Asset Management Model of SCADA Infrastructure
of Power Control Centers based on Indicators
2021 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference - Latin America (ISGT Latin America) | 978-1-6654-4421-7/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ISGTLATINAMERICA52371.2021.9543089
Alexandra Valencia
XM S.A. E.S.P.
Medellín, Colombia
avalencia@xm.com.co
Abstract— This paper presents an asset management model
for electric power control centers, adopting international
standards and proposing management indicators based on real-
time monitoring. This asset management model is based on the
ISO 55001 standard; after validating the state-of-the-art it has
been found that there is no proposal for the management of this
type of assets, due to this, the proposed model adopts
international standard processes such as: documentation,
monitoring, change management, auditing and maintenance.
For the implementation of the asset management system (AMS)
of control centers, management indicators of the SCADA
infrastructure assets are proposed, which is monitored in real
time, and the data is stored in long-term historical records. The
indicators were implemented in four control centers in Latin
America. The calculation of the proposed indicators allows the
system administrator to make decisions in the control center
maintenance process based on the condition of the assets.
Keywords—Asset management, control centers, SCADA,
maintenance, ISO 55001.
I. INTRODUCTION
The supply of electrical energy is carried out through a
large chain that is formed from generation systems, connected
to transmission systems that operate with high voltage levels
to achieve transmission over long distances with lower losses,
the power supply chain continues with the equipment and
distribution systems that provide electricity to large
consumption centers. On this route, there are electrical
substations that are made up of supervised and controlled
switching equipment from different levels.
The supervision and control of the power equipment of the
electric power transmission companies is carried out through
infrastructure for the supervision, control and data acquisition
(SCADA). Through this system, the status of the power
equipment is monitored in real time and signals considered
relevant for the proper functioning of the network are
supervised. In addition, all the data that is received from
remote substation equipment is managed through
communication channels.
Visualizing and controlling the power system becomes
more relevant as the electrical infrastructure grows due to the
increase in potential points of failure. SCADA systems are
critical for the electrical network operation, for this reason
they must be reliable, safe, and available 24 hours a day.
In the literature, there are proposals for asset management
of the equipment that make up the power system to schedule
maintenance and extend its useful life. However, there are no
proposals or methodologies proposed to manage control
center assets that are relevant to the operation.
978-1-6654-4421-7/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
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Jaime D. Pinzón
XM S.A. E.S.P.
Medellín, Colombia
jpinzon@xm.com.co
It is required that the software and hardware of the
SCADA infrastructures be managed in real time; however,
there are not methodologies or standards applied to prevent
anticipated deterioration and critical failures that decrease the
reliability and availability of the system, this implies a more
significant amount of incidents presented in the system and
lack of adequate maintenance scheduling on the equipment
that needs more intervention and care. Since SCADA systems
are made up of a considerable number of equipment and
functionalities, it is necessary to establish the bases to carry
out infrastructure management efficiently by asset
management standards such as: ISO 55000, ISO 55001
standards, and ISO 55002 to have a prevention scheme and
adequate maintenance scheduling, diagnose faults and
monitor the condition in real time.
This document is organized as follows. Initially, the state-
of-the-art of asset management and maintenance systems for
power system equipment is presented in section II. The
proposed asset management model is presented in section III,
adopting to international standards to the management of
control centers, subsequently the indicators that must be
implemented for optimal management and monitoring are
indicated. Finally, the conclusions of the proposed model are
presented.
II. ASSET MANAGEMENT STATE-OF-THE-ART
A. Methodology
The state-of-the-art analysis is performed by identifying
mainly the issues on which the identified problem is focused.
Initially, a search for information related to the management
of assets and power systems is carried out, of which 427
documents are found in the scientific literature, including all
types of publications.
It is shown in Fig. 1 the information which has been
available since 1992 and an upward trend has been found in
publications made since 2003, this implies that the topic is
timely at this time, when the aim is to keep any equipment or
system in optimal conditions for its proper functioning,
mainly in the electrical power systems.
45
40
35
30
Documents
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
year of publication
Fig. 1. Technology Watch - Documents per year. [1]
 2.3% 0.9% 0.5% 0.2% 0.2% Conference Paper
4.9%
Article
Conference Review
18.5% Review
Book
72.4%
Book Chapter
Note
Short Survey
Fig. 2. Technology Watch - Documents per type. [1]
