Engineers Training on

Seismic Retrofit design of Masonry Buildings

5-9 August 2019, Kathmandu, Nepal

REPAIR, RESTORATION AND

RETROFITTING

Organized By:
National Reconstruction Authority – CLPIU
(Building)
Baliyo Ghar Program (NSET), supported by
USAID

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Objectives

After completing this session, you will be

able to:
• Know what needs to be demolished and what
not
• Know the difference between repair &
Restoration and Retrofitting

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Need to Demolish or Not?

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Need to Demolish or Not?

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 A building which is partly damaged
or partially collapsed may not need
demolition!!

These can be
repaired, restored and retrofitted!!

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal 5

 Before proceeding: Key Facts

• Proper site selection

• Appropriate planning and configuration
• Good foundation construction on a firm base
• Improved integrity between structural elements
• Controlled size and location of openings and
light construction.

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 Intervention Options

Three levels of Improvement

1.Repair: Cosmetic Modification

2.Restore: Structural Repair (Original

performance)

3.Strengthen/ Retrofit: Higher performance

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal 7

 Repair

Cosmetic Treatment

Brings back original architectural shape

Does not restore the original strength of the

structure
It consists of actions taken for patching up of
superficial defects

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 Repair

Repair consists of:

Patching up in areas of cracks and fall of plaster

repairing doors, windows, replacement of glass

panes
re-building partition walls, parapet walls,
chimneys redecoration, etc.

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Restore

Structural strengthening to regain the original

strength of the structure
Removal of portions of cracked walls and
rebuilding them strongly with richer mortar;
addition of reinforcing mesh on the cracked
walls; Injecting grout into the cracks etc.

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 Strengthening/Retrofit

Increase the strength of the structure to

withstand the future earthquakes
Providing reinforcements or increasing wall areas
or the number of walls and columns; giving unity
to the structure by providing proper connection
between structural members such as
connections between roofs or floors and walls,
etc.

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Comparison of
Repair/Rehab/Strengthening

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Repair and Restoration

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Repair Materials

Repair Materials
Grout Shotcrete
Epoxy Resins Micro-concrete
Epoxy Mortars Fiber-reinforced
concrete
Quick setting cement Fiber-reinforced
mortars Polymers
Ferro-cement

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 Repair of Small Cracks
(Crack width 0.5 - 5 mm)

2 1

3
4

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Repair of Major Cracks

(Crack width>5 mm)

1
1 ft.

3 2

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal 16

 Retrofitting

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Reasons for Seismic Retrofitting
Lack of understanding by designers

Deficiencies in design codes

Up-gradation of seismic design requirements

Advancement of engineering knowledge

Inconsistency between the design and actual

construction at site
Damage during past Earthquake
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 Strengthening Strategy

Increasing Reducing Demand

Capacity

• Stiffen existing • Use Supplemental

structure damping
• Strengthen existing • Reduce masses
structure • Isolate existing
structure
• Enhance Ductility
• Reduce Irregularity

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Feasibility of Retrofitting

Controlling Factors
Cost
Estimated Time of Implementation
Disturbance to Occupants
If the cost of retrofitting exceeds 30% of
cost of construction of new building,
retrofit is not feasible.

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 Retrofit Cost Components

DIRECT COSTS INDIRECT COSTS

Construction materials Occupant relocation
and labor
Architectural demolition Loss of rent during
and refinishing construction
Engineering fees Change in property
value
Financing

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Retrofitting Materials
Retrofitting Materials
GI wire messing with or Gabion wire bandage
without splint and
bandage
Wooden bandage+ Externally bonded
Gabion wire jacketing Tarpaulin strips
Steel reinforced Band+GI Shotcrete
Textile reinforced mortar Rich concreting
Epoxy Mortars Fiber-reinforced polymer

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Splint and Bandage method

•Splint and Bandage in brick masonry wall

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Jacketing method

•Concrete jacketing with steel bar mesh

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 IS 13935 IS 15988

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

Useful International Documents for masonry Building

• IS 13935.2009 Seismic Evaluation, Repair And Strengthening of Masonry

Buildings
• IS 1893-2016 Criteria For Earthquake Resistant Design Of Structures (Part 1)
General Provisions And Buildings
• IS 13828.1993 Low Strength Masonry
• IS 1905 (1987): Code of Practice for Structural use of Unreinforced Masonry
• IS 13828-1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance Of Low Strength Masonry
Buildings – Guidelines
• Seismic Evaluation And Strengthening Of Existing Building by IITK
• Handbook For The Seismic Evaluation Of Building (FEMA310)
• NBC 109: Masonry Unreinforced

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Objectives review

After completing this session, you will be able to:

• Know what needs to be demolished and what

not
• Know the difference between repair &
Restoration and Retrofitting

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Thank You !!!

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal