Pump Power 𝐶𝑃 = 3 5 = constant
𝜌𝑁 𝐷
𝑇
Dimensionless Pump Torque 𝐶𝑇 = = constant
2
𝜌𝑁 𝐷 5

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Pump Dimensionless Curves
You may get the third curve from the other two

CH - CQ CP - CQ η - CQ

[H, Q] 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻
η=
𝑃
[P, Q]

@ With fixed N and D, you can get [H, Q, P]

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Pump Dimensionless Curves
Benefits of using dimensionless curves

H
• Homologous units with different sizes

• Variable speed pump

Q

H
CH
Q

H
CQ
Q

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Pump Dimensionless Curves
Case 1- How do we use it?
Question: What is the new pump curve if we double the impeller diameter and
run the pump at a third of the speed?

75
(0, 70)
70
N1=1500 rpm
65

H (m)
60
D1=0.3 m 55

50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Q (m3/s)

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Pump Dimensionless Curves
Case 1- How do we use it?
Double the impeller diameter and run the pump at a third of the speed
Old impeller New impeller
Dimensionless numbers
( operating point, N, D) ( operating point, N, D)

𝑄 N=500 rpm
N=1500rpm 𝐶𝑄 =
𝑁𝐷 3

D=0.3m D=0.6 m
𝑔𝐻𝑃
𝐶𝐻 = 2 2
𝑁 𝐷 Q = ? m3/s
Q = 0 m3/s

HP = 70 m HP = ? m

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Pump Dimensionless Curves
Case 1- How do we use it?
Double the impeller diameter and run the pump at a third of the speed
Old impeller New impeller
Dimensionless numbers
( operating point, N, D) ( operating point, N, D)

𝑄 N=500 rpm
N=1500rpm 𝐶𝑄 =
𝑁𝐷 3

D=0.3m D=0.6 m
𝑔𝐻𝑃
𝐶𝐻 = 2 2
𝑁 𝐷 Q = ? m3/s
Q = 0 m3/s

HP = 70 m HP = ? m

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 Pump Dimensionless Curves
Case 1- Compute dimensionless curve CH-CQ
75
(0, 70)
𝑄 𝑔𝐻𝑝 70

𝐶𝑄 = 𝐶𝐻 = 2 2 65

H (m)
𝑁𝐷3 𝑁 𝐷 60 (0.7, 55)
55

50
0 𝑔 ∗ 70 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
First Point 𝐶𝑄 = 𝐶𝐻 =
1500 ∗ 0.33 15002 ∗ 0.32 0.0036 Q (m3/s)
0.0034
0.0032
… … 0.003
0.0028

C_H
0.0026
0.7 𝑔 ∗ 55 0.0024
Last point 𝐶𝑄 = 𝐶𝐻 = 0.0022
1500 ∗ 0.33 15002 ∗ 0.32 0.002
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
C_Q

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Pump Dimensionless Curves
Case 1- Compute H-Q Curve for N = 500 rpm, D = 0.6 m
0.0036
0.0034
𝐶𝐻 ∗ (𝑁 2 𝐷2 ) 0.0032
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑄 ∗ (𝑁𝐷3 ) 𝐻𝑝 = 0.003
𝑔 0.0028

C_H
0.0026
0.0024
0.0022
0.0034 ∗ (5002 ∗ 0.62 ) 0.002
𝑄 = 0 ∗ (500 ∗ 0.63 ) 𝐻𝑝 =
𝑔 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
C_Q
32
30

… 28

H (m)
26
24
22
3 0.0027 ∗ (5002 ∗ 0.62 )
𝑄 = 0.017 ∗ (500 ∗ 0.6 ) 𝐻𝑝 = 20
𝑔 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Q (m3/s)

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Pump Dimensionless Curves
Case 2 - Simpson’s note Example 18.6

Old impeller New impeller

Dimensionless numbers
( operating point, N, D) ( operating point, N, D)

𝑄 N=? rpm N = 1200 rpm

N = 1800 rpm 𝐶𝑄 =
𝑁𝐷 3

D =150 mm D= 450 mm
𝑔𝐻𝑃
Q = 50 L/s 𝐶𝐻 = 2 2 Q = 900 L/s
𝑁 𝐷

HP = 4 m HP = ? m

Best efficiency point

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Pump Dimensionless Curves
Case 2 - Simpson’s note Example 18.6 Poll

Old impeller New impeller

Dimensionless numbers
( operating point, N, D) ( operating point, N, D)

𝑄 N=1200 rpm
N = 1800 rpm 𝐶𝑄 =
𝑁𝐷 3

D =150 mm D= 450 mm
𝑔𝐻𝑃
Q = 50 L/s 𝐶𝐻 = 2 2 Q = 900 L/s
𝑁 𝐷

HP = 4 m 𝜂
HP = ? m

Best efficiency point Best efficiency point ? YES

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Pump Dimensionless Curves
Best Efficiency Point (BEP) on CH versus CQ; η versus CQ; CP versus CQ curves

𝐶𝑄 = 0.12 𝐶𝑃 = 0.69 𝐶𝐻 = 5.2

BEP

D = 0.317 m

Fig. 14.10 in Crowe et al. (2005) Engineering Fluid Mechanics

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NPSHA D 1
hf2

Pump
Upstream
reservoir NPSHA
Suction line > NPSHR
𝑝2 ∗ 𝑝2,𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑝𝑣 ∗ 𝑝𝑏 ∗ 𝑉22 𝐿𝑖 𝑉𝑖2 𝑉𝑖2 𝑝𝑣 ∗
= − = + 𝑧1 −𝑧2 − + ෍ 𝑓𝑖 + ෍ 𝐾𝑖 −
γ γ γ γ 2𝑔 𝐷𝑖 2𝑔 2𝑔 γ
Figure 6.1A HGL for a Pumping System.
IMPORTANT: Friction losses and minor losses from the upstream reservoir to the suction side

Pv* is the vapor pressure, function of temperature (see property of water)

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