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KQ - Iq#r?-Ri: Charges
KQ - Iq#r?-Ri: Charges
where ,
charges + -
Fa force exerted
on
qz by 9s ma
=
F. ⊕ ← .
,
I
FI 1<-181 -
kq.iq#r?-rI )
i. =
¥ñ
=%÷f ⇐ ñ=¥ ) ,
¥: ::::
brackets # ET
=¥÷ :÷÷ ,
i :* .
Ñ2Ñt
E.
,k¥÷ 'ñ-ñ Heme PED
: =
>
similarly ,
Force applied by FI ,
FI
=kq;,9÷(É%
=%÷ I
:÷÷,
=
FI
,!%;→cñ-ñ Peᵈ
÷ =
>
Hence
Here ,
we can
clearly observe that → FI = -
FI ,
i. e- 3rd law of newton is valid in
electrostatics also .
P
we have two
a
opposite charges separated by
distance of 21 ; which makes it a dipole
'
.
⑦ -
l→ I
← →
④ - - - - - - - -
ÑN→
from centre of dipole
' '
r IT
teacher impress 1
.
' '
Field due to 1- +
similarly +9 at A
,k÷e,
- =
, g. ,
So , Net Field f- f-qtftq
=÷÷ii÷ .
=
-Ñq( 8+172
( (rtl) (8-1)/2
2kPr
21%21%-2
=
WI
Now denominator ,
, if 8 >> l ,
we can
ignore 12 in the
E-
=2¥
E-
21¥ µenie%¥ "
"
E-
q=¥→ 1-+9=4%2
'
,
i
.
, .
,
%
C-net =
J+E+iE -q e-e-
it
e- e→
Hypo TH (
__
d
°
: pytha)
¥+2 ②
so cos ②
÷÷+÷÷:i
= -
,
= ,
JY¥ f+•
=
11,2%+97,12121050=(71+10520--2105-0)
(2%+1-4152)
= cos ⊖
PIM
to -
Hence
#
Torque on
dipole in external field : _
_*÷ .
at a
separation of 2L
placed in a uniform electric
field CET .
Dipole makes an
angle ⊖ with electric field .
FT = -
qf →
force on
charge -
F) =
qf
→
force on
charge q
FT = -
Fi
which means the force
direction at the two ends
acting on dipole is equal
will behave
in
like
magnitude and opposite in
Therefore
.
it a
couple .
As couple Ps on
acting dipole it produces torque
,
so .
either force )
we know ,
I = ( magnitude of ( ✗
to
line
distance
of action
from
of F)
= F ✗ ( BC)
=
qE ✗ (21 sin ⊖ )
I =
PE Sino ( % P=qke ))
E=FxÉ
Pᵈ
Hence
Caste : when ② = 0° % sin 0=0 ; which means K= .
when -0=9-8 af
e✗Pᵗᵈ ☒
"
unstable G-
I2&¥ Ñ
F- PEsÉᵈ 1$47
paper
Miguel
II=Pcm→ *
teacher
d- An FEI 34TH /
ot ¥%
Gauss verification Coulomb's law :
# law
using
late know, the net electric field closed surface B. D) Ps
enclosed by the
through a
¥
times
the net
charge surface .
Hosed =
%÷= § F. dA→
Verification :
According to electric flux ,
☒ § Ed? § Edsco so
c.
=
,
=
To electric flux : -
∅e =
C- Ads cos 0°
∅ c- =
c-
fgds
( As § ds means area =
4*82)
To ∅e = f 4-11-82 -
②
Coulomb's law 9
Now ,
according to C- =
{◦ %
( putting in ②, we
get :-
c- "*
∅e=¥¥×
A- =
¥9
◦
og Ole =
i. ✗ ( enclosed charge)
Have
Pwᵈ
# Electric field due to a
straight long charged
08
conductor
-
#
Let
As
direction
da be the small areas
conductor is positively
of E- field will
on
charged
be
the
this "
,
't""
| ; !
radially
,
outwards .
1
I ×
da
Now
, ∅ / c- DA
,
= cos ⊖ G- 90T
=
,
1
i
1
02 =/ EDA [⊖ 90° )
-
o
cos ⊖
[
=
( 0=0]
,
C- DA cos ⊖
} 12=9/1
Hence Netflix ,
÷ One + =
∅ -102+0}
,
=
ffda cos 90 +
ffdA cos 90° -1
/EDA cost
= 0 + 0 +
SEDA
∅ =
C- A
i.
[ Total curved area of surface =2ñrl ]
Now Ace to Gauss
.
