DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL FOR 9M HEIGHT

Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level = 13.00 m

Unit weight of Earth g = 18 kN/m3 = 18000 N/m2
Angle of repose = 30 Degree
Safe Bearing capacity of soil q0 = 300 kN/m3
Coffiecent of friction m = 0.55
Concrete = M 25
Steel fe = 500
Nominal cover = 30 mm effective cover 40
Foundation depth = 2.00 m
Counter forts width assume = 0.40 m 400 mm

1 Design Constants:-For HYSD Bars Cocrete M = 25

sst = = 275 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 25 kN/m2

scbc = = 8.5 N/mm3
m = 10.98
m*c 10.98039 x 8.5
k= = = 0.253
m*c+sst 10.98 x 8.5 + 275
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.253 / 3 = 0.916
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 8.5 x 0.916 x 0.253 = 0.986
For soil, φ = 30 cos β- (cos2 β - cos2 φ)
\ Ka = cos β
For soil, β = 0 cos β+ (cos2 β - cos2 φ)
cos φ = 0.866 1 - 1.000 - 0.750
1
cos β = 1 1 - 1.000 - 0.750
sin β = 0 0.500
= 1 = 0.33
1.500

2 Diamension of various parts:-

Hence height of wall above base H = 13.00 + 2.00 = 15.0 m
The ratio of length of slab (DE) to base width b is given by eq.
q0 300
a = 1 - = 1 - = 0.495
2.2 y H 2.2 x 18 x 15.00
Keep a = 0.49 …. Eq (1)
The width of base is given by Eq.
Ka
b = 0.95 H x
(1- a)x(1+3 a)

0.330
b = 0.95 x 15.00 = 7.29
( 1 - 0.49 )x( 1 + 1.47 )

The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq.

0.7HKa 0.7 x 15.00 x 0.33
b = = = 12.35 m
(1-a) m ( 1 - 0.49 )x 0.55
Normal practice is to provide b between 0.5 to 0.6 H .
Taking maximum value of H = 0.5 b = 0.50 x 15.00 = 7.50 m
Hence Provided b = 10.00 m for design purpose
Width of toe slab = a x b = 0.49 x 10.00 = 4.90 m Provided toe slab = 2.50 m
taking the uniform thickness of stem = 750 mm = 0.75 m for design purpose
 Hence width of heel slab = 10.00 - 0.75 - 2.50 = 6.75 m
Let the thickness of base slab = 1000 mm = 1 m
H 1/4
15.0 1/4
Clear spacing of counter fort = 3.5 x = 3.50 x = 3.34 m
y 18
keep them at 3.00 m apart.

3 Stability of wall:-
Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1
Let w1 = weight of rectangular portion of stem
w2 = weight of base slab
w3 = weight of soil on heel slab.
The calculation are arrenged in Table
Detail force(kN) lever arm Moment about toe (KN-m)
w1 1 x 0.75 x 14.00 x 25 = 262.5 2.875 754.7
w2 1 x 1.00 x 10.00 x 25 = 250 5 1250
w3 1 x 6.75 x 14.00 x 18 = 1701 6.625 11269.13
Pv = 0.0 10.00 0.00

Sw = 2213.50 total MR 13273.81

Total resisting moment = 13273.81 kN-m

Total Force of K a x y x H2 0.33 x 18 x( 15.00 )2

= = = 668.25 kN
Earth pressure P 2 2
Ph = 668 kN
Pv = 0 kN

Over turning 15
Over turning moment Mo = 668 x = 3340 kN-m
3
13273.81
\ F.S. against over turning = = 3.97 > 2 Safe
3340
mSw 0.55 x 2213.5
F.S. against sliding = = 1.82 > 1.5 Safe
PH 668

Pressure distribution net moment SM = 13273.81 - 3340 = 9934 kN-m

\ Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is
SM 9934 b 10.00
x = = = 4.49 m = = 1.667
Sw 2213.5 6 6
b 10.00
Eccenticity e = - x = - 4.49 = 0.51 m < 1.667 Hence safe
2 2
SW 6e 2214 6x 1 289 < 300
Pressure p1 at toe= 1+ = x 1+ = Hence safe
b b 10.00 10.00 kN -m2

