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Ostwald Theory of Indicators

An indicator, generally organic weak acids or weak bases, is a substance which is used
to determine the end point in a titration. They change their colour within a certain pH
range.
HIM f let In In OH F Int OH
They exhibit one color when the proton is attached
to the molecule and a different color when the proton
is absent. For example, phenolphthalein, a commonly
used indicator, is colorless in its HIn form and pink in
its In-, or basic, form.

HIN Ht In
Color A Color B
Basic

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Ostwald Theory of Indicators

f FIEF.ae a Fog
Mutiny i fi pH L
HE lo i
a 1,0 they 1,01
1
THIN 11h7 Red color will be visible initially
As we start adding base the pH 4 and slowly color
changes to blue when solution becomes basic
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Ostwald Theory of Indicators

e How much In- must be present for the human eye to detect that the color is different
from the original one?

ka Intl CINI Intl Ka 1h21

IsnT
1HIM
HIN f Ht In
log 11th tog ka Kiffin
when
log 417
lfn n to our eyes

Y
pie pKa will start
1HI noticing a
colourch
color due to teen will be
range
when
In GO.la
visible
0.1 i start noticing color change

10 colourdue to Isi will be dominant

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Ostwald Theory of Indicators
The
Hsn E Ht In
CASI O
g y In
e Gt HIM

T __
a

pKa as pH
logqn

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 Bare
Him In

acid
As titration goes on pH T and y
of
IT in the solution T and the colour change is visible when
ie pH pKa L
colourof
surmise distinctly
comfrey
E
PH p
pH p a S
when
frig D the colour
of Iri is distinctively visible

pH p Katt
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Ostwald Theory of Indicators

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Ostwald Theory of Indicators

me mm ay

pK9J
pH

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Example

Inning
pka E let e Sn
Yellow Blue

In strong acidic soln Yellow colour

In basic solution Blue colour

color change will be visible when

trim fo
ie pH pkg I

pH T 1 6
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Example A weak acid type indicator was found to be 60%dissociated at pH = 9.What will be
the percent dissociation at pH = 8.
O
2M HIM let In Ent 60
I 0 o
k
To Zz
I H x
on changing the pH
ka 144 111
H1n1 the equilibrium re establishes
i
ka remains same
Kq z
let's assume that f dissociation k
i Now at new pH

i
ka 10
8
1 109 2 N 13.04
I se 2

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Example In indicator HIn has a standard ionisation constant of 10–10. The acid form of the
indicator is yellow and the alkaline form is red. The yellow colour is visible when
the ratio of yellow form to red formis 30 to 1 and the red colour is predominant
Inning when the ratio of red form to yellow form is 2 to 1. What is the pH range of
indicator. (log2 = 0.3, log3 = 0.48)
H t
for YellFw color to be visible HII Infed

pH lo t tog'Yydtellowy

pH 8.52
pH to f log go

for Red colour to be visible

f
Pgggg
1692 me coz f
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Ostwald Theory of Indicators

When we choose an indicator for a titration, we want the indicator end point (where
the color changes) and the titration equivalence point to be as close as possible.
Choosing an indicator is easier if there is a large change in pH near the equivalence
point of the titration. The dramatic change in pH near the equivalence point in a
strong acid– strong base titration produces a sharp end point; that is, the
complete color change (from the acid-to-base or base-to-acid colors) usually occurs
over one drop of added titrant.

t.IE

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Ostwald Theory of Indicators

t acid
strong
s

surged

f
r
U

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Ostwald Theory of Indicators

kid
weak

swig
for EV

O
T xx

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Example

i IE IO
p
y
pie

Vol.ofHCl added

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E or
y
mI

Marathon

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