Law :
,
∅=9÷
from⑦ , C-
(211-8/1) =
1¥ [: gin Al]
__
E-
2¥74 P¥ʳᵈ
=
Hence
Here , we can clearly see
,
C- ✗
±
^
So
Graphically
Eats
÷
, c-
>
# Electric Field due to infinite phage she
!et of density
'
o
'
:
-
¥
+
Ida
T→da
-
¥
- -
± -
d←§
- -
- - - -
'
+ +1
I
_
ffd A cos 0° +
/ C- DA cos 0° / C- DA + cos 90°
=
/ C- DA +
/ C- DA 0 +
=
C- A + C- A
l∅A→ ②
Acc to
gauss
law, ∅
=9g÷ 0¥
from ② d④
independent of ,
_
↳•
CHAPTER # 2 : Electric Potential and capacitance
# Potential at a point due to
point charge :
+a
ᵗ→p*
--
charge
'
% Wip → a)
=
/ Fext dr
"
=
§ kQ¥
D
dr cos ⊖
[ I 0=180 ]
'
dr
§¥
=
-
KQ cos 180=-1
*•
1¥15
-
=
KQ
f-± t 's ) ]
-
= -
KQ
1- ± I]
=
-
Wtp →
a) ¥=
4¥ ¥
,µueP¥ᵈ
✓ =
ooo
.
-9 + q
④-10
•p
- - - - - - -
- - -
a
→
A P dies on a
'
r .
Potential at P due +1 , ✓+
So to
¥ᵈa
=
due to q , V
-_a
- =
-
=4¥aHH¥a )
=
k9G+aj¥aY*
=
12,91%
Hence Vaxial
¥a2
=
'
i.
Let there be
'
P' at distance 's
'
equatorial line
'
point
'
a a on .
'
"
"
' '
'
'
q ↑ + q
so , as in diagram :
a-a 1- a- a-
Potential at P due to +9 4-
!÷g
=
,
due to -9 , V. =
,ka¥ᵈ→
So
,
Net potential at P,
Veg =
(4) ( K) +
=÷→+t÷
lVeg=07_µenoePnᵈ
Hence , electric
potential due to dipole at any point on
eq dine will be
.
0 .
dipole moment(F) P
into two
rectangular components -
q
+
q
as shown .
e- a →
Éga →
potential k(pcg
at due to this
so
,
a
component =
' '
and point A lies on equatorialline of dipole with dipole moment sin-0
p
but as discussed component
above as A is
,
on
eq line
. i.
potential due to this
will be zero .
Hence , Vnet =kpc +
O
kp
µeneePIeᵈ
V =
,
of surface
B be VB=V
and of A be Va =
Vtdv
dw =
-
Fdn
( =Ee→j )
As c-
i. C- = F
so , dw = -
Édse -
②
④
from ② & - Édx =
dv
E-
date
¥×µuP¥ᵈ
- =
c- = -
9, 92
Firstly we'll
, bring 9 from ,
• to A .
So work
,
done to place charge 9, to A g WA =
% VA
=
0 [% Va =
0
,
ie -
of static
]
potential energy
charge
Now
,
we'll
bring 92 from • to B (and in this case
q, is already at A)
So ,
potential at B due to % at A ,
VB =
k¥ -
②
94k¥ )
WB =
k9jI
And as we know
,
sum of work done is equal to the potential energy of system
Potential Energy A)
k9i9÷
% = 0 1-
U
k9÷µwePYᵈ
=
# Potential Energy of a
system of two charges in an external electric field :
-
Let A and B %
potential at be Va and Vis respectively .
Now ,
,
Wa =
9, Va -
② ( % inHally 92 was not there ) %
Work done to 92 at B
.
place ◦
.
WB =
92 VB t 1<9191 -
④
r
U q VA
-192%+1<9%1 proved
=
,
Her#
# Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor [ without dielectric] : -
1¥:|
Consider a
parallel plate capacitor of plate area A , and
separation d.
- -
→ - -
1- d →
Now ,
the electric field inside the capacitor plate ,
E-
( by application of gauss law
of charge plate)
Ig
=
V= d- d-②
A Eo
we know that G-
,
c=¥n↳d (from② )
c=
Aeg µµP¥ᵈ
#
Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor [ with dielectric]
;-g
consider a parallel plate capacitor 4- Plate area
and
'
separation d.
'
A
C- = 0
ETK
¥,
②
( :o=-)
°
c- = -
<
Now
, Capacitance C' ,
=
C' =
¥ (torn
'
AE
c =
' '
C C K C KC
org or
= =
capacitance
'
where C = with dielectric
,
C =
capacitance without dielectric
K =
dielectric constant of the medium .
it's
capacitor , capacitance increases by .
+Qi -
Qi
#
Capacitance Pn Parallel : +
+
+
-
+
-
shown in the
figure
+
as c, =
In
parallel combination potential difference across all
the capacitors remains same but distribution of charge +02 -9
across each capacitor will be different
+
. + :
+ -
◦
: 0=9 Qz
,
+ ±
, :
CV = (
µ + Czv (% a- CV ) +
Cz -
c✗=X (4+5)
c=c , + Cz µene¥ᵈ ← ✓ →
# Capacitors in series :
Q, -0 , Az -02
= +
+
-
C , and Cz
respectively shown in
figure
+
as +
- -
.
-
+
-
+
+ -
+
-
C, Cz
In series combination the , potential difference across
←v. → + v. →
each capacitor is different but distribution of
remains same
charge
.
