WER 301S Stormwater Sewer - M2

Lecturer C.
Muanda
BSc Hydraulic Eng; BTech (Water Eng), MTech Eng (WatSan)

PhD Fellow (Water Management & Sanitation Governance)
Contact: muandac@cput.ac.za
Cellphone: 0728574051
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Stormwater sewer design -
Practical example

2.3 Storm water Sewer Design - Requirements
The design of sewer system involves the determination of

• Diameters,
• Slopes,
• Crown or invert elevations for each pipe in the system
Practical ways of designing
 In practice, the design can be done using either simple calculation or calculation
spreadsheet
 The calculations performed are the same except that results are placed in a table for the
tabular spreadsheet
 Depending on the information provided, a theoretical design can be done using the
procedures below
 Demarcate the drainage area
 Determine the size of the drainage
 Assign the impermeability coefficient to each drainage area
 Calculate Tc as = te + tf
 Determine I using equation or IDF curve
 Determine Q using rational method formula
 Knowing elevation at each MH & discharge point and length of sewers, calculate H difference
𝐻
 Knowing H, then calculate the slope (S = )
𝐿
 Determine the pipe diameter – Can use Manning equation to deduce D or graph - then change
the calculated diameter to the commercially available pipe size
 Calculate Vf (velocity when flowing full)
𝑄
 Calculate Qf ………….. ---
𝑄𝑓
 Calculate V (partially full velocity)
Practical ways of designing
 Depending on the information provided,
 A tabulated spreadsheet can be as shown below
Calculation spreadsheet (Btech)
Location Area (ha) Flow time Design flows Sewer design

Length of sewer (m) 4
Unit rate of runoff 9

(min)
(m3/ha.d)
Line 1
From To Increment Cum. To upper In Cum. Cum. Pipe Slope Full Full
MH MH 5 Total 6 end 7 section Flow Flow diam (m/m) capacity velocity
2 3 8 (m3/d) (m3/s) (mm) 13 (m3/s) (m/s)
4:15/60 10 11 12 14 15
1 x 1
2 1 2
3 2 3
Plan 10/86400 Mannin

Given or 7+8 6x9 Use Qf=VA
measured nomograph g
1
𝑣=
𝑛
𝑚2/3 𝑖 1/2
Column 8: work out first column 7 and use values

obtained to compute 8)
Column 15: use Manning equation…v obtained to be used

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda to determine Qf (column 14)
BTech
Graph used
BTech
S4

Tabulated calculation example
Calculation table S4
Location Area (ha) Flow time C I Design Sewer design
Flow

(min) (mm/h)
(m3/s)
Line 1
From To Increment Cum. To upper In 9 10 11 Pipe Slope Full Full

MH MH 5 Total 6 end 7 section diam (m/m) capacity velocity
2 3 8 (mm) 13 (m3/s) (m/s)
4:15/60 12 14 15
1 x 1
2 1 2 obtained to compute 8)
3 2 3
Plan Given or 7+8 Use IDF Use Qf=VA Manning

or Q= 1
measured nomograph or 𝑣=𝑛
equation CIA/360
chart 𝑚2/3 𝑖 1/2

The runoff coefficient
 The following detail should be kept in mind when having to choose a value of 'C':
o Variations in rainfall in the catchment area
o Infiltration and overland flow velocity during a rainfall event
o Antecedent rainfall
o The shape of the catchment
o Ground slopes and abstractions such as interceptions, evapotranspiration, depression
storage
 The value of 'C' will also vary because of climate and seasonal changes.
 When considering different types of surfaces, the runoff factor is determined by
planimetring the various (tributary drainage) areas and calculating the composite
runoff coefficient as shown below
Residential area Industrial area
Type of surface % of area A Runoff factor AxC % of area A Runoff factor AxC
Roads 20 0.85 17.0 15 0.50 7.5
Roads, flat 20 1.00 20.0 30 0.70 21.0
Lawns, gardens 60 0.12 7.2 10 0.02 0.2
Pavement 0 - - 45 0.60 27.0
Total 100 100 55.7
Average Assume: 40, 45, or 50 45 Assume 50, 55 or 60 60

