MOHAMED SATHAK ENGINEERING COLLEGE

KILAKARAI-623 806
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUB CODE: ME8351-DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TWO MARKS WITH ANSWERS

UNIT- I DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE ELEMENTS

1. How is V-belt specified? (M-12, N-09)

 V-belts are specified by its type and nominal inside length

2. Give the relationship of ratio of tensions in a V-belt drive. (N-11,M-08)

Where T1&T2 = tensions in the tight and slack tensions respectively,
2 = angle of groove, and Co-efficient of friction between belt and sides of the grooves
3. Define – maximum tension in a belt. (M-08, N-09)
Maximum tension in a belt = Tension on tight side of the belt + Centrifugal tension.
4. What are the five parts of roller chain? (M-10)
i. Pin link or coupling link
ii. Roller link
iii. Pins
iv. Bushes &
v. Roller.
5. Distinguish between open drive and cross drive of a belt drive. (M-11,N-04)
Open Belt drive: Used with shafts arranged parallel and rotating in same direction.
Cross Belt drive: Used with shafts arranged parallel and rotating in opposite
direction.
6. Give any three applications of chain drive. What are their limitations? (M-11)
Chain drives are widely used in transportation industry, agricultural industry, metal and wood
working machines.
Limitations: Chain drives cannot be used for velocity ratio more than 10.
7. Mention the materials used for making belts. (N-11,M-13)
i. Leather
ii. Fabric and cotton
iii. Rubber
iv. Balata and
v. Nylon
8. Give the advantages of chain drives over belt drives. (M-12)
Chain drives can be used for long as well as short Centre distances.
They are more compact than belt drive.
There is no slip between chain and sprocket. So they provide positive drive.
9. Explain the term “crowing of pulley”. (M-11,N-09,M-12)
The pulley rims are tapered slightly towards the edges. This slight convexity is known as
Crowning.
10. In what way silent chain is better than ordinary driving chain? (M-11)
Silent chains are preferred for high-power, high-speed, and smooth operation.
11. In what ways the timing belts are superior to ordinary V-belts? (M-15)
Flat belt and V-belt drives cannot provide a precise speed ratio, because slippage occurs
at the sheaves. But certain applications required an exact output to input speed ratio. In
such situations, timing belts are used.
12. What is meant by „chordal action of chain‟? Also name a company that produces
driving chains. (M -15)
When chain passes over a sprocket, it moves as a series of chords instead of a continuous
are as in the case of a belt drive. It results in varying speed of the chain drive. This
phenomenon is known as chordal action.Some of the company names producing chains are:
Rotomechanicalequipments, Chennai;
Monal chains limited, Mumbai; Innotechengineers ltd., New Delhi.
13. What do you understand by 6 × 19 construction in wire ropes? (N- 14)
A 6 × 19 wire rope means a rope is made from 6 strands with 19 wires in each strand.
14. Mention the losses in belt drives. (N-14)
The losses in a belt drive are due to:
I. Slip and creep of the belt on the pulleys,
II. Windage or air resistance to the movement of belt and pulleys,
III. Bending of the belt over the pulleys, and
IV. Friction in the bearings of pulley.

15. What are the factors upon which the coefficient of friction between the belt and
pulley Depends? (M-14)
I. Material of belt
II. Material of pulley
III. Slip of belt
IV. Speed of belt

UNIT II - SPUR GEARS AND PARALLEL AXIS HELICAL GEARS

1 What is a herringbone gear? Where it is used? (N-09, M-12)

Herring Bone Gear :
The double helical gears connecting two parallel shafts are known as herringbone gears.
They are used in heavy machinery and gear boxes.

2. What is backlash in gears? (M -08)

Backlash is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness along the pitch
circle.
3. What is the advantage of helical gear over spur gear? (M -08)
 Helical gears produce less noise than spur gears.
 Helical gears have a greater load capacity than equivalent spur gears.