% ✓ = V1 + V2
+
÷ (E) 0--1%+1=10
± =
± +
÷
Which means
,
the effective capacitance of a combination of n' '
capacitors
in series is :
d- ± =
,
+
E. E. + + - - -
+
In
# Energy stored in capacitor AND Expression for Energy density :
'
dq
'
let be the small amount of charge transferred by the source from +ve
plate to -
ve plate .
W =/ dw
w
If dq
=
w=
{ fqdq
w=
± (E)
w=±¥
w=
Iz I¥ ( : q=cv]
w=
± 0¥
W
1-2 C. v2
=
U v2
{(
=
U= v21
±
or
,
U=
lzqv µewePIʳᵈ
ENERGY DENSITY :
-
?
.
%
Energy density ,
µ=¥me
µ
ᵗfaI
=
Fd →
=¥:÷
tEA÷¥
±
=
A
=
± E÷¥dA
2
Eo C-
µ =
£
2
£ Er
14=21 C-
CHAPTER ☒ 3 : current Electricity
# Obtain an expression for Drift velocity of Electrons 5-
, ,
with
move
randomly some velocity ( ri )
ie ②
± 0
. -
Now, when an electric field is applied across the conductor ; The force
applied on a electron by the electric field is :
-
F = -
e E [
°
: F- QE]
ma = -
e E f : F- ma)
a
¥
= -
,
m mass of the electron
-
.
It we take '
E' to be the
average relaxation time ( the time interval
between any two successive collision)
eEIm where Vd =
Hug =
drift velocity
Hence
Iced
# Relation between current and drift velocity : - - E
N=nAl %
Total
charge , Q=n Ale
% Current in the conductor ,
E-
nA¥
IAk ⇐ he ¥ )
# Series combination of Resistance :
→Ñm-nnÉ
Two resistors of resistance Ri and Ra connected
↳ -1 _
1- V, -1
are 1-
V2-1
Pn series ,
. •
,
As we know, in series combination , current Ps
same but is different across the
voltage comp
orients v
% V= V, + V2
law ,
using IR0hm's =
IR , + I Rz
☒ =
✗ ( Rit
Rz
R2)
Peᵈ
R= R , +
Hence
To for
'
n
'
no .
of resistance in series, R = R , + Rat R} t -
- - - -
Rn .
voltage .
1- ✓ → ,
2
As we know in parallel combination voltage remains
^
,
and current is different across the
same
1-11-1 .
)
-
I, I =
11+12
using 0hm 's law
,
¥ =
¥ ¥2 ,
+
1--41 E. +
E.)
¥
=
¥ ¥ +
P¥ᵈ
,
Hence
for resistors in parallel ,
¥ ¥
%
'
¥ En
n' = + + + - - - - -
+
'
Consider
'
with internal resistance 's
'
a cell of emf E -
⑥ -
jE_ jj
connected to the external resistance ( R) The current .
in the circuit Ps :
[ ② : 5- =
¥ ,
-
1- ¥¥Éaⁿd i. - - - - -
- -
if
Terminal potential difference
my→
V= IR -
⑤
Now
,
② can be written as → I(R+r ) =
E ( cross -
multiply)
IR + Is =
E
V -1 Ir =
E ( from ⊕ )
✓ =
f- 28 / For v5 E)
# Cells in series :
÷ii÷÷÷÷
mnn→,
consider two cells with emf Gandfz and
having ii.- - - - - -
:
[
- - -
'
- -
connected in series .
V1 = C- , -
28 , ( for ✓< e)
also V2 =
Ez -
I 82
,
% Veg V , + V2 =
Veg
=
(E ,
+
Eat ( Ir -1182)
-
Veq
=
(Gtf) (8,1-82) I - -
②
Now ,
we know Veg Eeg Ing = -
-
⑤
Comparing ② &④ ,
feg =
E, +
Eat - - - -
proved
-
req 8, -182-1
flank
= -
- - - -
# Cells in Parallel ÷
: - -
- - -
f. E-miii-i.fr
,
parallel '
:
-
- - - -
% I =
I, + Iz
( )
% V= E- Ir
I
4¥ 4¥
=
+
I=E¥
2-
G- ¥ -4£ -1¥)
+
v1 "¥ )=ᵗ%¥ -2
✓ =
"%¥÷ -47%-1
✓ Eeg Ing
Comparing this with -
=
Eeg =
Er¥¥
and
, he =
2%-2 µenuPÉᵈ
We can also write these equations in simple ways ,
¥g=¥+§÷+
-
- -
-
and
, Teg =
¥ ,
+
¥ -
- - -
_A€Éᵈʰ%¥
+ Wheatstone Bridge :
Wheatstone
bridge is an
arrangement * to
G%
"
resistance used to determine resistance of
resistors in terms of three resistors
tiny
one other .
Iz R
- -
1,10=0
I, P =
IZR
-
②
Now
,
applying Kirchoff s rule on loop BCDB : -
Ill -225--0
I ,Q =
Ias
-
④
dividingeg②&④i we get :
⊕②_ {¥=%÷
% Proud
G- =
part
↳ his is the condition for balanced
wheatstone bridge .