 Runoff factors (Source: Department of Water and Sanitation)
Rural Cr Urban Cu
Components Classification Mean Annual Rainfall (MAR in mm) Use Factor
<600 600 - 900 >900
Surface slope Vlei’s & pans (<3%) 0.01 0.03 0.05 Lawns
Cs Flat areas (3 to 10%) 0.06 0.08 0.11 Sandy, flat (<2%) 0.05 – 0.10
Hilly (10 to 30%) 0.12 0.16 0.20 Sandy, steep (>7%) 0.15 – 0.20
Steep areas (>30%) 0.22 0.26 0.30 Heavy soils, flat (<2%) 0.13 – 0.17
Heavy soils, steep (>7%) 0.25 – 0.35
Permeability Very permeable 0.03 0.04 0.05 Residential areas
Cp Permeable 0.06 0.08 0.10 Houses 0.30 – 0.50
Semi-permeable 0.12 0.16 0.20 Flats 0.50 – 0.70
impermeable 0.21 0.26 0.30
Vegetation Thick bushy & plantation 0.03 0.04 0.05 Industry
Cv Light bush & farm lands 0.07 0.11 0.15 Light industry 0.50 – 0.80
Grass lands 0.17 0.21 0.25 Heavy industry 0.60 – 0.90
No vegetation 0.26 0.28 0.30 Business
Suburban 0.50 – 0.70
City centre 0.70 – 0.95
Streets 0.70 – 0.95
Maximum flood 1.00
(1) Influence on return period T (2) Dense wood (man made) (1) If limited T has no influence on C2
applied only if more than 25% (2) for T = max, use C2 = 1
of A is covered by it
T (years) C1 Surface slope T (years) C1

≤ 20 0.67 (Cs + Cp +Cv) ≤ 3% 10 0.10
100 0.15
50 0.83 (Cs + Cp +Cv)
>10% 10 0.13
100 Cs + Cp +Cv 100 0.20
Max Cs + Cp max +Cv max For T refer to note (1)
b) Rainfall intensity
Rainfall intensity
o can be obtained by using the IDF curve below

2.4.1 Sewer design requirements

Sewer design requirements

2.4.1 Sewer design requirements

Example 1
A storm drain system y consisting
of two inlets and pipe is to be
designed using rational method. A Area 1 Area 2
Tc = 12 min Tc = 10 min
schematic of the system is shown. Area = 5 ha Area = 3 Ha
Determine the peak flow rates to C = 0.2 C = 0.3
be used in sizing the two pipes and

inlets. Rainfall intensity (mm/hr) Area 3 Inlet 1
Pipe 1 travel time = 1 min
30 Tc = 8 min
as a function of t is: 0.7 and Area = 4 Ha
(𝑡+5) C = 0.4
consider the maximum flow
velocity equal to 3 m/s. Inlet 2 Pipe 2

Example 1 Size Inlet 2:
Flow from area C contributes then consider Tc = 8
Size Inlet 1 and pipe 1: min
Area = 4 Ha and C = 0.4
Area A and B contribute, then consider I = 30 / (8 + 5)0.7 …………. = 4.98 mm/h
largest Tc = 12 min Q = CiA /360 = 0.4 x 4.98 x 4 /360= 0.022 m3/s
Area = 5 + 3 = 8 Ha and then
C = [(5 x 0.2) + (3 x 0.3)] /8 …….. = 0.24 Size pipe 2:
I = 30 / (12 + 5)0.7 …………. = 4.13 mm/h Flow from all areas, then consider Tc = 12+1 = 13
min
A = 5+4+3 = 12 Ha
Q = CiA /360 = 0.24 x 4.13 x 8 /360……..=
C = [(5x0.2) +(4x0.4) +(3x0.3)] /12……….. C = 0.29
0.022 m3/s I = 30 / (13 + 5)0.7 …………. = 3.97 mm/h
Diam pipe 1 = Q/V= 0.022/3 …… = 0.0073 Q = CiA/360 = 0.29 x 3.97 x 12 /360= 0.0384 m3/s
πd2/4 = 0.0073
πd2 = 0.0294 Diam pipe 2 = Q/V= 0.0384/3 = 0.0128
d = √ (0.009348407) πd2/4 = Q/V…………… πd2 = 0.0128 x 4
d = 0.097 m ~ 97 mm πd2 = 0.0512
d = √ (4 x 13.8) / (π x 3)
Chart can also be used (Q and V as d = 0.128 m ~ 128 mm
inputs)