4. What are the common forms of gear tooth profile? (M -10)

i) Involute tooth profile, and
ii) Cycloidal tooth profile.
4. Define – module. (M-11)
Module: It is the ratio of pitch circle diameter to the number of teeth.
5. How does failure pitting happen in gears? (N-11,M-04)
Pitting is the process during which small pits are formed on the activate surfaces of gear tooth. It
is a surface fatigue failure which occurs when the load on the gear tooth exceeds the surface
endurance strength of the material.
6. What is the effect of increasing the pressure angle in gears? (N-11)
The increase of the pressure angle results in a stronger tooth, because the tooth acting as a beam
is wider at the base.
7.Define – Law of gearing (M-12)
The law of gearing states that for obtaining a constant velocity ratio, at any instant of teeth the
common normal at each point of contact should always pass through a pitch point (fixed point),
situated on the line joining the centre‟s of rotation of the pair mating gears.
9. Define – pitch circle with reference to spur gears. (M-11)
Pitch circle:
Pitch circle is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would give the same motion as
the actual gear.
10. What are the materials used for gear manufacturing? (M- 11, M-09)
Metallic gears: Steel, cast iron, and bronze.
Non-metallic gears: Wood, rowhide, compressed paper and synthetic resins.
11. Why is gear tooth subjected to dynamic load? (N-14, M-09)
i) Inaccuracies of tooth spacing
ii) Elasticity of parts
iii) Deflection of teeth under load
iv) Irregularities in tooth profiles
v) Misalignment between bearings
vi) Dynamic unbalance of rotating masses.

12. Differentiate between circular pitch and diametral pitch. (N-13,N-08,M-11)

i. Circular pitch, pc = πxm
ii. Diametral pitch, pd = π/pc = 1/m
13. Where do we use spiral gears? (N-13)
Skew gears are used to connect and transmit motion between two non-parallel and non
intersecting shafts.
14. What are the main types of gear tooth failure? (M-13)
i. Tooth breakage (due to static and dynamic loads)
ii. Tooth wear (or surface deterioration): a. Abrasion, b. Pitting and c. Scoring or seizure.
15. What are the generally used gear profiles? (M-12)
i. Involute tooth profile
ii. Cycloidal tooth profile
 UNIT III BEVEL, WORM AND CROSS HELICAL GEARS

1. What is reference angle? How is it related to speed ratio of bevel gear ratio? (M-12)
The pitch angle of the bevel gear is known as reference angle.
Speed ratio, i = tan δ2. δ 1 = 90° - 2for speed ratios as high as 300:1.

2. What is the effect of increasing the pressure angle in gears? (N-11)

The increase of the pressure angle results in a stronger tooth, because the tooth acting as a beam
is wider at the base.

3. What is working depth of a gear-tooth? (M-11)

Working depth is the radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance circle. It is equal
to the some of the addendum of the two meshing gears.

4. Name few gear materials. (M-11,M-12)

The materials used in the gear are
i . Steel,
ii. Cast iron and
iii. Bronze.
5. Mention the characteristics of hypoid gear. (M -10)
Hypoid gears are similar in appearance to spiral-bevel gears. They differ from spiral gears in
that the axis of pinion is offset from the axis of gear. The other difference is that their pitch
surfaces are hyperboloids rather than cones.
In general, hypoid gears are most desirable for those application involving large speed reduction
ratios. They operate more smoothly and quietly than spiral bevel gears.

6. What are the various forces acting on a bevel gear? (N-09, M-04)
The various forces acting on bevel gears are
1. Tangential or useful component (Ft), and
2. Separating forces (Fs): It is resolved into two components. They are:
i. Axial force (Fa), and
ii. Radial force (Fr).
8. When is bevel gear preferred? (M-09,M-11)
Bevel gears are used to transmit power between two intersecting shafts.

9. How can you specify a pair of worm gears? (M -08,M-09)

A pair of worm gears is specified as: (z1/ z2 / q / mx)
Where z1=Number of starts on the worm,
z2 = Number of teeth on the worm wheel,
q = Diameter factor = d1/ mx, and
mx = Axial module.