#
Finding unknown resistance
using
⑧
slide wire
bridge :
Principle of meter
bridge and
finding unknown resistance
¥¥÷÷I÷¥i
Pinup : wheat stone bridge
As shown in
figure ,
R= Unknown resistance
I
known
= s
resistance
-11-1 .
Move the Jockey G) on wire AC of length I to obtain the null point lire .
zero
reading of the
galvanometer) . Let point ☐ be null point on wire AC .
As the
bridge is balanced therefore by wheat sone
bridge principle :
-
, ,
¥a☐ =
¥13
¥
←
Hms
⑥
Fe ¥00 e)
}tÉÉ←
=
proved RAD
-
RDB
¥eµ•=
R =
•
CHAPTER # 4 :
Moving charges and magnetism
#
Magnetic field at the centre of a circular
carrying current :
loop
consider circular
a current
carrying loop carrying
current I .
We have to find magnetic field at the
centre of this loop .
→↑d2
I" ← - - -
g
-
-
-
dB=M÷( 1¥90 ) y
2
dB
1%+1%4
=
both sides
integrating ,
we
get :
1dB =
1M¥ Idgaf
B
ME ¥ fall
=
( :
fdl total circumference
°
14¥ ¥
B =
✗
211-8 means
B =
MET µencePᵈ
#
Magnetic Field on the axis of a circular current loop : -
"
↑
-
-
-
-
r !dñ°ˢ° dB→
^I >
⊖
of dB→sPn
-
- - - - - - -
t.rs#si-no-----
"
I sdB→
-ÉÉÉ
I
distort
Iq
-
_
_
dB=¥¥Iᵈ¥irE
So the
, magnetic field at P due to current element Idf :
-1dL ]
dB=%ˢ Idl{In9I [:
°
dB
ME ,É+→
=
Idt
Magnetic field at P due to current element
dB '
14¥ Idlgi29I
=
dB '
ME {aᵈ÷×z )
=
dB =D B
'
we can see →
Here
,
So that
, magnetic field intensity at P will be
only due to sin 0
component
therefore ,
total
magnetic field due to the whole coil .
B→ =
5dB sin ⊖
☒ =
11¥ IdlaÉ+n-
B-
µ%a?→fᵈl
=
B-
47%4×5*+7 fall
=
⑤ #a
¥Y%¥×→a≠×
=
's
B- =
%a?pk Hence
%¥
it n> >> a
,
then a Ps
neg legible
⑤
Mz¥ñ)
=
31k
if
Mz÷s
=
# Ampere 's circuital Law :
It states that the line integral of magnetic field intensity over a closed loop
is µo times the total current
threading the loop .
↳ i. e.
§ B- .de?--1UoI of
Proof : Consider a
straight
conductor
carrying as shown in the
"ÉqÑ↑B
-
"
%
/ B- diBdl
•
=
/ cos 0°
=
fBdl
=
Bfdl
=M¥j# ( :
fdl means circumference =2#r)
conductor
carrying
Application of Ampere's circuital law →
[ Toroid
Pl
r< a
;
ie point lies inside the wire .
CA: -
8 >a at point Pi .
§ Bdl cos 0° =
Not
B Jodl =
No I
B (2*8) =
MOI ( : Jodl
°
r
centre
Cased :
-
r=a at point Pz
Now to find
,
the
magnetic field intensity at point B. on the surface of the wire .
21T A
cased : -
Ra ,
at
point Pz
§
To find the magnetic field intensity at
point B inside the surface of
the - -
loop
- - -
circular
cylindrical wire
radius
→
make a
made of 8 (rea)
Now in this
,
case the enclosed current Ie is not I but less
than the value .
Since the current distribution is uniform the current enclosed
,
is ,
2
Ie =
I✗
at
§ Bdl =M°Ia¥
B § de =
Mo
Ia¥
B (2*4) =
MoIa¥
1321T
Nigg B=
µz¥%
=
Bar
↳
Field due to solenoid :
#
Magnetic
@£%①①☆
Mmm MM
"
⊕⊕É⊕⊕⊕⊕ק
← "
2
g-I →
<
No .
Of turns =
N <
<
D C
⑥
③ ③ ① ③ ⑨ ③ ①③ ①
:
-13
A
I
④ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ?⃝
let a solenoid consists of of turns per unit length and carry current
'
n' no .
I.
M F
.
outside the solenoid is weak Ialmost zero)
.
%
§ Bode fB→•de→ JEDI fB?dT + + +
fB?dT
=
AB BC CD DA
Here
,
B. all =
0 [B outside -0]
B-
dt-afB.de?0fiB.tdeT
Hence
§ # DI § B- di +0+0+0
,
= -
AB
§ B.DI / Edt =
AB
cos 0°
§ B- di = B- Jdt
AB
§ Bill = BTL ) -
②
§ B. all =
No 7-
BCL ) MON I = -
from ②
1401¥
B=
⑦ =
Mon I
where ,n= no .
of turns per unit length i.e.