Example 2
A sewer line drains a single (1) From the IDF curve t= 15;
family residential area with i=116mm/h
C=0.35. The distance flow  Substituting in rational formula
Q=CiA/360
from the most remote point is  Q= 0.35 x 0.116 x 100,000
60m over ordinary grass with  Q= 4060 m3/h
a slope of 4%. The area  Q= 1.13 m3/s
drained is 100,000 m2 and the 5230
intensity-duration formula (2) Use i=
𝑡+30
5230
used is I = (mm/h).
𝑡+30
Determine the volume of flow
Q = 4,847 m³/h
through the sewer. = 1.35 m³/s

Example 3
An engineer is being appointed to design a small dam for farm’s irrigation in the
vicinity of the Bredarsdorp. The catchment for the proposed dam is 12 Km2, and an
estimated river spans of 5.5 Km from the furthest point of the catchment to the dam
site. The average difference in height between the furthest point on the stream and this
proposed dam site is 168 m. Generally, the catchment has well defined watercourse,
and is predominantly rural by nature with only 15% designated urban development.
Additional information pertaining to this catchment is tabulated below.
Slope Permeability Vegetation Urban component

Hilly areas 35% Sandy 30% Agriculture 15% 25% lawns with flat
(permeable) terrain consisting of
heavy soils
Flat areas 40% Loam 50% Grassland 35% 65% residential (flats)
(semi-permeable)
Steep slopes 25% Rocky 20% Complete bare land 10% streets
(impermeable) 50%
Return period 50 years
MAP 513 mm
Use Tc = 0.0195 L0.77 S-0.0385 (in minutes)
1. Calculate the peak flood for the design of the weir

2. If a circular drain is to be used, what will be its size?

Rural Cr Urban Cu
<600 600 - 900 >900
Streets 0.70 – 0.95
Maximum flood 1.00
of A is covered by it
T (years) C1 Surface slope T (years) C1

≤ 20 0.67 (Cs + Cp +Cv) ≤ 3% 10 0.10
100 0.15
50 0.83 (Cs + Cp +Cv)
>10% 10 0.13
100 Cs + Cp +Cv 100 0.20
Max Cs + Cp max +Cv max For T refer to note (1)
Example 3
 Catchment area: A = 12 Km²
 Catchment length: L = 5.5 Km = 5500 m
 Return period: T = 50 years
 MAP = 513 mm
 15% Urban
 85% Rural
 Catchment has well defined watercourse
 Expected service life of the dam, N = 30 years
1) Runoff coefficient C
o Rural part of the catchment is 85% of the area
o C s= 0.85x0.12 +0.40x0.06 +0.25x0.22 = 0.121
o Cp = 0.30x0.06 + 0.50x0.12 + 0.20x0.21 = 0.12
o Cv = 0.15x0.07 + 0.35x0.17 + 0.50x0.26 = 0.20
o For return period of 50 years Ft = 0.95
o Cr = Ft (Cs+Cp+Cv) ……….0.95(0.121+0.12+0.20) ……. = 0.419