In Fig. 2, percentages of the documents published between
1992 to the present are shown grouped by type of document,
there it can be identified that 72% of the documentation that
includes these two topics are conference documents, and 19%
are articles from journals. From the search, 239 documents
were published since 2011 (last 10 years), and only 59 are
journal articles which are analyzed in detail to identify the
main characteristics that can be applied to a control center
asset management scheme. The following scheme shows the
methodology applied to develop the state-of-the-art.
1
• Identification of the problem and keywords
• Scientific literature search
2
• Advanced filter (last 10 years)
3 average repair times are considered.
4
• Documentation filter per type of publication (Journal)
• Reading of abstracts and keywords
5 assets perform their tasks profitably and safely. To manage the
• Classification of relevant documentation
6 maintenance times and the amount of these, a classification
Fig. 3. State-of-the-art methodology.
B. Trend
Currently, asset management in transmission system
equipment has at least three key approaches: time-based
preventive maintenance, condition-based preventive
maintenance, and reliability-focused preventive maintenance
[2].
Condition-based maintenance consists of performing
maintenance when the data obtained indicates that it is
necessary [3].
Maintenance focused on reliability is the technique in
which maintenance activity is prioritized according to the
probability of failures and their consequence on the system
and its equipment [3].
Time-based maintenance is the technique of scheduling
interventions on equipment every time interval and
maximizing the effectiveness of the resources used to carry it
out, such as financial resources, maintenance equipment, and
time available to carry it out [3].
Fig. 4 presents the three approaches given to the asset
management of transmission systems:
The above scheme highlights that the maintenance most
used in power systems and the literature consulted are
condition-based maintenance, and reliability-focused
maintenance.
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Asset Management
Approach
Time-based preventive
Condition-based Reliability-focused
preventive preventive
maintenance
maintenance maintenance
Fig. 4. Asset Management Approach.
Condition monitoring is the technique used to monitor the
operating characteristics of equipment to predict the
requirement for maintenance before equipment or system
failure occurs [4]. When the equipment condition is to be
monitored, a relevant aspect is the program with which the
monitoring is going to be carried out, since this can involve
considerable expenses on which its cost-benefit relation must
be analyzed [5]. Commonly, the condition analysis is done by
testing the equipment under conditions of significant stress,
which in many cases would imply taking the equipment or
system out of operation to perform this test [4].
Reliability-focused maintenance is one of the maintenance
strategies used to determine the requirements of any physical
asset in its operating environment [6]. In this type of
maintenance, the average times between failures and the
Maintenance is defined as the combination of
administrative, technical, and managerial efforts to ensure that
maintenance of transmission assets by scheduling
denoted by its objective is commonly carried out: one of the
categories focuses on reducing the interruption times of each
maintenance, satisfying the needs of the operation; and the
second category requires maintaining or increasing the
equipment reliability [5].
One issue that should be specified is that obtained from the
literature review, most of the documentation is focused on the
maintenance of power equipment such as transformers [7]–
[14], some other documents are based on the state-of-the-art
of asset management focused on a specific power equipment,
for example, in [15] it is explained the current state-of-the-art
of asset management in power electronics equipment such as
converters in transmission networks.
When maintenance is planned, it goes from solving
problems to managing the increase in the life cycle of assets;
these maintenance plans must be aligned with the
organizational objectives which must be planned and take into
account the requirements of the interested parties to make
possible the improvement of the value of assets throughout
their life cycle [5].
In [16] it is proposed a methodology to manage power
transformers that has relevant processes to manage other
assets such as SCADA infrastructure. In [16] different types
of management are proposed, these are the following:
maintenance, repairs, updating, replacement of equipment,
monitoring requirements, and control of contingencies.
Table I summarizes relevant literature from the state-of-
the-art analysis with their different characteristics of the asset
management model.
 TABLE I. RELEVANT DOCUMENTS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION IN ASSET For this, an asset management scheme is proposed based
MANAGEMENT MODELS
on the ISO 55001 standard [17], which establishes the
Type of Equipment Management guidelines to follow. The model proposed for the asset
Ref Year Method Focus
manage. managed action management of control centers is presented in Fig. 5. The
sources of information available for the management system
Maintenance
Power model Failure are presented in Fig. 6.
[2] 2013 Condition Maintenance
transformers divided into 2 reduction
stages Needs and expectations of stakeholders: Keep operating the

