2nd SEMESTER

Mathematics in the modern world| A.Y. 2022 – 2023

CORRELATION: PEARSON (r) AND SPEARMAN (rs)

Positive correlation Both variables increase
Negative correlation One variable increase while the other
variable decreases

STEP 2: SUBSTRACT THE RANKING OF X AND Y

 When r is + (positive) we call it direct but if the r is –

(negative) we call it inverse.
PEARSON PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION STEP 3: SQUARED THE ANSWER OF D
EXAMPLE #1
 The owner of a chain of fruit shake stores would like to study
the correlation between atmospheric temperature and sales
during the summer season. He recorded a random sample of 6
days with the result given as follows:

STEP 4: ADD ALL THE D2

Determine the coefficient of correlation and interpret the result.

STEP 1: MULTIPLY

STEP 5: SALPAK SA FORMULA

STEP 2: IADD LAHAT BAWAT COLUMN

STEP 6: INTERPRET
Rs = -0.80
Interpretation: There is an inverse and high correlation between
students’ grade in mathematics and English
STEP 3: ISALPAK SA FORMULA CODING THEORY
- is the study of the properties of codes and their respective
fitness for specific applications
- bit (short for "binary digit") is the smallest unit of
measurement used to quantify computer data, it contains a
single binary value of 0 or 1
TWO PROCESSES IN CODING
 ENCODING/DATA COMPRESSION
- is defined as converting the message from the sender into bits
suitable to the communication channel
 DECODING
STEP 4: INTERPRET - is the opposite of encoding. It is the process of converting bits
R = 0.95 back to the original message
Interpretation = there is a direct, very high correlation between the  COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
temperature and sales of fruit shakes - is the physical medium through which information is
SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION transmitted
 The table below shows the grades of 5 students in English and - Ex: telephone lines, internet cables, fiber-optic lines, and air.
in Mathematics Some storage data can be considered channels (CD-ROMS,
hard drives)
 NOISES
- it alters the message in the channel that will cause disruption
and error in the messages
CHANNEL ENCODING
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
- composed of sender (or message source), communication
channel, and the receiver

Determine the degree of correlation between students grades in

Mathematics and grades in English
STEP 1: RANK X AND Y HIGHEST TO LOWEST
CHANNEL CODING

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

EXAMPLE 2:
- Suppose that the source encoded message is 01
where k=2. If you choose r=3, what will be the
With this problem at hand, additional process of encoding is
required known as Channel Coding repeated code?

REPETITION CODE: DECODING

EXAMPLE 1:
- Assume that the message transmitted through a noise channel
and is distorted. The received message is 111001101110010.
The channel encoding uses repetition coded where k=3.
Decode the received message.
 Hahatiin yung digits depende sa binigay na value sa k

 CHANEL CODING
- is defined as adding bit size to the source encoded message so  Titignan mo yung dominant sa kada digit
that the errors can be detected or even corrected
 PARITY CHECK
- Only encoding
- Parity check is also called as “Vertical Redundancy Check
(VRC)” EXAMPLE 2:
- a process that ensures accurate data transmission by adding - Decode 101100011100110 if the original message uses k=3
bits to the original encoded message
 Even parity if there is an even number of 1s
(0,2,4,6,8,10,12, …)
 Odd parity if there is an odd number of 1s (1,3,5,7,9,11,
…)
o NOTE: The goal in doing Parity Check is to end up with an MODULAR ARITHMETHIC
EVEN PARITY - If a and b are integers and m is a natural number, in symbols
EXAMPLE#1
- Perform the channel encoding by adding a redundancy bit of
size 3 EXAMPLES 1: DETRMINE WHETHER THE GIVEN
 Bibilangin kung ilan yung 1 then doon mag babase kung CONGRUENCE IS TRUE OR FALSE
even ba or odd
 Kung ano yung huling number ayun yung idadagdag
 If hindi even yung number ng mga 1 papalitan yung dulo
ng 1, then if sobra naman sa 1 papalitan yung dulo ng 0