Example 12
1) Runoff coefficient C
o Urban part of the catchment is 15% of the area
o Cu = (0.25x0.15 + 0.65x0.6 +0.10x0.83) ……. = 0.511
o Hence runoff coefficient C = 85%xCr + 15%Cu
o This will be C = 0.85 x0.419 +0.15x0.511 ……….. = 0.433
2) Time of concentration Tc
𝐻 168
o Catchment average slope: S = = 5500 = 0.0305
𝐿
o Use Kirpich formula: Tc = 0.0195 L0.77 S-0.0385 … = 0.0195 x 5500 0.77 x 0.0305 -0.0385 = 56.7 mins
3) Use IDF graph
o Input return period 50 years and Tc = 56.7 mins ………..read I = 92 mm/hrs
𝐶𝑖𝐴
o Use the rational method equation: Q = 0.278CIA … can also use Q =
360
 .0.278 x 0.43 x 92 x 120 = 131.97 m³/s

Example 4
You are required to determine suitable diameters for the two stormwater pipes and
calculate the final discharge to the earth channel using the Rational method and the
calculation spreadsheet provided. The design storm is given by the following formula: I
3200
= 𝑡𝑐+35 where I in mm/h, and tc in minutes. It can be assumed that there will be no
runoff from adjacent areas. The available pipes Manning roughness coefficient is 0.011
at all depths of flow. Note that the pipe sizes shown in table below are the only pipe
sizes commercially available from the manufacturer. Information regarding the
drainage areas is given below as: Drainage area A B
Plot size (ha) 3.75 5
Runoff coefficient C 0.6 0.5
Diameter Desirable Absolute min
gradient 1/… gradient 1/… Inlet time (min) 15 15
300 80 230
375 110 300
450 140 400
525 170 500
600 200 600
675 240 700
150 m
750 280 800
825 320 900 A B
900 350 1000
1050 440 1250
1200 520 1500
250 m
200 m 95 m
……………………………………………………………….
a (53.78 m) b (52.98 m) c (52.03 m)

Example 4 – design procedure
 Demarcate the drainage area
 Determine the size of the drainage
 Assign the impermeability coefficient to each drainage area
 Calculate Tc as = te + tf
3200
 Determine I using equation: I = 𝑡𝑐+35
 Determine Q using rational method formula
 Knowing elevation at each MH & discharge point and length of sewers, calculate H
difference
 Knowing H, then calculate the slope (S = H/L)
 Determine the pipe diameter – Can use Manning equation to deduce D - then change
the calculated diameter to the commercially available pipe size
 Calculate Vf (velocity when flowing full)
 Calculate Qf …………..Q/Qf -----pipe a-b …. = 0.7263 and pipe b-outfall = 0.9461
 Calculate V (partially full velocity)
 Time of flow = pipe length /flow velocity (partially full)

Pipe Time
diameter of flow
(min)
Drainin Area C Imper Cumulative Tc I Runoff Q Pipeli Length H Slope Theo Actua Vf
g to (ha) vious impervious (min) (mm (l/s) ne (m) differen 1 in… retic l
(A x C) (A x ΣC) /h) ce al
A 3.75 0.6 2.25 2.25 15 64 25.6 a-b 200 0.8 0.00 615 1.35 2.5
4
b 5.0 0.5 2.5 4.75 17.5 60.9 25.4 b-c 95 0.95 0.01 530 1.99 0.8
 AxC (where A is the % of the area within the overall catchment– not actual area) Diameter Desirable Absolute min
gradient 1/… gradient 1/…
 Q/Qf ----- 300 80 230
 Can use Manning equation to deduce D or read from the chart 375 110 300
450 140 400
 Time of flow = pipe length /flow velocity (partially full)
525 170 500
600 200 600
675 240 700
750 280 800
825 320 900
900 350 1000
1050 440 1250
1200 520 1500
Residential area Industrial area
Type of surface % of area A Runoff factor AxC % of area A Runoff factor AxC
Roads 20 0.85 17.0 15 0.50 7.5
Roads, flat 20 1.00 20.0 30 0.70 21.0
Lawns, gardens 60 0.12 7.2 10 0.02 0.2
Pavement 0 - - 45 0.60 27.0
Total 100 100 55.7
Average Assume: 40, 45, or 50 45 Assume 50, 55 or 60 60