10. Give the advantage of worm gear drive in weight lifting machines. (M-08)
The worm gear drives are irreversible. It means that the motion cannot be transmitted from
worm wheel to the worm. This property of irreversible is advantageous in load hoisting
application like cranes and lifts.
11. State the advantages of herringbone gear. (M -15, N-08)
Herringbone gears eliminate the existence of axial thrust load in the helical gears. Because, in
herringbone gears, the thrust force of the right hand is balanced by that of the left hand helix.

12. What is a zerol bevel gear? (M -15, N-07)

Spiral bevel gear with curved teeth but with a zero degree spiral angle is known as zerol bevel
gear.

13. What is virtual number of teeth in bevel gears? (M-14, N-14)

An imaginary spur gear considered in a plane perpendicular to the tooth of the bevel gear at the
larger end is known as virtual spur gear.
The number of teeth zv on this imaginary spur gear is called virtual number of teeth in bevel
gear.
zv = z/cosδ
where z = actual number of teeth on the bevel gear and δ = pitch angle.

14. Define the following terms: a. Cone distance, b. Face angle. (M-14)
Back cone distance is the length of the back cone. Back cone is an imaginary cone, perpendicular
to the pitch cone at the end of the tooth.
Face angle is the angle subtended by the face of the tooth at the cone centre.

15. What is the difference between an angular gear and a miter gear? (N-13)
When the bevel gears connect two shafts whose axes intersect at an angle other than a right
angle, then they are known as angular bevel gears.
When equal bevel gears (having equal teeth and equal pitch angles) connect two shafts whose
axes intersect at right angle, then they are known as mitre gears.

UNIT IV GEAR BOXES

1. What is step ratio in a gear box? (M-12,N-09)

When the spindle speeds are arranged in geometric progression, then the ratio between the two
adjacent speeds is known as step ratio.

2. What does the ray-diagram indicate? (M-11)

The ray diagram is a graphical representation of the drive arrangement in general form. It serves
to determine the specific values of all the transmission ratios and speeds of all the shafts in the
drive.

3. Specify four types of gear boxes. (N-14,M-11)

i. Sliding mesh gear box
ii. Constant mesh gear box
iii. Synchromesh gear box
iv. Planetary gear box
4. What are the possible arrangements to achieve 12 speeds from a gear box? (M-11)
The possible arrangements to achieve 12 speeds from a gear box are
i. 3 2 2 scheme,
ii. 2 3 2 scheme and
iii. 2 3 3scheme.
5. Which type of gear is used in constant mesh gear box? Justify. (N-09,M-11)
Helical gears are used in constant mesh type gear boxes tp provide quieter and smooth
operation.

6. What is speed reducer? (N-08,M-10)

Speed reducer is a gear mechanism with a constant speed ratio, to reduce the angular speed of
output shaft as compared with that of input shaft.

7. What are preferred numbers? (N-14,M-13)

Preferred number are the conventionally rounded off values derived from geometric series.
There are five basis series, denoted as R 5, R 10, R 20, R 40 and R 80 series.

8. Name any two methods used for changing speeds in gear boxes. (M-13)
The two methods used for changing speeds in gear boxes are

i. Silding mesh gear box and

ii. Constant mesh gear box.

9. What is step ratio? Name the series in which speeds of multi-speed gear box are
arranged. (M-14)
When the spindle speeds are arranged in geometric progression, then the ratio between the two
adjacent speeds is known as step ratio or progression ratio.
R20 and R40 series are used in the design of multi-speed gear boxes.

10. Distinguish between structural diagram and speed diagram. (N-11,M-13)

The structural diagram is a kinematic layout that shows the arrangement of gears in a gear box.
The speed diagram, also known as ray diagram, is a graphical representation of the structural
formula.

11. What are the methods of lubrication in speed reducers? (N-11)

i. Splash or spray lubrication method
ii. Pressure lubrication method
12. What is the function of spacers in a gear box? (M-12,N-04)
The function of spacers is to provide the necessary distance between the gears and the bearings.
 UNIT V DESIGN OF CAMS, CLUTCHES AND BRAKES

1. State about the profile of cam that gives no jerk and mention how jerk is eliminated. (M-12)
4-5-6-7 polynomial cam profile gives zero jerks. Profile smoothing techniques can remove the
excessive jerks in a cam profile.

