Population.

The number of people living/inhabiting in a particular

area
Demography. is the study of population- Demographers

 Why does population size change?

Birth rate

Death rate

Migration

Immigration Emigration

Enter Exit
Immigration rate. the number of immigrants per thousand entering
Emigration rate. the number of emigrants per thousand leaving
Birth rate. number of live-births thousands of the population
Death rate. number of deaths per thousand of the population
The demographic transition model is the historical shifts of birth and
death rates.

 Stage 1. high stationary

The birth rate is high and stable while the death rate is high and
fluctuating due to famine, disease and war.

 Stage 2. early expecting

The death rate declines and birth rate stay because social norms take
time to change

 Stage 3. late expanding

Birth rate start to decline as social norms adjust to lower mortality
rates.

 Stage 4. low stationary

Both birth rate and Death rate are low due to economic conditions

 Stage 5. natural decrease

The birth rate has fallen below the death rate because of absence of
net migration

Factors affecting Fertility

Demographic Social/Culture Economic
High infant mortality High rates of Income level
rate reproduction
Early marriage Female literacy Children considered
as an asset
Late marriage Opposition of Economic growth
artificial birth control
Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn
infant can expect to live under the current mortality levels.

Factors affecting Mortality

Poverty
Poor access to healthcare
Non antibiotic resistance
Poor nutrition
Change in migration patterns
New infectious agents

Mortality due to HIV/AIDS

Poverty
Social instability
Sexually transmitted infections
Low status of women
Sexual violence
High mobility- migratory labour systems
Ineffective leadership

Impacts of HIV/AIDS
Labour supply
Dependency ratio
Family
Education
Poverty
Infant/Child mortality

Pro- natalist. Policies that promote larger families

Anti- natalist. Policies that promote shorter families
Overpopulation. When there are too many people in an area relative to
the resources

Impacts of overpopulation
Intense competition for land
Heavy traffic congestion
High prices of houses
High environmental impact of economic activity

Under population. When there is too few people in an area to use the
resources available effectively
Optimum population. Balance between a population and the resources
available to it
Migration. The movement of across a specified boundary for a
permanent change of residence. -Push and Pull factors

Forced

Country of country of
Voluntary
origin destination

Return

Voluntary migration. The individual has free choice of where and

when to migrate
Reasons.

 Better healthcare and sanitation

 Education opportunities
 High wages
 Natural disaster free
 Developed economically and politically
Return migration. When an individual comes back to the country of
origin from the country of destination
Reasons
The country of origin can now provide better amenities, has
developed from a LDC to a HDC or it could be so the individual is
homesick and wants to be with family
Forced. refers to the movements that refugees, migrants, and IDPs
make with their will
Internal population movements are when migrants move nationally.
The impacts of international migration
On country of On country of On themselves
origin destination
 Remittances are a  Increase in  Wages are
major source of available higher
income labour  New job
 Emigration can  Migrants bring opportunities
ease the levels new skills  Opportunities
of  Increase in to learn new
unemployment cultural skills and
 Reduces diversity languages
pressure on  Young  Ability to
health and migrants can support family
education reduce rate of in country of
services population origin
 Return migrants ageing
can bring new
skills, ideas and
money

 Loss of young  increased  High cost of

adults pressure on migration
 Labour force housing stock  Separation
falls  And on from family
 Questioning to services like and friends
traditional health and  Problem
values education settling into a
 Negative new country
impact on
environment
Population structure Population Pyramid
 Age Male Age Female
 Gender/Sex
 Race
 Religion
 Language Population Population

00- 18. Young dependents

19- 64. Woking/ Active population
65+. Elderly dependents
The way in which the population is spread out over a given area is
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Areas with a high population are said to be densely populated
Areas with a low population are said to be sparsely populated
Physical factors

 Temperature
 Precipitation
 Vegetation
 Soil fertility
 Natural water supply
 Mineral resources
Political factors

 Wars
 Decisions to build new capital cities and other major elements of
infrastructure
Social factors

 Historical designation of religious places

Types of settlements
-Rural settlement
-Urban settlement
-Dormitory settlement
Types of shapes of a settlement
Nucleated pattern- Clustered settlement
Dispersed pattern- Scattered or spread over settlement
Linear pattern- In a line settlement
Cruciform pattern- Intersection settlement
Factors affecting settlement

 availability of water
 freedom from flooding
 levelled sites
 local timber
 aspect
 soil fertility
 the potential to trade
Dry point site. is an elevated site in an area of otherwise poor natural
drainage
Wet point site. is a site with reliable supply of water from springs of
wells in an otherwise dry area
Low order service, High order service
Sphere of influence, Threshold
 Urbanisation. is an increase in the percentage of a population living
in urban areas
.migration to urban areas
.higher birth rates
Impact on rural settlements due to urbanisation
.Decline in population
.Change in age structure
.Agricultural productivity decline
Squatter settlement/ Slum lacking characteristics
i. Durable housing
ii. Sufficient living space
iii. Access to improved water
iv. Access to improved sanitation
v. Secure tenure
The housing crisis in a developing country
.Quality and quantity of housing
.Availability and affordability of housing
.Housing tenure- ownership, rental-
Solution
.Government support .Service schemes
.Flexible loans .Construction of health and
.Slum upgrading education
.Improved rental housing
.Support for the informal sector
Developed
 increased number of
vehicles
 Public transport decline
 Economic activities in
CBD's
 Frequent road works
 Sheer volume of traffic
 Low density build-up areas
 Out of town rental
Transport in developed countries is very slow due to the cluster
Developing
 Private car ownership is
low
 Development of CBD's
 Public transport
 Journeys are shorter
 Out of town developments