Complete this table
Let use this table
Flow

(min) (mm/h)
(m3/s)
Line 1

2 3 8 (mm) 13 (m3/s) (m/s)
4:15/60 12 14 15
1 x 1
2 1 2 obtained to compute 8)
3 2 3
Plan Given or 7+8 Use IDF Use Qf=VA Manning

or Q= 1
measured nomograph or 𝑣=𝑛
equation CIA/360
chart 𝑚2/3 𝑖 1/2

Example 5
The catchment area shown below drains to an outfall pipe from a catchpit at C,
pipelines AB and BC are 160 m long and the self-cleansing velocity may be assumed as
0.9 m/s. Calculate
1. The peak discharges into catchpits A, B and C (10)
2. The diameters of pipelines AB, BC and CD (10)
3. Plot the long section of your design using final reduced levels as follows: @MHA 100.00,
@MHB 100.05 and @MHC 99.950 (10)
 Use the following data in your design: return interval: 5 years and Mean Annual
𝒓𝑳
Precipitation: 500 mm. Tc = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟒(𝒔𝟎.𝟓 )𝟎.𝟒𝟔𝟕 (TC in hrs, L in km)
Type of surface …………………………………………………………....r factor
 Smooth paving /paved areas…………….………………………….0.02
D  Clean compacted soil, no stones…………………………………....0.10
 Sparse grass over fairly rough surface …………………………..0.30

A B C
 Moderate/medium grass ……………………………………………...0.40
Section Area (ha) Slope % Flow path length (m) Proposed use
1 0.5 2 500 Grassland on clay soil
2 1.0 3.5 750 Thin bush on sandy soil
3 1.6 1.5 1250 20% lawns on sandy soil
20% streets
60% apartment buildings
Rural Cr Urban Cu
<600 600 - 900 >900
Streets 0.70 – 0.95
Maximum flood 1.00
Diameter Desirable Absolute min of A is covered by it
gradient 1/… gradient 1/…
300 80 230
375 110 300 T (years) C1 Surface slope T (years) C1
450 140 400 ≤ 20 0.67 (Cs + Cp +Cv) ≤ 3% 10 0.10
525 170 500 100 0.15
600 200 600
50 0.83 (Cs + Cp +Cv)
675 240 700
>10% 10 0.13
750 280 800
825 320 900 100 Cs + Cp +Cv 100 0.20
900 350 1000 Max Cs + Cp max +Cv max For T refer to note (1)
1050 440 1250
1200 520 1500
Example 5
 At MHA (one tributary area)
 CA = 0.67 (0.01 + 0.21 + 0.17) = 0.261
 A = 0.5 ha
0.4 𝑥 0.5
 Tc = 0.604((2/100)0.5 )0.467 ….. = 0.710 hrs or 43 mins
 From IDF curve (5 years return period), read I = 55 mm/h
𝐶𝑖𝐴 0.261 𝑥 55 𝑥 0.5
 Q = 360 ……… = ………. = 0.020 m3/s
360
 Q/Qf = 0.8…………….Qf = 0.025 m3/s

 Flow chart: input Qf = 25 l/s with v = 0.9 m/s
 Output D = 225 mm, and S = 1:175 …………….Use D = 300 mm

Example 5
 At MHB (two tributary areas)
 CB = 0.67 (0.06 + 0.06 + 0.07) = 0.127
 A = 1.0 ha
0.3 𝑥 0.75 0.467
 TcB = 0.604[ 3.5 0.5
] ….. = 0.658 hrs or 40 mins
100
160
 TcA = 43 + (0.9 𝑋60) = 46 mins
 TcB = 40 mins
 So use longest Tc which is 46 mins
𝐶𝑖𝐴 𝑖 (𝐶1𝐴1+𝐶2𝐴2) 52 0.261 𝑥 0.5 +(0.127 𝑥 1.0)
 Q = 360 ……… = … … . . = ………. = 0.037 m3/s
360 360
 Q/Qf = 0.8…………….Qf = 0.047 m3/s
 Output D = 300 mm, and S = 1:275 ...Not Ok (then use absolute S as input)
 Input Qf = 47 l/s ……………slope 1:230
 Output = 300 mm and velocity = 0.95 m/s……………..Ok