,
n=
NI
I
i
i.
>
corner
centre
law , obtained
#
Using Ampere 's circuital the
magnetic field inside toroid
a
Outside / Between) : -
Case) Inside
=
-
-
_
,
,
??;
,
'
here Iin 0
:
= ' '
,
'
§ B- di
'
= 0 13--0 , "
'
-4 if _
*
B
Casey )
-
§ Edt =
No 1in fat B)
§ Bdl cos ② =
Mo Lin
B fall =
MONI
B (211-8) =
MONI
B- -
M◦¥÷ or B- Mon I
-
[ ñn=N_ =
Egg ]
§ Bdl =
Nitin
13--0
# Force
acting on a current
carrying conductor placed in Mf :
-
a B-
Consider
carrying
a conductor of
current I placed
lengthinland
a
of section A
area
magnetic field at an
( I
¥↑
l -
⊖ shown It of electrons in the
density
angle number
←
as .
conductor Ps n then
,
total no .
of electrons in the conductor Ps : Aln .
As the force
acting one electron is f-=eVdBsPn⊖ where Vd is the drift velocity of
electrons .
( ✗ and Y )
Consider two infinite long straight conductors ^
carrying currents I, and Iz in the
same direction . .
Since
each
magnetic field is produced due to
conductor experiences force a .
current through each conductor
,
therefore
Bi
- -
-
-
-
-
-
,
-
ftp.p
,
←
magnetic field at P due to a:
-
Now current I,
-
- -
,
,
, '
② "
M¥j
B,
-
'
-
=
-
- - - -
>_
- -
- -
- -
→
-
-
-
- -
a force given by
-
✗ →
< →
y
F, =
Iz (d) Bi sin 90° ( Td =L / unit length))
Fz =
Bi Iz ✗ d (% sin 90=1)
Fz
M°{¥
=
④
-
= - -
- -
_ ,
21-18 ,
,
:
- -
.
-
-
-
→
-
F, -=Bz 1 sin ⊖ 12
, NI, a
F, =
Bz I , sin 90°
✗ <→ →
Y
F, =
MoIiI_
211-8
We can observe that F, acts perpendicular to ✗ and directed towards Y .
f- FEY
.
So F, Fz
,
=
F,
⑨ Bz ⑦ Bi
but when current next be in
opposite directions ,
?⃝
the conductors will repel each other and
will be same as derived above
magnitude fz
⑦ Bz ④ B,
n I, -1 I2
Same current direction → attraction
Hence
↳ opposite current dioxin →
repulsion
# TORQUE
acting on a current
carrying loop/coil in uniform MF . /
rectangular) :
a→
¥
¥¥¥¥!¥÷¥µ
⇐
. ⇐
→ i-
When a
rectangular current is placed in
carrying coil does uniform magnetic a
field then it
experiences It a
torque
not experience .
a .
force
%
Magnetic on a current
carrying conductor .
f- =
II.b- Sino - on arms ABI CD
only
but field exerts no force on the two arms AD and BC of loop because
B is antiparallel to I
↑F2
.
→
c- a
Kow ,
The magnetic field is
perpendicular to the arm
A¥¥
AB of the loop and exerts a force fi it ,
↓f
on
which is directed into the plane of the -
loop .
,
↳ (front )
view
F, =
IIB sin 90° IIB
=
directed
Similarly ,
the
magnetic
of the loop
field exerts a force Fz on arm CD
,
which is out of
the plane .
Fz =
Il B =
F,
along the
magnetic an
angle with it .
£
Let the
angle between the field and the normal to the
c-
¥ . _
Coil be
angle ⊖ .
↓f,=BIl
- - - - - -
- -
MAIA
M =
KIA ( Here 1<=1 )
A →
for N no . of turns ,
Ñ=NIA→
hmˢnÉᵗ
Galvanometer
/
be converted into ammeter
stz.gg#Ig---max
can
by
connecting a small Resistance s(shunt) in
parallel with the galvanometer
current
through galvanometer
I = ammeter range
Rj =
Galvanometer Resistance
As S and
G are connected in parallel , SCI Ig) Ig Rg
-
=
s=%É
# Conversion of Galvanometer into voltmeter ±
④nE±
Galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by
resistance in series
connecting high .
Ig = current galvanometer
through
R =
high resistance
✓ = External potential
Rg =
Galvanometer resistance
total resistance = Rt
Rg
Ig ( Rgt R)
Now ace to 0hm 's law , V=
,
.
Ig
= Rt
Rg
R
Ey Rg
-
-
CHAPTER # 6 :
Electromagnetic Induction
# Notional EMF or Induced EMF :
s 4×74 % ✗ ☒
✗
rectangular conducting
± m
consider a PQRS loop
in the plane of the
paper in which the
× × ×
⑤
×
←
× ×
/ ✗ ✗
× ✗ ✗ × ✗
× × ✗
with a constant
velocity V' assume
_
'
, µ
of energy friction
×
loss
×
due to × × × ✗
×
there is
×
R
-
no .
