AUDIT & MANAJEMEN ENERGI

SISTEM PENDINGIN &

TATA UDARA

Giyanto, S.T., M.T., M.Sc.

Mechanical Engineering

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

 Unit Conversion
1 Ton of Refrigerant (TR) = PK atau Paard Kracht (Daya Kuda) =
= 12.000 Btu/hour ½ PK  ± 5000 BTU/hr
= 3,33 Btu/s ¾ PK  ± 7000 Btu/hr
= 3.024 kcal/hour 1 PK  ± 9000 Btu/hr
= 3,517 kJ/s 1 ½ PK  ± 12000 Btu/hr
= 3,517 kW 2 PK  ± 18000 Btu/hr
= 4,72 HP (PK) 2 ½ PK  ± 24000 Btu/hr
3 PK  ± 28000 Btu/hr
*Note: 1 PK = 2.544 Btu/hour
= 746 Watt
*Note: Praktisnya setiap 1 m2
1 Btu/hour = 0,2931 W ruangan membutuhkan sekitar
= 0,0252 kcal/hour 500 – 600 Btu/hour
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
 Cooling Load (Typically)
Typically Cooling Load

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Experience in Refrigeration System
Kantor 15 Lantai

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Experience in Refrigeration System

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Experience in Refrigeration System

*Note: E = 16 jika dinding terpanjang menghadap utara;

E = 17 jika dinding terpanjang menghadap timur;
E = 18 jika dinding terpanjang menghadap selatan; dan
E = 20 jika dinding terpanjang menghadap barat.

I = 10 jika ruang berinsulasi (berada di lantai bawah atau berhimpit dengan ruang lain);
© American Standard Inc. 1999 I = 18 jika ruang tidak berinsulasi (di lantai atas). Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
Refrigeration Cycle
Part one
Basic of Refrigeration

© American Standard Inc. 1999

What is Refrigeration?
Refrigeration (Pendinginan) adalah proses menghilangkan
panas dari suatu zat dan mentransfernya ke zat lain melalui
perubahan keadaan (phase) suatu fluida kerja.
Refrigeration Cycle adalah siklus kerja yang mentransfer kalor
dari media bertemperatur rendah ke media bertemperatur tinggi
dengan menggunakan kerja dari luar sistem.
Refrigerant merupakan fluida yang digunakan untuk menyerap
panas melalui perubahan phase, dari cair ke gas (evaporasi) dan
membuang panas melalui perubahan phase gas ke cair
(kondensasi).

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Principles of Heat Transfer
 Heat energy cannot be destroyed; it can only be transferred
to another substance;
 Heat energy flows from a higher temperature substance to a
lower temperature substance;
 Heat energy is transferred from one substance to another
by one of three basic processes.

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

What is Heat?

Heat atau panas merupakan

bentuk energi yang aktif.

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Quantity and Intensity

Quantity Intensity
oF ; oC ; oK
Btu ; kcal ; Joule ; kWh
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
Measuring Heat Quantity

1 lb
water 1 Btu
60°F 61°F

1 kg
water 1 kcal
15°C 16°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
 Rate of Heat Flow (Heat Rate)

Heat Rate
Merupakan laju aliran energi
panas per satuan waktu.
Btu/hr
Joule/s
kW

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Ton of Refrigeration (TR)
Efek pendinginan 1 TR = meleburkan/melelehkan
(melting) es sebesar 2000 lb (pound) selama 24 jam

1 pound of ice melts = absorbs 144 Btu

1 Ton of Refrigerant =

 12,000 Btu/hr
 3.517 kW
 3024 kcal/hr

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Effect of Transferring Heat

1 lb 1 Btu
water 60°F 61°F

1 kg 1 kcal
water 15°C 16°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
Effect of Transferring Heat

+ 152 Btu =

1 lb
water 60°F 212°F

+ 85 kcal
Or =
+ 357 kJoule
1 kg
water 15°C 100°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
Effect of Transferring Heat

+ 970.3 Btu =

1 lb 1 lb
water 212°F steam 212°F

+ 540 kcal
Or =
+ 2.268 kJoule
1 kg 1 kg
water 100°C steam 100°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
Effect of Transferring Heat

- 970.3 Btu =

1 lb 1 lb
steam 212°F water 212°F

- 540 kcal
Or =
- 2.268 kJoule
1 kg 1 kg
steam 100°C water 100°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
Laten & Sensible Heat

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

 Sensible Heat Temperature Change

Panas Sensibel merupakan jumlah energi panas yang dapat menyebabkan

terjadinya perubahan temperatur suatu zat, baik heating (menaikkan temperatur),
maupun cooling (menurunkan temperatur).
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
 Latent Heat Phase Change

970,3 kcal

540 kcal
or
2268 kJ
Kalor Laten merupakan jumlah energi panas yang dibutuhkan untuk merubah
wujud suatu zat, baik dari cair ke gas (evaporasi atau menguap) maupun dari
gas ke cair (kondensasi atau mengembun).
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
 Specific Heat
140°F 200°F
[60°C] [93.3°C]
Spesific Heat
Merupakan jumlah energi
yang dibutuhkan untuk
menaikkan satu satuan
massa zat (kg/lb) satu
derajat satuan suhu
Celcius/Fahrenheit.

Btus/lb.oF
Joule/kg.oC
A B
kWh/kg.oC

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Laten, Sensible & Specific Heat

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Refrigeration Cycle
Part two
Refrigerants

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Coolant (Pendingin)

ice melts at dry ice (biang es) R-22 boils at

32°F [0°C] evaporates at -41.4°F [-40.8°C]
© American Standard Inc. 1999 -109.4°F [-78.6°C] Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
Modern Refrigerants

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Modern Refrigerants

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Modern Refrigerants

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Refrigeration Cycle
Part three
Refrigeration Cycle

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

 Refrigeration System

airflow
2. Proses penguapan refrigeran
pada suhu rendah ini akan
menyerap energi panas dari
udara sekitar.
liquid refrigerant
(R-22)

collects
refrigerant -41.4°F 3. Penyerapan energi panas dari udara
vapor [-40.8°C] sekitar oleh refrigeran menyebabkan
efek pendinginan (Cooling Effect)

1. Refrigeran mengalami penguapan pada

© American Standard Inc. 1999
suhu rendah dan tekanan atmosfer. Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
Refrigeration System
evaporator

liquid
refrigerant

refrigerant ?
vapor
Alat yang digunakan untuk merubah fase
gas refrigeran (vapor) menjadi refrigeran
dalam fase cair (liquid)

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

 Refrigeration System
release
heat energy
refrigerant - heat =
vapor liquid
refrigerant
-41.4°F
[-40.8°C]

substance Membutuhkan zat pendingin untuk

*NOTE:
colder than melepaskan energi panas
Remember that boiling point -41.4°F
R-22 at – 41 oF or – 40. oC [-40.8°C]

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Boiling Point of Water

212°F
[100°C]
temperature

14.7 psia pressure

© American Standard Inc. 1999 [0.10MPa] Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
 Boiling Point of Refrigerant-22

121.5°F
temperature

[49.7°C]

41.2°F
[5.1°C]

85 psia 280 psia

[0.59 MPa] [1.93 MPa]

pressure
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
 Vapor-Compression Cycle

expansion
evaporator device

Compressor Condenser
Alat yang digunakan Alat yang digunakan
untuk menaikkan suhu untuk merubah fase
dan tekanan refrigeran refrigeran dari fase uap
ke kondisi atau titik superheat (suhu dan
tertentu, sesuai dengan tekanan tinggi) menjadi
spesifikasi refrigeran. fase cair (liquid).

condenser Prinsipnya adalah dengan

cara melepaskan panas
dari uap superheat melalui
compressor media penukar panas
© American Standard Inc. 1999 (udara ambien atau
Air Conditioning air). R
Clinic-Hantoro,
Basic Refrigeration System
high-pressure C
side discharge
line
condenser
liquid
line B compressor
A evaporator
D
suction
expansion line
device low-pressure
side
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
 Pressure–Enthalpy (P–h) Chart
envelope
subcooled
liquid
saturated
mixture of vapor line
liquid and
pressure

vapor
superheated
vapor
line of constant
temperature saturated
liquid line

© American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
P–h Chart for Water
180°F 212°F
[82.2°C] [100°C]
pressure

240°F
[115.6°C]

14.7 psia
[0.10 MPa] A B C D

Water
© American Standard Inc. 1999
enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
Heat of Vaporization for Water

subcooled
liquid
mixture of
liquid and
pressure

vapor
heat of superheated
vaporization vapor
14.7 psia
[0.10 MPa] B C

Water
180.2 Btu/lb enthalpy 1150.2 Btu/lb
© American Standard Inc. 1999
[419.1 kJ/kg] [2675.4 kJ/kg] Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
 Refrigeration Cycle

110°F
[43.3°C]
G condenser E D
280 psia 191.5°F
F [88.6°C]
pressure

[1.93 MPa] 121.5°F

expansion
device [49.7°C] compressor

85 psia
[0.59 MPa] A evaporator B C
41.2°F 51.2°F
[5.1°C] [10.7°C]

© American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R
Refrigeration Cycle (typically)

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R

Refrigeration Cycle (typically)

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic-Hantoro, R