SW 6e 2213.5 6x 0.51 153.3 < 300

Pressure p2 at Heel 1- = x 1- = Hence safe
b b 10.00 10.00 kN -m2
The Pressure intencity p1 under E is p1
289.40 - 153.30
p1 = 289.40 - x 2.50 = 255.4 kN-m2
10.00
The Pressure intencity p2 under B is p2
289.40 - 153.30
p = 289.40 - x 3.25 = 245.2 kN-m2
10.00
4 Design of Heel slab:-
Clear spacing between counter fort = 3.00 m
The pressure distribution on the heel slab is shown in fig 1 .consider a strip 1 meter wide.
Near the outer edge C. The upward pressure intencity = 153.3 kN/m2 witch is minimum at C.
Down ward load due to weight of Earth. = 14.00 x 1 x 1.00 x 18 = 252.0 kN-m2
Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 1.00 x 1 x 1.00 x 25 = 25.0 kN-m2
Hence net pressure intensities will be P = 252.00 + 25.00 - 153.3 = 123.7 kN-m2
Maximum negative bending moment in heel slab.at counter fort is
Pl2 123.7 x 3.00 2'=
M1 = = 92.775 kN-m
12 12
BM 92.78 x 10 6
Effective depth required = = = 307 mm
Rxb 0.986 x 1000
123.7 x 1.12
Shear force V = = 69.27 kN
2
For balance section , having P = 0.17 % tc = 0.23 N/mm2
V , 69 x 1000
Hence depth required from shear point of veiw d = = = 301 mm
tc x b 0.23 x 1000
However keep = 1000 mm providing effective cover = 60 mm d = 1000 - 60 = 940
69 x 1000
tv = = 0.07 N/mm2 < 0.23 O.K.
1000 x 940
92.775 x 10'6
Area of steel at supports is given by Ast = = 392 mm2
275 x 0.916 x 940
3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x 16 x 16 = 201
using ### mm bars A =
4 4
\ Spacing A x1000 / Ast = 201 x 1000 / 392 = 510 mm
Hence Provided 16 mm F bar, @ 125 mm c/c
5 Design of toe slab :- Toe Slab is Designed as Cantileve slab
Assume total depth of toe slab = 1000 mm or 1 m
Total weight of toe slab =1.00 x 1 x 2.5 x 25 = 62.50 kN//m2
Net upward pressure intencity at D = 289.40 - 63 = 226.90 kN//m2
Similarly Net upward pressure intencity at E = 255.38 - 63 = 192.88 kN//m2
wl 2
226.90 x 2.50 2
Max. negative B.M. = = 709 x 10'6 kN/m2
2 2
BM 709.06 x 10 6
Effective depth required = = = 848.0 mm
Rxb 0.986 x 1000
226.9 x 1.56
Shear force V = = 177.0 kN
2
Taking a permissible stress tc = 0.44 N/mm2 % steel 0.22 % table 3.1
The depth of slab required from shear point of view is given by d= V / (b x tc)
177 x 1000
d = = 402.27 mm
1000 x 0.440
However keep = 1000 mm providing effective cover = 60 mm d = 1000 - 60 = 940
177 x 1000
tv = = 0.19 N/mm2 < 0.44 O.K.
1000 x 940
709.06 x 10'6
Area of steel at supports, at bottom is Ast = = 2996 mm
275 x 0.916 x 940
3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x 20 x 20
using ### mm bars A = = 314
4 4
\ Spacing A x1000 / Ast = 314 x 1000 / 2996 = 104.8 mm
Hence Provided 20 mm F bar, @ 150 mm c/c
1000 x 314
Actual Ast = = 2093 mm2
 Actual Ast = = 2093 mm2
150
6 Design of stem (vertical slab)
The stem acts as a continuous slab. Considred 1 m strip at B .
The intencity of earth pressure is given by. ph = KayH1 = 0.33 x 18 x 14.00 = 83.2
Hence revised H1= 15.00 - 1.00 = 14.0
L2 83.16 x( 3 )2
B.M. = ph x = = 62370000 N-mm
12 12
BM 62370000
Effective depth required = = = 252 mm
Rxb 0.986 x 1000
Providing effective cover = 60 mm, so total depth = 252 + 60 = 312 mm
However provide total depth d = 750 mm and effective thickness = 750 - 60 = 690
this increased thickness will keep the shear stress within limit so that additional shear
reinforcement not required.
83.2 x 2.310
Shear force V = = 96.0498 kN
2
Taking a permissible stress tc = 0.28 N/mm2 % steel 0.23 % table 3.1
