APA documentation

APA in-text citations

1- Verbatin – as part of a sentence

Due to the breadth of concepts involved in literacy, there is no consensual agreement on
a single definition of the term. However, the most harmonious one seems to be Richards
et al.’s view that functional literacy is “the ability to use reading and writing skills
sufficiently well for the purposes and activities which normally require literacy in adult
life or in a person’s social position” (1999: 216).

Since 1996 this state of affairs has been further complicated, for English –now
recognized as “the primary world language of science and technology” (Grabe &
Kaplan, 1996: 156)– began to be taught as a foreign language at all state schools in the
province.

It seems to me that “the learning of writing is more likely to succeed in conditions in

which students find themselves wanting to communicate real messages to real
audiences” (ibid, 423)

Even though English is a compulsory subject at schools, EFL target learners do not
perceive it as important and are reluctant to learn it. In addition, “L2 writing is
strategically, rhetorically, and linguistically different in important ways from L1
writing” (Silva, 1993, as cited in Ferris & Hedgcock, 1998: 14).

2-Non-verbatin – paraphrased
Despite these differences, it is necessary that foreign language learners write effectively,
i.e. produce a desired effect on a specific audience through their writing, both to have
access to roles that would otherwise be unavailable to them and to become better writers
in their first language (Tribble, 1996: 7; 12).

Adopting a communicative stance, Grabe and Kaplan (1996) define writing as a

communicative act whose goal is to communicate with one or more readers for a variety
of purposes (p. 224).

Daniela Santa Cruz

APA references (bibliographic list)

Badger, R. & White, G. (2000). A process genre approach to teaching writing. ELT

Journal, 54, 153-160.

Brown, H. (1994). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (3rd ed.). Englewood

Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents.

Cook, G. (1989). Discourse (Language Teaching Series). Oxford, UK: Oxford

University Press.

Littlejohn, A. (1992). The analysis of language teaching materials: inside the Trojan

Horse. In B. Tomlinson (Ed.), Materials Development in Language Teaching

(Cambridge Language Teaching Library series). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge

University Press, 190-216.

McDonough, T. Behaviourism. Available: http://www.funderstanding.com [2002,

September, 21].

Richards, J. C. et al. (1992). Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics

(2nd ed.).Harlow: Longman Group UK Limited.

Tomlinson, B (Ed.). (1998). Materials Development in Language Teaching (Cambridge

Language Teaching Library series). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University

Press.

Daniela Santa Cruz