Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology

Grand Trunk Road, Barnala - Amritsar Bypass Road,

Jalandhar, Punjab 144011

ITPC-221 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

CONCEPT LAB
B.Tech - II Year (3rd SEMESTER)

Submitted By

Harman Singh Badgaal

21124038

Submitted To

Dr Vanitha P S

Department of Information Technology

 INDEX

Exp No Title Date Page No Signature

 Index
Exp No Title Date Page No Signature
Question 1:
Program to Implement Various Control Structures: If statement, Switch case statement, do while loop, For
loop, While loop
Ex. No : 1 CONTROL STATEMENTS IN C++
Date : 2/08/2022

Aim: Program to implement various Control Structures

Code:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class arrays
{
private:
int arr[100],n;
public:
void set_data()
{ cout<< "Enter array size "<<endl;
cin>>n;
for(int i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
cin>> arr[i];
}
void show_data()
{
for(int i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
{cout<<arr[i];}
cout<<endl;
}
void sort_array(){
for(int i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
for(int j=i+1;j<=n-1;j++)
if(arr[i]>arr[j])
swap(arr[i],arr[j]);
}
void reverse_array(){
int i=0;
int j=n-1;
while (i<=j){
swap(arr[i],arr[j]);
i++;
j--;
}
}
void increment_array(){
 int i=0;
do{
arr[i]=arr[i]+1;
i++;
}
while(i<=n);
}
};

class calculator{
float num1,num2;
public:
void setData(){
cout<< "Enter two operands: ";
cin>> num1 >> num2;
}
void performOperations(){
while(1){
char op;
cout<<endl<< "Enter operator: +, -, *, /: OR Enter 'T' to exit "<<endl; ;
cin>> op;

switch(op) {
case '+':
cout<< num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << num1 + num2;
break;

case '-':
cout<< num1 << " - " << num2 << " = " << num1 - num2;
break;

case '*':
cout<< num1 << " * " << num2 << " = " << num1 * num2;
break;

case '/':
cout<< num1 << " / " << num2 << " = " << num1 / num2;
break;

case 'T':
exit(0);

default:
cout<< "Error! operator is not correct";
break;
}
}
};
int main(){
arrays o1;
o1.set_data();
o1.sort_array();
o1.show_data();
o1.reverse_array();
o1.show_data();
o1.increment_array();
o1.show_data();0

calculator c1;
c1.setData();
c1.performOperations();
return 0;

Output:

Result:
The program is executed and verified.
Question 2:
Program to Implement inline function
Ex. No : 2 INLINE FUNCTION
Date : 23/08/2022

Aim:Program to make the use of an Inline Function

Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class number{
int a,b;

public:
inline void setnum(int x,inty){
a=x;
b=y;
}

inline void sum() {

cout<<"Sum of "<<a<<" and "<<b<<" is "<<a+b<<endl;
}
};

int main() {
number o1,o2;
o1.setnum(3,4);
o1.sum();
o2.setnum(6,7);
o2.sum();
}

Output:
Result: The program is executed and verified.
Question 3:
Program to Implement Structure and Union
Ex. No : 3 IMPLEMENTING A STRUCTURE IN C++
Date : 23/08/2022

Aim: Program to demonstrate the concept of Structures.

Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

struct Person
{
char name[50];
int age;
float salary;
};

int main()
{
Person p1;

cout<< "Enter Full name: "<<endl ;

cin.get(p1.name, 50);
cout<< "Enter age: ";
cin>> p1.age;
cout<< "Enter salary: ";
cin>> p1.salary;

cout<< "Displaying Information." << endl;

cout<< "Name: " << p1.name << endl;
cout<<"Age: " << p1.age << endl;
cout<< "Salary: " << p1.salary;

return 0;
}
Output:

Result:The program is executed and verified.

Ex. No : 3 IMPLEMENTING A UNION IN C++
Date : 23/08/2022

Aim: Program to demonstrate the concept of Unions.

Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
union Job {
float salary;
int workerNo;
}j;

int main() {
j.salary= 12.3;
j.workerNo= 100;

cout<<"Salary = "<<j.salary<<endl;
cout<<"Number of workers = "<<j.workerNo;

Output:

Result:The program is executed and verified.

Question 4:
Program to Implement different types of function calling and passing methods and Recursion.
Ex. No : 4 DIFFERENT FUNCTION CALL AND PASS METHODS AND RECURSION

Date : 06/09/2022

Aim: Program to understand different Function Call Mechanisms: Argument with return

value, Argument without return value, No argument but return value, No argument and no
return value

Code:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int factorial(int num){
if(num==0 || num==1)
return 1;
return num= num* factorial(num-1);
}
void swap(int *a ,int *b){
int temp;
temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
cout<<"After swap the values become a = "<< *a <<" and b = " << *b <<endl<<endl;
}
void sum_positive(){
int n ,sum=0;
cout<<"Enter the number of positive numbers whose sum is to be found"<<endl;
cin>>n;
for(int i=1 ;i<=n ;i++){
sum+=i;
}
cout<<"Sum of "<<n<<" positive numbers is "<<sum<<endl<<endl;
}
int insertion(){
int temp;
cout<<"Enter the number to be checked for even or odd"<<endl;
cin>>temp;
return temp;
}
int main(){
cout<<"Showing 'An argument passed (with call by value) and a return value' "<<endl;
int a;
cout<<"Enter the number whose factorial is to be found"<<endl;
cin>>a;
cout<<"Factorial of "<<a<< " is "<<factorial(a) <<endl<<endl;
cout<<"Showing 'An argument passed (call by reference) but no return value'"<<endl;
int x ,y;
cout<<"Enter the numbers a and b to be swaped"<<endl;
cin>>x;
cin>>y;
swap(&x, &y);
cout<<"Showing 'No argument passed but a return value'"<<endl;
int num;
num= insertion();
if(num%2==0)
cout<<"The number is Even"<<endl<<endl;
else
cout<<"The number is Odd"<<endl<<endl;
cout<<"Showing 'No argument passed and no return value'"<<endl;
sum_positive();
}

Output:

Result : The program is executed and verified.

Question 5:
Program to Implement Static Data Members and Static Member Functions in C++
Ex. No 5 STACTIC DATA MEMBERS AND MEMBER FUNCTIONS IN C++
Date : 13/09/2022

Aim: Program to implement Static data members and Static member functions

Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
static int Class;
int gpa;
string name;
static void getData();
};
int Student::Class = 10;
void Student::getData()
{
cout << Class<<endl;
}
int main()
{
Student s1;
s1.gpa = 7;
s1.name = "Sham";
Student s2;
s2.gpa = 9;
s2.name = "Bhuvan";
s1.getData();
s2.getData();
if (s2.gpa > 8)
{ // it will change the s2 class also
s1.Class++;
}
cout << s1.Class << " ";
cout << s2.Class;
return 0;
}
Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 7:
Program to Implement Array Of Objects in C++
Ex. No : 7 ARRAY OF OBJECTS IN C++
Date : 20/09/2022

Aim: Program to demonstrate the concept of array of objects.

Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student {
public:
string name;
int rollno;

Student() {}

Student(string x, int y) {
name = x;
rollno= y;
}

void printDetails() {
cout<< rollno<< " - " << name << endl;
}
};

int main() {

Student students[5];

students[0] = Student("Karan", 48);

students[1] = Student("Navtej", 70);
students[2] = Student("Sachleen", 91);
students[3] = Student("Baljinder", 22);
students[4] = Student("Gurtej", 38);

for(int i=0; i< 5; i++) {

students[i].printDetails();
}
}
Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 8:
Program to Implement Concept of Constructor and Destructor.
Ex. No : 8 CONSTRUCTORS AND DESTRUCTORS IN C++
Date : 27/09/2022

Aim: Program to demonstrate different types of Constructors: Default Constructor,

Parameterized Constructor, Copy Constructor and Destructor.

Code:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Complex{
int a,b;
public:
Complex(){
a = 0;
b = 0;
}
Complex(int x,int y){
a = x;
b = y;
}
Complex(int x){
a = x;
b = 0;
}
Complex(Complex &x){
a=x.a;
b=x.b
}
 void display(){
cout<<"The complex number is "<<a<<" + "<<b<<"i"<<endl;
}
~Complex(){
cout<<"Now Destructor is invoked"<<endl;
}
};
int main(){
Complex c1(7,9);
c1.display();

Complex c2(5);
c2.display();

Complex c3;
c3.display();

Complex c4=c3;
c4.display();
}

Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question : 9
Program to show Multiple Inheritance.
Ex. No : 9
Date : 10/10/2022