→ A c- Q
Pa is moved n' distance towards enclosed
right the by loop
'
Let area
,
PQRS increases Area (A) .lu
.
=
Therefore , the amount of flux magnetic linked with the loop increases .
∅ =
Blk COSO
∅ =
Bla -
②
E. =
-9ft
E. = Blk / from ⑦]
E. Bl
@d¥)
= -
E- -
Bev
P¥ᵈ [ :
day means
which is
rate
of change of displacement
velocity
)
Hence
force on the wire ( external)
f- BIL sin 90°
f Bff ]
=
?
F-
131B¥) e
I
Egg
=
- =
f- =
BIRI
✗
± ×
Induced EMF due to rotation of Rodin Magnetic field :-,
-
-
#
-
-
✗ i
× i. i × -
×
×
× , ×
,
;
,
,
× × " ×
É
"
'
✗
✗ -
Y .
.
.
-
-
_
¥ ¥
J
% for I unit rotation ( area) =
=
1¥
To Area will be A
1¥ ②
= -
∅ = BA cos 0°
∅ -13K¥ )
Induced EMF in the rod ,
E. = -
dd¥
e-
¥1B %-)
-
_
E
BIG dd¥
=
E. =
Btw where ,
w =
angular velocity ( d
Hence PIED
# Self -
Induction of Solenoid :
solenoid
having N
'
a .
I is the current
flowing through
the solenoid
it So there will be magnetic field at
.
,
a a
given point in it B
, represent by .
Mo¥ A
=
✗
% Total
magnetic flue will be
given by product of fun present in each turn
turns
and
the no .
of .
∅
MONI N
=
②
∅
M_◦N÷
= -
And ,
we also know ∅ =
LI -
④
,
:O
from ② &④ Lf =
Monet
↳
M¥ µµeP¥ᵈ
[ This is self inductance of
-
a solenoid .
# Mutual inductance of two solenoids : -
s ,→Niwmˢ
llltllllllllldmd.TN
consider two
,
s , and
long
52
solenoids stands≥ each of
respectively .
length
and Nz are the no of turns in the solenoid
.
sz
N2 tums
'
52 Ps wound
↳
are considered
closely over S ,
to have the
,
so both the solenoids
- l -
same area of cross
section A'
'
.
I , is the current
flowing through Si .
Now ,
I,
the
Ps
magnetic field B, produced at any point inside solenoids , due to current
⑦
MoNe
B, =
-
And , the
magnetic flux linked with each turn of sa ie equal to B ,
A .
Total
magnetic flux linked with solenoid sa having Na turns is
∅ = B , A N2
,
( WWII) A -
④
but ∅z =
MI , -
④ where m is the coefficient of mutual induction
,
between S, and S2
from ④ d④
i. MI ,
=(M°%N A
MoNyN# µmeeP¥ᵈ
% M =
M
MNiN2A_
=
CHAPTER #7 :
Alternating Current
mm
1-② -1
_
C- =
Eosin wt
circuit,
% current
through the
I
§ 5-
EosP¥wt
=
④
tlencepnred
I Tosin wt
-
fosinwt -
→
- - - - - -
- -
;
Eo ^
✗
fi
É
Iosinwt i
-
-
- - - -
*
,
Io I
,
↑wᵗ i !
'
✓ - →
Phaser diagram .
L
# AC
voltage applied to an Inductor : ummmm
µ→ -1
'
i. e. e=
Ldtˢd
-
can
say ,
F. = -
e
c- = -
(-1%-1)
C- L
¥t
=
dI=
Edt
dI=
Eosinwtdt
for total current
integrating both side ,
fd 2=1 I
C- sinwtdt ◦
E-
¥ tioswwt)
/
SIME -0-1=0so
]
I =
coswt %
,
sin to ) sin ⊖
¥ ( sing wt
= -
I = -
-
I
¥ sin / wt TE) ④
= -
-
when sin wt ( E)
-
will be Ig the I will be peak value .
i. e.
I◦=E?⃝
④ -
I Io sin
( wt
E)
tlencethored
= -
on
comparing ② &④ ,
we see that I and E have different phase
i. e.
phase difference between I and E.
∅ aft aft ¥
= -
∅ ¥ =
.
:
voltage leads current .
" ÷
;
waveform diagram for 1- and E
◦
¥
'
i
¥
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
_qfo
i
§
'
Phasor
diagram for I and C-
s
i
÷ ;
'
wt
↑ ;
d- tot)
:
¥
-
" '
fwt -
E)
iii. ¥
±
- - - - - - -
# AC
voltage applied to a capacitor :
-
→ 1-
Consider a
capacitor of capacitance C' is connected
'
V=E
Also ,
charge on
capacitor q=cv ,
in wt f: E)
g- Ceos
v=
I
dd¥
=
I
day ( Eosinwt)
c.
