Engineers Training on

Seismic Retrofit design of Masonry Buildings

5-9 August 2019, Kathmandu, Nepal

PAST EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE

PATTERN OF MASONRY BUILDING

Organized By:
National Reconstruction Authority – CLPIU
(Building)
Baliyo Ghar Program (NSET), supported by
USAID

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Objectives

At the end of the session, participants will be able to:

• Identify past earthquake damage patterns in

masonry building

• Understand the reason behind such failures

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 Masonry buildings

 Heave mass, hence attract large seismic

force
 Good in compression
 Can not take tension
 Brittle failure

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 Breakdown of Fatalities Atrributed to Earthquake
by Cause (Period 1900-1990)

(Ref: Coburn, A. and Spence, R. 2002. Earthquake Protection)

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 Why Buildings fail in an
earthquake?

Lack of
Strength
Ductility
Inappropriate Configuration

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 Failure mode of masonry
buildings in earthquake

Out of plane failure

In plane failure
Diaphragm failure
Failure of connection

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 Failure modes

Out of plane
force

In plane force

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 Out of plane failure

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 Out of plane failure

 Wall bends horizontally and vertically

 If wall is long, horizontal bending is dominant
 If wall is tall, vertical bending is dominant
 Bending is more in flexible floors
 Reasons of out of plane failure:
 Inadequate anchorage between wall to wall
and wall into the roof diaphragm
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 Out of plane failure

 Inadequate anchorage between wall to wall

and wall into the roof diaphragm
 Long and slender walls
 Limited tensile strength of masonry
 Limited tensile strength of mortar

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 Characteristics of Out of
plane failure
 Characteristics of out of plane failure:
 Vertical cracks at wall corners and junctions
 Horizontal cracks at floor levels
 Horizontal cracks at lintel and top of piers
 Wyth separation
 Partial or full collapse of exterior walls

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 Characteristics of Out of
plane failure

 Out of plane failure more critical

than in plane failure

 Out of plane failure is critical in

upper storeys

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 Out of plane failure

Vertical cracks at wall Horizontal cracks at

corner floor level
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 Out of plane failure

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Out of plane failure

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 Out of plane failure

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 In plane failure

During earthquake shaking, masonry walls get

grouped into three sub units: Spandrel, wall pier,
sill masonry

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 In plane failure

 These units rock back and forth developing

contact only at the opposite diagonals
 This rocking crush the masonry at corners.
 Rocking of pier occurs only in slender piers
supporting small weight from structure above
 Otherwise piers develop diagonal(X-type) shear
cracking

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 In plane failure

During strong shaking, the building may slide

below the lintel band or sill band or at plinth level.
Sliding is most common in moderate to low axial
loads

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 In plane failure

 Rocking and sliding are more stable than X-

shear cracking
 Again, in plane cracks are more stable than
out of plane cracks.
 The gravity load carrying capacity of the wall
is not jeopardized by in plane cracks.

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 In plane failure

 In plane cracks happen to be worse at the

lower storey
 Inadequate in-plane capacity of masonry piers
cause in plane failure.
 Reduction in wall portion due to large
openings or too many openings reduces the
in-plane strength of walls.

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 In plane failure

Rocking of piers

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 In plane failure

X-cracking of piers

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 In plane failure

Horizontal Sliding

Rocking and sliding

of walls are more
stable than X-shear
cracking

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 In plane failure

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Diaphragm failure

 Lack of proper anchorage of diaphragms with

the walls cause diaphragm failure
 Diaphragm failure is a rare phenomenon in
the event of seismic motion
 Also the damage to the diaphragm never
impairs its gravity load carrying capacity

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 Diaphragm failure

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 Configuration problem

Irregular shape: L-shape building

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 Large Doors and
Windows

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 Too many Openings

Ground floor collapsed

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 Openings at corners of
walls

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 Unbalanced openings

Back

Jitendra K Bothara

Front

Jitendra K Bothara

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 Failure of Long Walls

Long and high walls easily collapse during earthquakes

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 Failure of Gable Walls

Failure of gable walls due to the high height and lack of

support at the top
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 No Connection Between
Walls

Wall Failure at Joint

Wall Separation at Corner

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 Toothing at Junctions

Toothing as our
construction practice
that makes the
building inherently
weak at the corner

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 Lack of bonding

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 Delamination

Nepal-Sikkim Earthquake 2011

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 Delamination

Gorkha Earthquake 2016

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 Lack of Vertical bars!!

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 Pounding effect

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 Weak Floor-Roof
connection

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 Where is the Integrity?
Floor Roof Connection Problem

•NSET
•NSET

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 Integrity?

•NSET

•EERI
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 Integrity ?

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 In plane failure

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 Diaphragm failure

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 Connection failure

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 Configuration problem

Irregular shape: L-shape building

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 Configuration problem

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 Large Doors and Windows

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 Failure of Gable Walls

Failure of gable walls due to the high height and lack of

support at the top
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 Pounding effect

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 Delamination

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 Lack of bonding

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 Weak Floor-Roof connection

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 Experience from Gorkha Earthquake

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 Target Area and Scope
14 Severe Affected District

20 Municipalities

2,50,000 Buildings
• 14 Severe Affected
Jun-Dec 2015
District
• 20 Municipalities
• 2,50,000 Buildings
• Jun-Dec 2015
Funded by: USAID/OFDA
Implementing by: National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal
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 Methodology

(Damage Assessment
Guideline, DUDBC)
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 Parameters

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 Data Verified & Analyzed (This Paper)
Out Kathmandu Inside Kathmandu
Valley
Valley
Besisahar: 5597
Bhimeshor: 6035
Lalitpur: 6630
Chautar: 4308 Kathmandu: 8216
Jiri: 3997 Budhanilkantha:1272
Kamalamai: 8575 3
Panauti: 6928
Thosey: 754
Manthali:8295 Total: 78918
Bidur:6760
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 Profile of Number of Storey
Total Buildings: 78918

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 Profile of Age of Buildings
42%

29%

16%

7% 7%

< 10 11-20 21-30 31-40 > 40

Age Bar (Years)

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 Damage Grade Distribution

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 Type of Damages for
Masonry Buildings

Corner Separation
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 Type of Damages for
Masonry Buildings

Corner Separation
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 Type of Damages for
Masonry Buildings

Diagonal Cracking
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 Type of Damages for
Masonry Buildings

Out of Plane Failure

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 Type of Damages for
Masonry Buildings

Delamination
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 Type of Damages for
Masonry Buildings

Gable Wall Failure

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 Damage Ratio

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Damage Ratio

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 Objectives review

At the end of the session, participants will be able to:

• Identify past earthquake damage patterns in

masonry building

• Understand the reason behind such failures

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal

 8/6/2019 Type your presentation theme - edit to put title on Insert/header & footer

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal 74

Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal
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 Thank You!

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