Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MEG 504 Automobile Engineering Lecture 2
MEG 504 Automobile Engineering Lecture 2
MEG 504 Automobile Engineering Lecture 2
Automobile Engineering
Course Lecturer: Dr. Abayomi T.
LAYENI
Vehicle Dynamics
Motion of a Vehicle
• Consider the case of a car driving in a straight line
along a flat road.
Engine Power
• The driving force is supplied by the engine.
Engine Power
Vehicle Weight
• The weight of the vehicle will need to be overcome
to move the vehicle.
Vehicle Weight
Wind Resistance
• As the car moves, there will be wind resistance.
Wind
Resistance
Vehicle Speed
• The engine power, vehicle weight and wind
resistance determine the vehicle speed.
Vehicle Speed
Combined Factors
• These factors can be brought together into an
equation of motion.
b.v
m
Resistance Forces on A Vehicle
11
Rolling Resistance
Composed primarily of
1. Resistance from tire deformation (90%)
2. Tire penetration and surface compression ( 4%)
3. Tire slippage and air circulation around wheel ( 6%)
4. Wide range of factors affect total rolling resistance
The magnitude of this force is Approximated as:
Rolling resistance of a vehicle is proportional to the component of
weight normal to the surface of travel
Frr Mg Frr Crr Mg
Prr = C rr M V g
Standard Formula for Rolling Resistance
9.81
Prr = C rr M V
3600
Prr = (2.72 10 ) C rr M V
-3
V
Crr 0.011
147
where:
P = power (kW)
Crr = coefficient of rolling resistance
M = mass (kg)
V = velocity (KpH)
Typical Values of Coefficient of Rolling Resistance
Contact Type Crr
15
Standard Formula for Rolling Resistance
Standard Formula for Rolling Resistance
Aerodynamic Drag Force
18
Aerodynamic Drag Force
19
Rolling Resistance And Drag Forces Versus Velocity
Grade Resistance
Composed of
– Gravitational force acting on the vehicle
Fg mg sin g
For small angles, sin g tan g
θg
Fg mg tan g
Fg
tan g G
θg mg
Fg mgG
Total Vehicular Resistance at Constant Velocity
Vehicle Speed
Vehicle Speed vs. Engine Speed
2rNcrank 1 i
V
60000 Go
V = velocity , km/hr
r = wheel radius, m
Ncrank = crankshaft rpm
i = driveline slippage
GO = Overall gear reduction ratio
Typical Engine Torque-Power Curves @ SS
Steady State Demand Vs Available Effort
26
Tractive Effort
27
Power, Torque and Efficiency
28
Power, Torque and Efficiency
29
Braking Torque
30
Inertial or Transient Forces
F IR = meff vehicle a
F IR = mvehicle meq a
where:
FIR = inertia resistance [N]
meff-vehicle = Vehicle mass + Equivalent mass of rotating parts [kg]
a = car acceleration [m/s2],
(from 0 to 100 km/h in: 6 s (4.63 m/s2), 18 s (1.543 m/s2))
mvehicle = Vehicle mass [kg]
meq = Equivalent mass of rotating parts [kg]
32
33
Equivalent Mass of Rotating Parts
Torque due to any rotating part (ex. Wheel)
d
T i = I wheel = I wheel wheel
dt
avehicle
= mwheel k wheel
2
wheel =
r tire
= angular acceleration k = radius of gyration
meq 2
2
2
rwheel rwheel rwheel
Required Torque & Power at Wheels
pdemand vehicle
Twheel
wheel
60 pdemand vehicle 60 pengine mt
Twheel Twheel
2N wheel 2N wheel
60 pengine mt
Twheel 60 pengine mt
N engine Pwheel
2 N engine
Ggb G f 2
Ggb G f
Twheel Tengine Ggb G f mt
Tractive Effort demanded by a vehicle):
60000
40000
20000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-20000
Inertial Energy in A Sub Cycle Duration : 450 to 475
sec
35000
30000
25000
20000
Inertial Energy, J
15000
10000
5000
0
445 450 455 460 465 470 475 480
Time in seconds
Inertial Energy in A Sub Cycle Duration :1105 to 1139
sec
200000
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140
-20000
Fuel Savings due to Idling Logic
Idling Engine During Braking : Fuel
Consumption
Fuel Consumption over Pune Drive Cycle
Braking Methods Vs Fuel Economy