2. Why is it necessary to dissipate the heat generated during clutch operation? (M-13, N-11)
When clutch engages, most of the work done will be liberated as heat at the interface.
Consequently the temperature of the rubbing surface will increase. This increased temperature
may destroy the clutch. So heat dissipation is necessary in clutches.
3. What is self-locking in a brake? (N-11,M-13)
When a frictional force is sufficient enough to apply the brake with no external force, then the
Brake is said to be self-locking brake.
4. What are the factors upon which the torque capacity of a clutch depends? (M-11, N-10)
Torque capacity of a clutch depends on
i. Number of pair of contact surfaces,
ii. Coefficient of friction,
iii. Axial thrust exerted by the spring, and
iv. Mean radius of friction surface.

5. When do we use multiple disk clutches? (M -10)

A multiple clutch is used when large amount of torque is to be transmitted. In a multi plate
clutch, the number frictional linings and the metal plates are increased which increases the
capacity of the clutch to transmit torque.
6. What is the disadvantage of block brake with one short shoe? What is the remedy? (M-11)
If only one block is used for braking, then there will be side thrust on the bearing of wheels
shaft. This drawback can be removed by providing two blocks on the two sides of the drum.
This also doubles the braking torque.
7. Under what condition of a clutch, uniform rate of wear assumption is more valid? (M-09)
If the clutch is an old clutch, then uniform rate of wear assumption is more valid.

8. Name four profiles normally used in cams. (M-10)

The four profiles normally used in cams are
i. Uniform velocity,
ii. Simple harmonic motion,
iii. Uniform acceleration and retardation and
iv. Cycloidal motion.
9. How the „uniform rate of wear‟ assumption is valid for clutches? (M-08)
In clutches, the value of normal pressure, axial load for the given clutch is limited by the rate
of wear that can be tolerated in the brake linings. Moreover, the assumption of uniform wear
rate gives a lower calculated clutch capacity than the assumption of uniform pressure. Hence
clutches are usually designed on the basis of uniform wear.
10. What are the significances of pressure angle in cam design? (N-07)
The pressure angle is very important in cam design as it represents steepness of the cam profile.
If the pressure angle is too large, a reciprocating follower will jam in its bearing.
11 .If a multidisc clutch has 6 discs in driving shaft and 7 discs in driven shaft then how many
number of contact surfaces it will have? (M -15)
n1 = 6, n2 = 7 Number of pair of contact surface, n = n1+n2-1
= 6+7-1 = 12
12. Why in automobiles, braking action when travelling in reverse is not as effective as when
moving forward? (M -15)
When an automobile moves forward, the braking force acts in the opposite direction to the
direction of motion of the vehicle. Whereas in reverse travelling the braking force acts in the
same direction to the direction of motion of the vehicle. So it requires more braking force to
apply brake.
13. Differentiate between uniform pressure and uniform wear theories adopted in the design
of clutches. (N-14)
In clutches, the value of normal pressure, axial load for the given clutch is limited by the rate of
wear that can be tolerated in the brake linings. Moreover, the assumption of uniform wear rate
gives a lower calculated clutch capacity than assumption of uniform pressure. Hence clutches
are usually designed on the basis of uniform wear.
14. Classify clutches based on the coupling methods. (M-14)
i. Positive contact clutches
ii. Frictional clutches
iii. Overrunning clutches
iv. Magnetic clutches
v. Fluid couplings

15. What is meant by a self-energizing brake? (M-13)

When the moment of applied force (F.l) and the moment of the frictional force (μ.RN.C) are in
the same direction, then frictional force helps in applying the brake. This type of brake is known
as a self-energizing brake.
16. Define pitch point in cam. (N-13)
The pitch point is the point on the pitch curve of the cam having maximum pressure angle.