=
I = CEO
ddtlsinwt)
-
I =
Cfo wcoswt
I =
CEO W
(sin + wt
) -
⑤
Now, I will be Max / peak) when
(sing + wt ) will become I.
To I◦ =
c Eow
(wt E)
PID
So ④ I =
To sin + _
Hence
Comparing ② and 1⑤
due to which current
,
we see that there is
behind
a phase difference between 2 and E
is
leading the
voltage .
wt
∅ =
÷:
I
%
,
%
phaser
diagram for 7- and E :
-
- - - - - -
☒ "
-
; wt
-1¥ !
M↑wt
' '
! I
E ②
.
-
k=c
Here ,
voltage drop across resistance , capacitor and
inductor Ps -
/_mmm_t e-vi. → t
VR= I R
} [ E.
L
)
vi. 1% ②-
""
"
✗a. = WL
ka
± I
-
- -
4--1 .
×
,
!
'
Phaser E.
diagram for t.GR circuit :-,
%i →
[
Consider , Eo Ps the total
voltage supplied in the ¥
circuit .
let K > Vc
In the above phasor diagram ,
.
"
Vc
% Kc =
( Vik ) -
Now ,
voltage across all the components ,
V=J2t
V=t(2X+IR
V=tIÉ+R}
✓
=IfÉ+R
F. É =
=/ (✗É
2 is called impedance pfoeePn¥
#
Resonating frequency in series LCR circuit :
-
✗[ =
Xc
WL
¥
=
WZ =
¥
w =
¥
211-0 =
Proved
V
2T¥ Hertel
=
#
Average Power in LCR Circuit :
we know that a
voltage E- Eosin wt applied to a series RLC circuit drives a
circuit given
current in the
by is
pospnlwt ∅ ) -
; where % =
&
/ ×c-¥- )
"
◦
? instantaneous
power by the source is : ∅ = tan
P
EoI÷ / ∅ cos (2 wt ∅)
) ②
-
=
+
cos
-
Now, the
average power over a cycle is given by the
average of the two terms in
R H S -
- .
¥ ¥)
✗
P =
Érms Isms cos ∅
Hence
Proved .
#
Energy stored in an Inductor : - Mmm
consider an inductor of inductance L connected to a
shown in
Voltage source E as
figure .
As we know , P= EI
[ =dd¥)
% C-
P
Liddy
=
¥ 12¥ 1° P=dd÷)
= :
dw =
LI DI
-
②
Io
0 Io
( Io =
max current in the circuit
W=
LJIDI
w=% !
w=L
1¥ ] -
°
W=
121102
[ This work is stored in the circuit as
magnetic potential
energy .
To
0=1-21202 µµeP¥ᵈ
-
CHAPTER #9 :
Ray Optics
# Relation between critical angle and refractive index of a medium :
air
i
consider medium (M) m -1
to rarer
a
(1)
light ray travelling from denser ;
90°
fit
.
,
to Snell 's law
According :
µ since (1) sin 90°
= '
I
µ Ill
Ési=c
=
>
I
µ spnc
=
µ
=
1- I
since proved
Hank
# Retraction at a spherical surface : '
surface .
¥ I¥_É -8-1
; ±
- -
g-
-
- -
- - - -
- - - -
-
The normal drawn from the convex refracting surface passes through the
centre of curvature (c) .
All distances are measured from pole and the .
,
Now , Bysnetsaw :
µ, sin ⊖ , =
Mz Sin 0-2
as ⊖ , & 0-2 are
very small ,
% sin -0 , ≈ ⊖ , and sin 0-2 ≈
-02
µ, 0-1 =
µ -02
2
µ , / ✗ + B) =
Mz / B- 8) -
tan B B
¥ ≈
=
8- V
tan -
¥ ≈
i. ② Mi
th E) + =
Molk ¥) -
µ ,
/ ¥ 1) - =
Malta E) -
¥ -
¥ =
Mfs -
¥ ¥
MTµµP¥ᵈ
→ -
=
> I >
Consider a convex lens ( thick) , let an object i
.
g Iz ri i ☐ { ,
{
The
image formed by the convex thick dens
Ps at I. '
1) Refraction
through first surface (ABC) :
"
im A-
If surface ADC is not present then
}
I, l '
image will
formed
.
shown in
i.
¥ ,
be at I , as the
figure .
ni na
A
-
-
%
-
If the surface
/
then ABC is not
present ""
image I will behave like object and the
, -
image by
-
figure
☐
I shown in , ±
{
•
as .
Now ,
According to refraction formula ,
--=vi
④
n¥= -7
-
¥ -
c
Adding ② d④ : -
na-r÷+- MI R2
=
¥ % ,
-
+
F- n¥
n¥ˢ +
m-rn÷
=
¥ -
¥
nz-r.rs -
cnzz.nl#--ni( ± ±) -
in ni
1¥ nil ¥ )
-
-
=
n
hi
( tr E.),
-
=
¥
¥-11k ,
-
E) ± =
f- =
In 1) -
(¥ ,
-
µuP¥ᵈ A
Prism :
# Refraction through
consider a triangular prism , let a ray of
PQ strikes on the face AB of the \
light
refracted •↑É
"
"
.