Aim: Program to demonstrate concept of Multiple Inheritance

Code:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
public:
int x;
void getx()
{
cout << "enter value of x: "; cin >> x;
}
};
class B
{
public:
int y;
void gety()
{
cout << "enter value of y: "; cin >> y;
}
};
class C : public A, public B //C is derived from class A and class B
{
public:
void sum()
{
cout << "Sum = " << x + y;
 }
};
int main()
{
C obj1; //object of derived class C
obj1.getx();
obj1.gety();
obj1.sum();
}

Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 10:
Program to show Multilevel Inheritance.
Ex. No : 10
Date : 10/10/2022

Aim: Program to demonstrate concept of Multilevel Inheritance

Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class base //single base class
{
public:
int x;
void getdata()
{
cout << "Enter value of x= "; cin >> x;
}
};
class derive1 : public base // derived class from base class
{
public:
int y;
void readdata()
{
cout << "\nEnter value of y= "; cin >> y;
}
};
class derive2 : public derive1 // derived from class derive1
{
private:
int z;
 public:
void indata()
{
cout << "\nEnter value of z= "; cin >> z;
}
void product()
{
cout << "\nProduct= " << x * y * z;
}
};
int main()
{
derive2 a; //object of derived class
a.getdata();
a.readdata();
a.indata();
a.product();
return 0;
}

Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 11:
Program to show Hybrid Inheritance.
Ex. No : 11
Date : 10/10/2022

Aim: Program to demonstrate concept of Hybrid Inheritance

Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
int x;
};
class B : public A
{
public:
B() //constructor to initialize x in base class A
{
x = 10;
}
};
class C
{
public:
int y;
C() //constructor to initialize y
{
y = 4;
}
};
class D : public B, public C //D is derived from class B and class C
{
public:
void sum()
{
cout << "Sum= " << x + y;
}
};

int main()
{
D obj1; //object of derived class D
obj1.sum();
return 0;
}

Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 12:
Program to Understand use of ‘this’ Pointer.
Ex. No : 12
Date : 10/10/2022

Aim: Program to understand the use of ‘this’ Pointer.

Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class sample{
int a,b;
public:
void input(int a,int b)
{
this->a=a+b;
this->b=a-b;
}
void output()
{
cout<<"a = "<<a<<endl<<"b = "<<b;
}
};

int main()
{
sample x;
x.input(5,8);
x.output();
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 13:
Program to Understand Storage Specifiers.
Ex. No : 13
Date : 10/10/2022

Aim: Program to Understand the concept of Storage Specifiers.

Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int x;
void autoStorageClass()
{
cout << "Demonstrating auto storage specifier\n";
auto a = 21;
auto b = 32.3;
auto c = "karan";
cout << a << " \n";
cout << b << " \n";
cout << c << " \n";
}
int staticFun()
{
cout << "For static variables: ";
static int count = 0;
count++;
return count;
}
void registerStorageClass()
{
cout << "Demonstrating register class\n";
register char a = 'K';
cout << "Value of the variable a"<< " declared as register: " << a;
}
void externStorageClass()
{
cout << "Demonstrating extern class\n";
extern int x;
cout << "Value of the variable x"
<< "declared, as extern: " << x << "\n";
x = 2;
cout<< "Modified value of the variable 'x'"<< " declared as extern: \n"<< x;
}
int main()
{
autoStorageClass();
cout << staticFun() << "\n";
registerStorageClass();
externStorageClass();
return 0;
}
Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 14:
Program to Understand Pointer Arithmetic.
Ex. No : 14
Date : 10/10/2022
Aim: Program to Understand the concept of Increment/Decrement a Pointer and Addition of an Integer to a
Pointer.

Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int A[5] = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 };
int *p = A;
int *q = &A[3];

cout << "Addresses of elements of the Array:\n";

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cout << A + i << endl;
}

cout << "\nOperations:\n";

p++;
cout << "p++:" << p << endl;
p--;
cout << "p--:" << p << endl;
p = p + 3;
cout << "p = p + 3: " << p << endl;

Output:
Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 15:
Program to show the concept of containership.

Ex. No : 15
Date : 17/10/2022

Aim: Program to Understand the concept of Containership.

Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class first {
public:
first(){
cout << "Hello from first class"<<endl;
}
};
class second {
first f;
public:
second(){
cout << "Hello from second class";
}
};
int main(){
second s;
return 0;
}

Output:
Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 16:
Program to show the concept of Run Time Polymorphism using Virtual function.
Ex. No : 16
Date : 17/10/2022

Aim: Program to Understand the concept of Run Time Polymorphism using Virtual function.

