1: THE HUMAN BODY

Created @September 5, 2022 9:58 PM

Tags

The Human Body

Different body parts perform different functions

Every part coordinates with one another

TERMINOLOGIES

Anatomy

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts

Gross anatomy

large structures

easily observable

Microscopic anatomy

structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye

cells and tissues can be viewed only with a microscope

Physiology

study of how the body and its parts work or function

structures determines what functions can occur

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

1. Atoms (chemical level)

2. Cells (cellular level)

3. Tissues (tissue level)

1: THE HUMAN BODY 1

 4. Organs

5. Organ Systems

6. Organisms

ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Integumentary system: forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from
injury; synthesized Vitamin D; location of sensory receptors and sweat and oil glands

Hair, skin, fingernails

Skeletal system: protects and supports body organs; provides framework the
muscles use to cause movements; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals

cartilages, joints, bones

Muscular system: allows manipulation of the environment; locomotion and facial

expression; maintains posture; produces heat

skeletal muscles

Nervous system: fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and
external changes by activation appropriate muscles and glands

brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine system: secretes chemical molecules, called hormones into the blood.
body functions controlled by hormones include: growth, reproduction and use of
nutrients

ovaries, thyroid glands, testes

Cardiovascular system: blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc. the heart pumps blood.

heart, blood vessels

Lymphatic System: picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood;
disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses wbc involved in immunity

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

Respiratory system: keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide

1: THE HUMAN BODY 2

 nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Digestive system: breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood
for distribution to body cells; indigestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum

Urinary system: eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates

water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Reproductive system: reproduce offspring

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

Maintaining boundaries

movement: locomotion

responsiveness

digestion

metabolism 9atp:adrenosine triphosphate)

excretion

Reproduction

Growth

Nutrients: chemicals used for energy and cell building

Oxygen: required for chemical reactions

SURVIVAL NEEDS
Water: 60 to 80 percent of body weight

Normal temperature: 37 degrees Celsius

Atmospheric pressure

1: THE HUMAN BODY 3

 THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Anatomical position

the standard body position

Directional terms

Superior (cranial/cephalic): toward the head or upper part of a structure of the

body; above

Inferior (caudal): away from the head or toward the lower part of the body; below

Anterior (ventral): toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal): toward the backside of the body; behind

Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side

Lateral: away from the midline; on the outer side of

Intermediate: between a more medial and amore lateral structure

Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to
the body trunk

Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment to a limb to
the body trunk

Superficial (external): toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal): away from the body surface

Regional Terms

anterior

posterior

Body Planes and Sections

Sections are cuts along imaginary lines

Sagittal section: left and right

1: THE HUMAN BODY 4

 Median/midsagittal: equal left and right

Frontal/coronal: anterior and posterior parts

Transverse/cross: superior and inferior parts

Body cavities

Dorsal:

cranial cavity: houses the brain, protected by the skull

spinal: houses the spinal cord, protected by the vertebrae

Ventral: thoracic, diaphragm, abdominal, pelvic

four quadrants

HOMEOSTASIS
maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions

Main controlling systems

nervous system

endocrine system

Homeostatic imbalance: a disturbance in homeostasis results in disease

All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least 3 components:

Receptor: responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

Control center: determines set point, analyzes information, determines appropriate

response

Effector: provides a means for response to the stimulus

Feedback mechanisms

Negative feedback: shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity; works
like a household thermostat

Positive feedback: rare in the human body; increases the original stimulus to push
the variable further

1: THE HUMAN BODY 5

1: THE HUMAN BODY 6