If may decimal hindi siya congruence/ FALSE pero pag

whole number ang sagot congruence/ TRUE
EXAMPLES 2: DETERMINE THE VALUE OF THE LEAST
RESIDUE / r=? OF M.
REPITION CODE: ENCODING 1. 29 (mod 3)
- In coding theory, the repetition code is one of the
most basic error-correcting codes
- In order to transmit a message over a noisy
channel that may corrupt the transmission in a
few places, the idea of the repetition code is to
just repeat the message several times 2. 35 (mod 4)
- Repetition code uses the formula 2r + 1
- Chosen value of r should be greater than or equal
to 1
- K = bits of the encoded message
EXAMPLE 1:
3. (10-4) (mod 5)
- Suppose that the source encoded message is 110
where k=3. If you choose r=2, what will be the
repeated code?
 rerepeat mo lang 5 times yung value na binigay

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
APPLICATION OF MODULAR ARITHMETHIC
CHECK CODES & CHECK DIGITS
- In the following methods, modular arithmetic is used to
produce and verify identification numbers
1. UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)
- Is mainly used in products sold in department stores and
groceries
- it consists of barcodes with 12 digits where the last one is the
check digit
4. CREDIT CARDS
- Is composed of 16 digits where the last digit is also the check
digit

FORMULA:
EXAMPLE #1

EXAMPLE #1: DETERMINE THE CHECK DIGIT OF THE

UPC OF THE GIVEN PI

CRYPTOGRAPHY
- Originated from two Greek words, “krypto” which means
hidden and “graphene” which means writing
- it is the making or breaking of secret codes, it uses two
EXAMPLE #2
processes mainly:
1. ENCRYPTION
- The process of transforming plain text into code form using a
certain algorithm
EXAMPLE:
MATH IS FUN (plain text) – original message
PDWK LV IXQ (coded form) – cipher text
2. DECRYPTION
- The process of converting back the coded message into plain
2. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER text
(ISBN) o KEY – refers to the strings of information that is used to
- Is used on books which is usually found at the last page of the reveal the encrypted message into readable form
book. ISBN can be ISBN-10 or ISBN-13 where they used 10 METHODS OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
or 13 digits with the last digit as the check digit  SHIFT CYPHER
EXAMPLE 1: USING THE KEY OF SHIFT OF 3 TO THE
RIGHT, ENCRYPT THE WORD CRYPTOGRAPHY
 Ang lagging start ng bilang is doon sa susunod na letter, then
EXAMPLE#1 pag nasa dulo na balik ulit sa umpisa ng alphabet

EXAMPLE 2: DECRYPT THE CIPHER TEXT, BJY DN BJJY

USING THE KEY OF 5 SHIFTS TO THE LEFT
 Since decrypt, ang shift natin is opposite so kung left yan
ang pag shift mo is right

EXAMPLE #2  USING A MODULO OPERATOR

- The sender of the message uses the key K to encrypt and to
decrypt the secret message. The key K may have any integer
value from 0-25 and this will be shared to the person/s who
will be receiving the secret message

3. UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICES (USPS) EXAMPLE 1: ENCRYPT THE MESSAGE MMW IS FUN LET
- Is an independent agency of the executive branch of the K=5
United States federal government responsible for providing  First step: ilagay sa baba kung pang ilang letter siya sa
postal services in US alphabet
- It consists of 11 digits

EXAMPLE #1  Second step: mag aadd ka ng 5 every letter since k=5

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

 Third step: Tignan mo na ulit yung corresponding letter  STEP 5: GAWIN NA YUNG PINAKA FORMULA
doon sa nakuha mong sagot, then kapag sobra yung number
balik lang ulit sa umpisa yung bilang

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (UNDERLINED PHRASE SA

SIMPLE LINEAR ANALYSIS PROBLEM)
- is a simple statistical tool used to model the dependence of a
variable on one or more explanatory variables
- the functional relationship may then be formally stated as
equation, with associated statistical values that describe how
well this equation fits the data
- the regression analysis equation is being used to predict the FOLLOW UP QUESTIONS
value of the dependent variable:

Where:
X = independent variable
Y = dependent variable
B = slope
A = intercept

EXAMPLE 1
- A teacher desires to know wether the typing speed of a comsci
students (in words per minute) is related to the time (in hours).
Given the speed of a students (x) and the corresponding time it
will take for him to learn the word processing program, predict
the time it will take the average student who has a typing
speed of 72 words per minute to learn the word-processing
program.

 STEP 1: Complete the table

 STEP 2: iadd lahat yung mga values by column

 STEP 3: FIND THE A USING THE FORMULA SA

TAAS

 STEP 4: FIND B USING THE FORMULA SA TAAS

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