Organization
SCADA system

context
Automated
Merging Scope: Detect failures and solve them in order to avoid a loss of
All power
Unit, Self- Failure information that affects the system operation
[4] 2018 Condition system with Maintenance
Repair, Asset reduction
SCADA
Management Leadership and commitment: The SCADA management system
and SCADA will be led by the System Administrator

Leadership
Condition Policies: Commitment to manage the SCADA system and keep it
Power Costs operational 24/7
[5] 2020 and Indices Maintenance
transformers reduction Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities:
reliability
SCADA asset management: System administrator.
Responsibilities: Keep the system operational and take
Components
preventive and corrective actions
of the Statistical Failure
[6] 2013 Condition Maintenance
distribution analysis reduction Actions to address risks and opportunities for the AMS:
system

Planning
Monitoring and maintenance of the SCADA system equipment
Life cycle AMS objectives and how to achieve them: Keep SCADA systems
Power cost method Failure operational 24/7; Monitoring and maintenance
[8] 2018 Condition Replacement
transformers according to reduction
maintenance
Resources: SCADA system, computer equipment; Support staff
Evaluation
through Failure Competence: Engineers with experience in SCADA systems,
Power
physical reduction trained in Asset Management
[15] 2018 All electronics All Support
failure and and cost
devices
degradation reduction
ISO 55001

Awareness: Make the system administrator aware of the

mechanisms importance of perform this management
Failure
Power reduction Information requirements: Information available from vendors and
[16] 2017 Reliability Indices All the condition monitoring
transformers and cost
reduction Planning and operational control: Criteria are defined to execute
the processes
There is a type of asset monitoring that is based on sensors
Operation

Change management: When changes are made include them in

or a supervision, control, and data acquisition system the management system
(SCADA); this is one of the most profitable condition-based Subcontracting: The contractors who perform the tasks of system
monitoring methods that exist, since it allows the administrator must know and adopt the implemented AMS
interpretation of the acquired data, however, some analyzes Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation: Real-time
cannot be applied systematically because the data collected
Performance assessment

monitoring scheme implemented in the SCADA system and data

from the substations may are not sufficient to represent all analytics to compute indicators
equipment. Moreover, it is difficult to identify a failure Internal audit: Annual internal audit of asset management
without performing data processing using an appropriate processes is implemented and from there identify good practices
and those that have not been carried out or are to be improved
analysis tool [4].
Management review: The performance of the asset management
Maintaining critical equipment is an essential part of system has to be evaluated based on the findings obtained in the
audits and/or periodic reviews
power system asset management, and it is sometimes
neglected [6]. According to the above information, it can be Nonconformities and corrective actions: Decision-making based
Improvement