The depth of slab required from shear point of view is given by d= V / (b x tc)
96 x 1000
d = = 343 mm
1000 x 0.280
However keep = 750 mm providing effective cover = 60 mm d = 750 - 60 = 690
96 x 1000
tv = = 0.14 N/mm2 < 0.28 O.K.
1000 x 690
62.37 x 10'6
Area of steel at supports, at bottom is Ast = = 359 mm
275 x 0.916 x 690
3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x 16 16 x
using ### mm bars A = = 201
4 4
\ Spacing A x1000 / Ast = 201 x 1000 / 359 =
559.7 mm
Hence Provided 16 mm F bar, @ 125 mm c/c
1000 x 201
Actual Ast = = 1608 mm2
125
7 Design of main counterfort.
Let us assuming thickness of counterforts is = 400 mm.
Spacing of Counters = 3.0 m.
At any section at depth h below the top A, the earth pressure acting on each counter forts will be
1
= x 18.00 x h x 3.0 = 18 h kN/m
3
similarly, net down ward pressure on heel at c is
= 14.00 x 18 + 1.00 x 25 - 153.3 = 123.7 kN/m2
and that at B = 14.00 x 18 + 1.00 x 25 - 245.2 = 31.8 kN/m2
Hence reaction transferrred to each counterfort are will be
At C, = 123.7 x 2.71 = 335.23 kN/m
At B, = 31.8 x 2.71 = 86.18 kN/m
The variations of horizontal and vertical forces on counterfort are shown in fig.
The critical section for the counterfort will be F, since below this, enormous depth will be available to resist bending.
Pressure intencity at h = 13.0 m is = 18 x 13.00 = 234 kN/m
1
Shear force at F = x 234 x 13.00 = 1521 kN
2
B.M. = 1521 x 13 / 3 = 6591 kN-m or 6591000000 N-mm
Conterforts act as a T beam. However, even as a reactangular beam, depth required
BM 6591000000
Effective depth required = = = 4088 mm
Rxb 0.986 x 400
 Providing effective cover = 60 mm, so total depth = 4088 + 60 = 4148 mm
However provide total depth d = 6750 mm and effective thickness = 6750 - 60 = 6690
Angle F of face AC is given by Tan F = 6.75 / 14.00 = 0.5 \ F = 25.0
\ sin F = 0.422 and cos F = 0.906
Depth F1C1 = AF1 sin F = 13 x 0.422 = 5.49 m or 5490 mm
\ Depth FG = 5490 + 750 = 6240
Asssuming that the steel reinforcement is provided in 2 layer with 25 mm space
between them and providing a nominal cover 30 mm and main bars of 25 mm F dia
the effective depth will be = 6240 -( 30 + 25 + 12 + 12.5 = 6161 mm
6591000000
Area of steel at supports, at bottom is Ast = = 4249 mm
275 x 0.916 x 6161
3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x 25 x 25
using ### mm bars A = = 491
4 4
\ No. of bars 4249 / 491 = 9 No. provode these in 2 layers
Design of Horizontal ties:-
The vertical stem has a tendency to saprate outfrom the counterforts, and hence
should be tie to it by horizontalties. At any depth h below the top, force causing sepration
1
x 18 h x 2.31 = 14 h kN/m
3
here h = 14.5 \ force = 14 x 15 = 201 kN/m
200.97 x 1000
\ steel required = = 731 mm
275
2x3.14
using ### mm f 2 legged ties, As = x( 10 )2= 157 mm2
4
1000 x 157
spacing = = 215 mm
731
however provide 210 mm c/c at bottom and gradualy increase to 300 mm at top
Design of vertical ties:-
Similar to the stem slab, heel slab has also tendency to seprate out from counterforts,
due to net down ward force, unless tied properly by vertical ties.
335.23 x 2.31
The down wars force ar C will be 285.7496 kN/m
2.71
86.2 x 2.31
The down wars force ar B will be 73.4597 kN/m see fig.
2.71
Near end C, the heel slab is tied to counterforts with the help of main reinforcement of counterforts.
285.75 x 1000
steel required at C = = 1039 mm
275
2x3.14
using ### mm f 2 legged ties, As = x( 16 )2= 402 mm2
4
HT