Code:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class B {
public:
virtual void s() {
cout<<" In Base "<<endl;
}
};

class D: public B {
public:
void s() {
cout<<"In Derived ";
}
};

int main(void) {
D d;
B *b= &d;
b->s();
return 0;
}
Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 17:
Program to Overload Unary Operator.
Ex. No : 17
Date : 17/10/2022

Aim: Program to Overload

a) decrement (--) operator
b) logical not (!) operator

Code:
a)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class num{
private:
int i;
public:
num(){
i=3;
}
num operator -- ()
{
num temp;
temp.i = --i;
return temp;
}
num operator -- (int)
{
num temp;
temp.i = i--;
return temp;
}

void Display()
{ cout << "i = "<< i <<endl; }
};
int main()
{
num obj1,obj2;
cout<<"Initially"<<endl;
obj1.Display();
obj2.Display();

cout<<"Calling prefix decrement"<<endl;

obj2 = --obj1;
obj1.Display();
obj2.Display();

cout<<"Calling postfix decrement"<<endl;

obj2 = obj1--;
obj1.Display();
obj2.Display();

return 0;
}

Output:
b)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class NUM {
private:
int n;

public:
void getNum(int x)
{n = x;}

void dispNum(void)
{cout << "Value of n is: " << n;}

void operator !(void)

{n = !n;}
};

int main()
{
NUM num;
num.getNum(10);
cout << "Before calling Operator Overloading:";
num.dispNum();
cout << endl;
!num;
cout << "After calling Operator Overloading:";
num.dispNum();
cout << endl;

return 0;
}
Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 18:
Program to Overload Binary Operator.
Ex. No : 18
Date : 17/10/2022

Aim: Program to overload binary operator.

a) % operator
b) <= operator

Code:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A{
public:
int x;
void insertion(){
cin>> x ;
}
A operator% ( A obj){
A c;
c.x = x % obj.x ;
return c ;
}
void display(){
cout<<x;
}
void operator<= ( A obj){
if(this->x <= obj.x)
cout<<"q is greater than p";
else
cout<<"p is greater than q";
}

};
int main(){
 A obj1 , remainder;
cout<<"Insert the value of a "<<endl;
obj1.insertion();

A obj2;
cout<<"Enter the value of b "<<endl;
obj2.insertion();
cout<<"Remainder of a/b is : ";
remainder = obj1 % obj2 ;
remainder.display();
cout<<endl;

A obj3 , obj4;
cout<<"Enter the value of p "<<endl;
obj3.insertion();
cout<<"Enter the value of q "<<endl;
obj4.insertion();
obj3 <= obj4 ;
}

OUTPUT

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 19:
Program to work with formatted and unformatted IO operations
Ex. No : 19
Date : 31/10/2022

Aim: To make use of formatted and unformatted IO operations

Code: #include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
class Book{
char title[20];
string author;
char alias;
int pubyear;

public:
Book(){
for(int i=0; i<20; i++){
title[i] = '\0';
}
fflush(stdin);
cout << "Enter book title" << endl;
cin.getline(title, 20);
cout << "Give a single character alias to the book." << endl;
cin.get(alias);
fflush(stdin);
cout << "Give author name." << endl;
getline(cin ,author);

cout << "Give publication year." << endl;

cin >> pubyear;
}
void BookDetails(){
cout << "Book title : ";
cout.write(title, 20);
 cout << endl;
cout << "Book Author : " ;
cout.width(15);
cout << author << endl;
cout << "Alias for the book : " ;
cout.put(alias);
cout << endl << "Publication Year : " << pubyear;
}
};
int main(){
Book b1, b2;
cout.fill('_');
b1.BookDetails();
cout << endl;
cout.fill('_');
b2.BookDetails();
}
Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.

Question 20:
Program to execute File Handling in C++
Ex. No : 20
Date : 7/11/2022

Aim: Program to execute File Handling in C++

a) Open write and read the content from a file

Code: #include <iostream>

#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main(){

char text[200];

fstream file;

file.open ("example.txt", ios::out | ios::in );

cout << "Write text to be written on file." << endl;

cin.getline(text, sizeof(text));

// Writing on file

file << text << endl;

// Reading from file

file >> text;

cout << text << endl;

//closing the file

file.close();

return 0;

}
Output:

Result: The program is executed and verified.