on the evaluations made in the management system

determined that SCADA is used for monitoring and data
acquisition and through this asset management is sometimes Preventive actions
performed on the power system equipment; however, SCADA Continuous improvement
is a tool indispensable for the operation of the electrical power
system that is not being managed properly, for this reason, it Fig. 5. Asset management system for control centers based on ISO 55001.
is necessary to determine a methodology to carry out the
management of the assets that are part of the SCADA system, Inputs to the management system
since it can provide the required information to determine their
status, reduce failure times and frequencies and schedule the Real-time
List of faults that
information of Optimal
necessary maintenance. all the
Equipment
operating
have occurred in Maintenance
characteristics the system with scheduling
equipment in limits of
(vendor) their possible
III. ASSET MANAGEMENT MODEL the SCADA equipment
solution
system
A model is proposed to carry out the management of
control centers, evaluating the condition and performance of Fig. 6. Inputs to the AMS.
the critical equipment that compose it, with the aim of
reducing the number of failures, the time of failures, and the A control center management model is proposed
frequency of interruption by monitoring software and considering different management models applied to power
hardware variables related to the control center equipment that system equipment, in which the system condition monitoring
is key to its performance and at the same time to the operation allows identifying the critical equipment and behaviors for its
of the electrical power systems. correct operation and useful life. The monitoring includes the

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 variables and abnormal changes that deliver alarms TABLE II. INDICATOR MATRIX
considered pertinent for their assessment and management. Calculation
Name Equation Objective
These alarms are subsequently processed to calculate frequency
performance and management indicators that must be NSO=(AS1+AS2+AS3+ASn),
effective for what is being analyzed and managed, must be Where, ASx is the alarm of each Evaluate how
Number of server, equal to 1 when the alarm many servers
clear, provide timely information and be calculated servers occurs at least once during the Weekly failed at least once
periodically based on the experience of the system offline defined period. NSO is the number in the defined
administrator. of servers that turn to offline state at period
least once during the defined period
It is possible to detect problems or failures in the system NWO=(AW1+AW2+AW3+AWn),
that increase the real-time power grid operation risk using Where, AWx is the alarm of each
Evaluate how
workstation, equal to 1 when the
alarms and indicators. After detecting the failures from an Number of
alarm occurs at least once during the
many workstations
workstations Monthly failed at least once
analysis performed periodically, the management actions offline
defined period. NWO is the number
in the defined
of workstations that turn to offline
must be defined, as shown in the following diagram: state at least once during the defined
period.
period
System condition Identification of NVO=(AV1+AV2+AV3+AVn),
Fault detection
monitoring management action Where, AVx is the alarm of each
Evaluate how
Number of virtual machine, equal to 1 when the
many virtual
Fig. 7. Initial scheme for the AMS. virtual alarm occurs at least once during the
Weekly machines failed at
machine defined period. NVO is the number
least once in the
offline of virtual machines that turn to
The possible management actions to be performed can be offline state at least once during the
defined period
condition-based maintenance from indicators and early defined period
warnings, repair when possible, replacement following the NSwO=(ASw1+ASw2+ASw3+AS
vendor's specifications because failures were found that are wn, Where, ASwx is the alarm of
Evaluate how
each switch, equal to 1 when the
impossible to repair, detection of monitoring needs of Number of
alarm occurs at least once during the
many switches
Switches Weekly failed at least once
additional functions or variables which must be included in offline
defined period. NSwO is the number
in the defined
the monitoring scheme and if necessary also add a new of switches that turn to offline state
period.
at least once during the defined
indicator to carry out the constant assessment, finally, period
contingency control, for example when repair and/or SOM=MAX (AS1, AS2, AS3, Define which
replacement of equipment is done, in which are adapted Server offline
ASn), SOM is the server with more server is
alarms related to turn to offline state Weekly presenting the
temporary spare parts or partial replacement of equipment that maximum
during the defined period, ASx is highest number of
allow the system to continue operating properly without the number of alarms for each server failures
affecting the system availability. WOM=MAX (AW1, AW2, AW3,
Define which
AWn), EOM is the workstation with
Workstation workstations is
more alarms related to turn off
offline Monthly presenting the
during the defined period, AWx is
Management actions maximum highest number of
the number of alarms for each
interruptions
workstation
SWOM=MAX (ASw1, ASw2,
Condition ASw3, ASwn), SWOM is the switch Find which switch
Variables Contingency Switch
based Repair Replacement with more alarms related to turn to was offline the
monitoring control offline Monthly
monitoring offline state during the defined most times in the
maximum
period, ASwx is the number of defined period
alarms for each switch
Fig. 8. Actions for SCADA infrastructure asset management.
Determine which
SMOT=MAX(SOT1, SOT2,
Server server was offline
The indicators defined to evaluate and perform asset SOTx), where SMOT is the server
maximum Monthly for the longest
that was offline the longest time in
management of the control centers are presented in table II. offline time
the defined period
time in the defined
period
The data source for all the defined indicators is the data stored
from a SCADA infrastructure monitoring scheme, such as the WMOT=MAX(WOT1, WOT2,
Determine which
Workstation station was offline
one proposed in [18]. To evaluate the performance, the maximum
WOTx), where WMOT is the
Monthly for the longest
frequency of monitoring and analysis of all the indicators is workstation that was offline the
offline time time in the defined
longest time in the defined period
monthly because it is considered a relevant time to take period
actions through the information calculated. However, it is not SWMOT=MAX(TSWM), where
Determine which
the unique line to improve the system operation; another way SWMOT is the switch that was
Switch switch was offline
offline the longest time in the
is from the real-time system monitoring equipment, which maximum
defined period, TSWM=∑(TSWoff-
Monthly for the longest
offline time time in the defined
alerts the system administrator to take preventive or corrective TSWon) is the sum of the time
period
actions assisted as well by the results of the AMS indicators. difference of each switch
SOTx=∑(TSoff-TSon), where
The processing of these indicators is performed by an TSoff is the time which server turns Determine how
Server offline to offline state and TSon is the time long each server
algorithm that delivers the information numerically and time which returns to normal state. SOTx
Monthly
was offline in the
visually, making the query of the required data to historical is the sum of the offline state of defined period
servers, then processes the calculation of the same by server x during the defined period
including the equations and making graphs. These graphical WOTx=∑(TWoff-TWon), where
Determine how
TWoff is the time which server turns
tools allow identifying the most common and atypical failures Workstation to offline state and TWon is the time
long each
Monthly workstation was
to take actions that maintain the high availability of the offline time which returns to normal state.
offline in the
SCADA systems infrastructure, anticipating failures that can WOTx is the sum of the offline state
defined period
of server x during the defined period
be prevented by implementing the asset management system.