mm

Eq (1)

design purpose
ent about toe (KN-m)

..(1)

..(2)

Safe

Hence safe

Hence safe

Hence safe
nimum at C.
kN-m2
kN-m2

mm

O.K.

mm2

table 3.1
)

mm

O.K.

mm2
 kN/m2
m

mm
ditional shear

table 3.1
)

mm

O.K.

mm2
 mm

mm2

forts, and hence

counterforts,

ounterforts.
 #REF!
0.75
`
0.75

2.50 6.75

14.00
13.00
3.00

0.75
2.50 6.75 D1 C1
D E B C 2.00
x2 x1
2.50 6.75 E1 E B B1 C1 C1
1.00
10.00 D y2 y2

10.00 x2 x1
###

255.38

245.20

153.30

123.70
16.80
y2

192.88
226.90
w1

w2

FIG. 1 FIG. 2
 #REF!
0.75 A

F1
h
#REF!
G.Level F
18 h kn/m
#REF! 1.60
13.00 15.00 D F E
14.60 #REF!
1

G D1 E1
G1

F 234.00 kN/m
F1 F2 716.5
2.00 E B kN/m
C
0.4
FIG. 4
6.75 270.00 kN/m

86.18 335.23
kN/m 2.50 750 6.75
D E C
FIG. 3
1.00 10.00

10 mm F
a
40 mm c/c 450 D1 C1
Pp

255.38
450 10 mm F 289.40
60 mm c/c
 FIG. 5 FIG. 6

#REF!
750 750

12 mm F 10 mm F 25 mm F
750 mm c/c 750 mm c/c 5 Nos.

12 mm F 1 10 mm F
500 mm c/c 561 mm c/c 25 mm F
4 Nos.

12 mm F 10 mm F 16 mm F
290 mm c/c 372 mm c/c 2 lgd vertical ties
15000 380 to
0 mm c/c
12 mm F 10 mm F
40 mm c/c 210 mm c/c
10 mm F
16 mm F 0 mm F 210 mm c/c
80 mm c/c 12 mm F 0 mm c/c
3 1200 90 mm c/c 2x12 mm F
Holding bars 16 mm F
2 2 125 mm c/c
12 mm F2 lgd
1000 6750
2500 100 mm c/c
3 12 mm F 20 mm F 12 mm F
-200 -200
12 mm F 380 mm c/c 150 mm c/c 90 mm c/c
380 mm c/c -200 1 25 mm F -200
 0 mm F 12 No.Bars 0 mm F
0 mm c/c 0 mm c/c
Cross -section mid way between counterfoorts Cross -section mid way between counterfoorts

(e) Sectional elevation oftoe slaband front counterforts at section 3 - 3

mm

Front counterforts

mm
mm
 Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS

Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40

Tensile stress N/mm2 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4

Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for
Grade of plain bars in tention (N/mm2)
concrete
Bending acbc Direct (acc)
(N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) in kg/m2
M 10 3.0 300 2.5 250 -- --
M 15 5.0 500 4.0 400 0.6 60
M 20 7.0 700 5.0 500 0.8 80
M 25 8.5 850 6.0 600 0.9 90
M 30 10.0 1000 8.0 800 1.0 100
M 35 11.5 1150 9.0 900 1.1 110
M 40 13.0 1300 10.0 1000 1.2 120
M 45 14.5 1450 11.0 1100 1.3 130
M 50 16.0 1600 12.0 1200 1.4 140

Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO

Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
31 19 13 11 9 8 7
Modular ratio m (31.11) (18.67) (13.33) (10.98) (9.33) (8.11) (7.18)

Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Modular Ratio 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18 Grade of concret
scbc N/mm 2 5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13
m scbc 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33
kc 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
(a) sst =
140 jc 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867
N/mm2 Rc 0.867 1.214 1.474 1.734 1.994 2.254
(Fe 250)
Pc (%) 0.714 1 1.214 1.429 1.643 1.857
kc 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329
(b) sst = jc 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89
190
N/mm2 Rc 0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.684 1.903
Pc (%) 0.433 0.606 0.736 0.866 0.997 1.127
kc 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289
(c ) sst =
230 jc 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904
N/mm2 Rc 0.653 0.914 1.11 1.306 1.502 1.698
(Fe 415)
Pc (%) 0.314 0.44 0.534 0.628 0.722 0.816
kc 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253
(d) sst =
275 jc 0.916 0.916 0.916 0.914 0.916 0.916
N/mm2 Rc 0.579 0.811 0.985 1.159 1.332 1.506
(Fe 500)
(d) sst =
275
N/mm2
(Fe 500)
Pc (%) 0.23 0.322 0.391 0.46 0.53 0.599
 Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table tc in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
100As Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2
bd M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
< 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 and above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab 300 or more 275 250 225 200 175 150 or less
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
tc.max 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table tbd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 M-45 M-50
tbd (N / mm2) -- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Grade of Plain M.S. Bars H.Y.S.D. Bars

concrete tbd (N / mm2) kd = L d F tbd (N / mm2) kd = L d F
M 15 0.6 58 0.96 60
M 20 0.8 44 1.28 45
M 25 0.9 39 1.44 40
M 30 1 35 1.6 36
M 35 1.1 32 1.76 33
M 40 1.2 29 1.92 30
M 45 1.3 27 2.08 28
M 50 1.4 25 2.24 26
 Value of angle Value of angle
Degree sin cos tan tan Degree sin cos
10 0.17 0.98 0.18 0.18 10 0.17 0.98
11 0.19 0.98 0.19 0.19 11 0.19 0.98
12 0.21 0.98 0.21 0.21 12 0.21 0.98
13 0.23 0.97 0.23 0.23 13 0.23 0.97
14 0.24 0.97 0.25 0.25 14 0.24 0.97
15 0.26 0.97 0.27 0.27 15 0.26 0.97
16 0.28 0.96 0.29 0.29 16 0.28 0.96
17 0.29 0.96 0.31 0.31 17 0.29 0.96
18 0.31 0.95 0.32 0.32 18 0.31 0.95
19 0.33 0.95 0.34 0.34 19 0.33 0.95
20 0.34 0.94 0.36 0.36 20 0.34 0.94
21 0.36 0.93 0.38 0.38 21 0.36 0.93
22 0.37 0.93 0.40 0.40 22 0.37 0.93
23 0.39 0.92 0.42 0.42 23 0.39 0.92
24 0.41 0.92 0.45 0.45 24 0.41 0.92
25 0.42 0.91 0.47 0.47 25 0.42 0.91
30 0.50 0.87 0.58 0.58 30 0.50 0.87
35 0.57 0.82 0.70 0.70 35 0.57 0.82
40 0.64 0.77 0.84 0.84 40 0.64 0.77
45 0.71 0.71 1.00 1.00 45 0.71 0.71
50 0.77 0.64 1.19 1.19 50 0.77 0.64
55 0.82 0.57 1.43 1.43 55 0.82 0.57
60 0.87 0.50 1.73 1.73 60 0.87 0.50
65 0.91 0.42 2.14 2.14 65 0.91 0.42