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Lec 12 P 10
Lec 12 P 10
UNIT NUMBER
12.10
INTEGRATION 10
(Further reduction formulae)
by
A.J.Hobson
INTRODUCTION
As an extension to the idea of reduction formulae, there are two particular definite integrals
which are worthy of special consideration. They are
Z π Z π
2 n 2
sin x dx and cosn x dx.
0 0
But, first, we shall establish the reduction formulae for the equivalent indefinite integrals.
Suppose that
Z
In = sinn x dx;
Z
n−1
In = sin x(− cos x) + (n − 1)sinn−2 xcos2 x dx.
Thus,
1h i
In = −sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1)In−2 .
n
1
EXAMPLE
Solution
1h i
I6 = −sin5 x cos x + 5I4 ,
6
where
1h i 1
I4 = −sin3 x cos x + 3I2 , I2 = [− sin x cos x + I0 ]
4 2
and
Z
I0 = dx = x + constant.
Hence,
1
I2 = [− sin x cos x + x + constant] ;
2
1 3 3
I4 = −sin3 x cos x − sin x cos x + x + constant ;
4 2 2
1 5 15 15
I6 = −sin5 x cos x − sin3 x cos x − sin x cos x + x + constant .
6 4 8 8
Z
1 5 5 5x
Thus, sin6 x dx = − sin5 x cos x − sin3 x cos x − sin x cos x + + C,
6 24 16 16
2
12.10.2 INTEGER POWERS OF A COSINE
Suppose that
Z
In = cosn x dx;
Z
In = cosn−1 x cos x dx.
dv
Using integration by parts, with u = cosn−1 x and dx
= cos x, we obtain
Z
n−1
In = cos x sin x + (n − 1)cosn−2 xsin2 x dx.
Thus,
1 h n−1 i
In = cos x sin x + (n − 1)In−2 .
n
EXAMPLE
Z
cos5 x dx.
Solution
1h 4 i
I5 = cos x sin x + 4I3 ,
5
3
where
1h 2 i
I3 = cos x sin x + 2I1
3
and
Z
I1 = cos x dx = sin x + constant.
Hence,
1h 2 i
I3 = cos x sin x + 2 sin x + constant ;
3
1 4 8
I5 = cos4 x sin x + cos2 x sin x + sin x + constant ;
5 3 3
We conclude that
Z
1 4 8
cos5 x dx = cos4 x sin x + cos2 x sin x + sin x + C,
5 15 15
Z π Z π
2 2
sinn x dx and cosn x dx.
0 0
n−1
In = In−2
n
4
Convenient results may be obtained from this formula according as n is an odd number or
an even number, as follows:
But
Z π Z π
2 2
I1 = sin x dx or I1 = cos x dx,
0 0
Therefore,
But
π
Z
2 π
I0 = dx = .
0 2
Therefore,
5
which is the second of “Wallis’s formulae”.
EXAMPLES
Solution
π
Z
2 4.2 8
sin5 x dx = = .
0 5.3 15
2. Evaluate the definite integral π
Z
2
cos4 x dx.
0
Solution
π
Z
2 3.1 π 3π
cos4 x dx = = .
0 4.2 2 16
Another type of problem to which Wallis’s formulae may be applied is of the form
Z π
2
sinm xcosn x dx,
0
where either m or n (or both) is an even number. We simply use sin2 x ≡ 1 − cos2 x or
cos2 x ≡ 1 − sin2 x in order to convert the problem to several integrals of the types already
discussed.
EXAMPLE
Solution
Z π Z π Z π
2 2 2
cos5 xsin2 x dx = cos5 x 1 − cos2 x dx = cos5 x − cos7 x dx,
0 0 0
6
which may be interpreted as
4.2 5.4.3 8 16 8
I5 − I7 = − = − = .
5.3 6.4.2 15 35 105
12.10.5 EXERCISES
7
12.10.6 ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
1.
1 3 3 3x
cos x sin x + cos x sin x + + C.
4 8 8
2.
1 6 24 16
− sin6 x cos x − sin4 x cos x − sin2 x cos x − cos x + C.
7 35 105 35
3.
5π
.
32
4.
128
.
315
5.
5π
.
32
6.
4
− .
105