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 The indicators were implemented in four transmission
system control centers that operate electrical grids up to 500
kV in Colombia and Peru.
An example of the behavior of the server offline time
indicator for a control center is presented in Fig. 9, in which it
is recognized that for September 2020, server 2 was the one
with the highest unavailability value, which is corroborated by
the result of the server with maximum offline time shown in
Table III.
Fig. 9. Server offline time for a control center infrastructure.
TABLE III. SMOT INDICATOR BY MONTH
Indicator September October November
Offline maximum time [hours] 25.3 2.57 24.5
Server maximum offline time
Server 2 Server 1 Server 2
(SMOT)
IV. CONCLUSIONS
An asset management system is proposed for the power
grid control center infrastructure based on performance
indicators.
The indicators must be defined according to the
requirements of each control center and the possibility of
obtaining the input data for their calculation.
Performance indicators for the control center
infrastructure are proposed to monitor and implement
management actions on the equipment that composed it.
Asset management is required to optimize the efficiency
of real-time systems, keep them in optimal, safe, and reliable
conditions, as well as keep a documented record of relevant
events that affect or could affect equipment, hardware, and
software.
Implementing an asset management system allows the
methodological definition of actions commonly performed by
the system administrator and new actions that enable
continuous improvement by being included in the proposed
AMS.
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