P IF s
F- of incidence
andAngle
B C
8, r ≥
=
angle of prism
f- angle of deviation
In quadrilateral AQNR ,
LA +90° + LQNR +90° = 360°
LA + LQNR =
360° -180°
LA + LON R =
180° -
⑤
from ② I Lr , + Lk +
LOHR =
LA +
L∅NR
Lr , -1282 =
LA
or A = 8
,
+ 82
-
④
Also ,
8=81+82
f- (T a) + ( e
-
-82)
8 =
(ite) -
Coin)
f- ( ite) -
A ( from eg④)
or Pte =
8+A -
⑤
when ,
f- 8min ,
then F- e
81--82--8
I.
eg becomes ,
rtr = A
28 = A
a- -
④
And ,
eg becomes it i =
8Mt A
2? = 8m + A
i
8m-¥ ④
=
-
/sm¥ )
sin
1¥ ( from ④ & v10)
s# =
µ.
;¥;¥t
si
-
proved
-
't
Her
CHAPTER # 10 : wave Optics
# Position and width of the fringe in interference :
The distance between any two consecutive
bright P
↑
•
!
◦
Consider light from two slit stand { superimposed
at point P on the screen
bright and
dark
fringes 1 .
"
S2
the distance between two slits stands,
B
let d be
- -
- - - - - - -
- →
and D be the distance between slit and screen .
☐
Now at point P
,
the path difference of two waves is :
DR =
Sz P -
S, P -
②
In DSIAP
9s , p 2=5 A
2-
APZ
Pytha D£BBszp2= 5,132
: ,
+ In
=
D2 +
( y ¥)- 2-④ + BPZ
D2 +
( y f) 2-④
=
+
Now
,
er .④ -
eq⑤
Szp 2- S, P2 =D 2-1 / Ytdz )2 -
D2 +
( y ¥12
-
⇐P -
S , P) ( Sap +
Sip) =
↳
y
✗
dz
P -
S , P) ( SP SP) + =
2yd
-
^
. ④ D) DX+ =
2yd
XD DX -12yd
on =
4¥
Casey) for Maximal
☐ x=nd
Y;:¥#
-
.
when gn=0 , y
= 0 Central bright fringe)
n=l g y =
¥ ( 1st B. F)
i f.)
n = n g Y =
n ( nth B.
Castle) for minima :
DK =
(2n 1) 412
-
1) %
y☐d=(2n
-
when ,
n= I g
y=IdD_ [ 1st DF )
n 2
Y 3- [ 2ⁿᵈ F)
- =
☐
g
i
i
n- n
, y
=
(2n¥ ( nth D- F)
Now ,
Expression for fringe width : -
The difference between 2 consecutive bright fringes gives the fringe width
of dark fringes & bright fringes .
☆dark Yn+ =
,
-
Yn
In
=
-117¥ n¥ -
A-
¥
Similarly ,
for bright → 73 =
1¥
CHAPTER # LL : Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
de
# -
Broglie Equation :
E- hv -
②
C- =
me
2 -
Comparing ② & ④ ,
hit me
1m=k -
P=h¥ ¢ ✗
hip
=
¥
=
,
P =
¥ 1: A- E)
it
¥
this is
de€9 ?
=
-
1k=
'
-0
The linear momentum &
'
KE of e
moving with
velocity r are :
-
|p=m_
& K =
Izmit
multiplying both sides :
' '
m mk =
Izmit
2m K =
m2 v2
root both side :
☒ 1m27
square
=
my =
12mi
Now from de
broglie D=
¥
"
eg :
-
-
d-
¥
-
1ᵗ-¥
"
h= 6-63×10-3
substituting Js
M-9.1×10-3 kg
-
e- 1.6×10-19C
'
} 1=-1
}¥-
CHAPTER # 12 :
Atoms
#
Using Bohr 's
Hydrogen
theory of atoms derive the expression for total ,
charge e _
,
with
revolving velocity v around a nucleus
' ,
↑
'
'
e
.
according
,
and electron to equation :
"
"
"
"
Fe Fc
⊕É
'
=
--
k9i9÷ =
m¥
k¥e=mjˢ
-10
ke¥e = m v2
Now
,
± :
-
miff n¥÷×¥zez =
41T€
Mr
n÷✗
=
-2 @ 2
✗= n2h2I
mazes
tlenllʳᵈ -
④
↳ Radius of nth orbit
Now ,
Velocity of e- in stationary orbits :
mvr
rift
=
m✓n2h2I
MIT Ze
2
=
Nz¥
"
3¥ .
pouted
↳ level
Velocity of e⊖ in nth
energy
Now, Energy of e-0in stationary orbits :
-
f) Kif .
=
f- MV E) PE =
1<9,91
r
=Im(ZnnI%)2 =
kteh.ae?e)
F. 2
KE
%nEn%→ -85%7%-2
=
PE =
Hi, Tf = KE + PE
i. e. =
-F¥n→ .