17. Differentiate between clutch and a brake. (N-13)

A clutch connects two moving members of a machine, whereas a brake connects a moving
Member to a stationary member.
 MOHAMED SATHAK ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KILAKARAI-623 806
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUB CODE: ME6601-DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
IMPORTANT TOPICS

UNIT- I DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE ELEMENTS

1. Design a flat belt drive to transmit 6 kW at 900 rpm of the driver pulley. Speed
reduction is to be 2.5:1Assume that the service is 16 hours a day.
2. Design a chain drive to transmit 6 KW at 900 rpm of a sprocket pinion. Speed
reduction is 2:5:1. Driving motor is mounted on an adjustable base. Assume that
load is steady, drive is horizontal and service is 16 hours/day.
3. Design a v- belt drive and calculate the actual belt tension and average stress for the
following data. Driven pulley diameter, D = 500 mm, driver pulley diameter, d=150
mm, center distance C= 925 mm, speed N1 =1000 r.p.m, N2 =300 r.pm and power,
P=7.5 KW.

UNIT II - SPUR GEARS AND PARALLEL AXIS HELICAL GEARS

1. In a spur gear drive for a rock crusher, the gears are made of case hardened alloy
steel. The pinion is transmitting 18 kW at 1200 r.p.m with a gear ratio of 3.5.The gear
is to work 8hours/day for 3 years. Design the drives major dimensions, check for
compressive and bending stresses and sketch the arrangement.
2. A pair of, helical gears subjected to heavy shock loading is to transmit 37.5 kW at
1750 rpm of the pinion. The speed reduction ratio is 4 and helix angle is 15o .The
service is continuous and the teeth are 20o full depth in the normal plane. Select
suitable material and design the gears. Check for working stresses and sketch the
drive.

UNIT III BEVEL, WORM AND CROSS HELICAL GEARS

1. Design a worm gear drive with a standard centre distance to transmit 7.5 KW from a
worm rotating at 1440 rpm to a worm wheel at 20 rpm.
2. Design a bevel gear drive to transmit 10 kW at 1440 rpm. Gear ratio is 3, material for
the pinion and gear is C 45 steel. Minimum number of is to be 20.
3. Design a pair of bevel gears for two shafts whose axes are at right angles. The power
transmitted is 25 KW. The speed of the pinion is 300 rpm and the gear is 120 rpm.
UNIT IV GEAR BOXES

1. The maximum and minimum speeds of nine speed gear box are to be 600 rpm and
100 rpm respectively. The drive is from an electric motor giving 3kW at 1440 r.p.m.
Design the gear box. Construct the speed diagram and sketch the arrangement of gear
box.
2. Design a 12 speed gear box for a headstock of a lathe. The maximum and minimum
speeds are 600 rpm and 25 rpm respectively. The drive is from an electric motor
giving 2.25 kW at 1440 r.p.m. Construct the speed diagram and sketch the
arrangement of the gearbox.

UNIT V DESIGN OF CAMS, CLUTCHES AND BRAKES

1. A block brake with a short shoe is shown in Fig. It is to be designed so that the
product ‘PV’ is limited to 2, where ‘P’ is the normal pressure between Friction lining
and the brake drum (N/mm2) and ‘v’ is the peripheral velocity of brake drum (m/s).
2. A single plate clutch is used for an engine that develops a maximum torque of 120
N-m. Assume a factor of safety of 1.5 to account for slippage at full engine torque.
The permissible intensity of pressure is 350 k pa and the coefficient of friction is
0.35.Calculate the inner and outer diameters of the friction lining and the axial force
to be exerted by the engage the clutch.
3. A 360 mm radius brake drum contacts a single shoe as shown in resists a torque of
225 N-m at 500 rpm .The coefficient of friction is 0.3. Determine (i) the normal
reaction on the shoe,(ii) the force to be applied at the lever end for counter clockwise
rotation of the drum if e=0 (iii) the force to be applied at the lever end for clockwise
rotation of the drum if e= 40mm.(iv) the force to be applied at the lever end for
clockwise rotation of the drum if e = 40mm
4. Find the torque that a two surface, dry disk clutch can transmit if the outside and
inside lining diameters are 120 mm and 70 mm, respectively, and the applied axial
force is 10 KW. Assume uniform wear and =0.4. Is the pressure on the lining
acceptable? What lining materiel would be suitable?