Example 5
At MHC (three tributary areas)
 Cc = (0.2 x 0.1) + (0.2 x 0.95) + (0.6 x 0.7) = 0.63
 A = 1.6 ha
0.02 𝑥 1.25
 Tc = 0.604((1.5/100)0.5 )0.467 ….. = 0.288 hrs or 17 mins
160 160
 Tc = 43 + ( )+( )= 49 mins
0.9 𝑋60 0.95 𝑋60
160
 Tc = 43 + (0.95 𝑋60) = 43 mins
 Tcc = 17 mins
 So use longest Tc which is 49 mins
𝐶𝑖𝐴 𝑖 (𝐶1𝐴1+𝐶2𝐴2+𝐶3𝐴3) 50 0.261 𝑥 0.5 + 0.127 𝑥 1.0 +(0.63 𝑥1.6)
 Q= ……… = … = …. = 0.176 m3/s
360 360 360
 Q/Qf = 0.8…………….Qf = 0.220 m3/s
 Output D = 600 mm, and S = 1:800 …………….Not Ok
 Input Qf = 220 l/s ……………slope 1:600
 Output = 600 mm and velocity = 1.0 m/s……………..Ok

Example 6
The catchment area shown below drains to an outfall pipe from a catchpit at C,
pipelines AB and BC are 160 m long and the self-cleansing velocity may be assumed as
0.9 m/s. Calculate
3. Plot the long section of your design using final reduced levels as follows: @MHA 100.00,
@MHB 100.05 and @MHC 99.950 (10)
Use the following data in your design: return interval: 5 years and Mean Annual
Precipitation: 800 mm.
Type of surface ……………………………………………………………….…....r factor
 Smooth paving /paved areas…………….…………………………….0.02
𝒓𝒍 𝟎.𝟒𝟔𝟕 
Tc = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟒( ) (𝒉𝒓𝒔) Clean compacted soil, no stones……………………………………....0.10
𝒔𝟎.𝟓
 Sparse grass over fairly rough surface ……………………………..0.30
 Moderate/medium grass ………………………………………………...0.40
1 0.5 2 500 Grassland on clay soil
20% streets
Example 7
A catchment of 1350 Ha is considered for the proposed bridge. With the change of
height between the furthest point and that at the outlet being 100 m over a catchment
length of 3.780 Km. A desktop study conducted in this catchment revealed the
following:
Return period 50 years
Mean annual precipitation 525 mm
Flow regime Defined watercourse
40% Urban………………………………coefficient 60% Rural………………………………coefficient
30% flats …………………………………………….0.5 30% grasslands …………………………….0.17
10% heavy industry …………………………….0.75 10% very rocky …………………………….0.21
15% light industry ………………………………0.65 20% coarse sand ……………………………0.03
15% central business district ………………0.825 15% pans ………………………………………0.01
10% flat desert area …………………………...0.075 15% clay sand ………………………………..0.12
20% sand dune hills …………………………...0.175 10% farm lands ……………………………...0.07
Gradient)Consider heavy soils flat with (0.017 gradient) …………..0.15
Surfaced internal streets ……………………...0.825
6600
I= and tc = (0.0195 L0.77)/(S0.385) (in minutes)
𝑡𝑐+15
1. Compute the weighted runoff coefficient for the entire catchment (8)
2. Using the rationale method, determine the peak runoff for the possible dam design (8)
3. What will be the diameter of the pipe if storm is to be conveyed to an outfall (5)
4. Determine the size of the conveyance channel if an open channel of non-circular shape
(e.g. trapezoidal or rectangular) when the depth of flow is assumed to be 2.0 m (6)

Example 8 (BTech method or S4 method)
Prepare a preliminary gravity flow stormwater sewer design for Covell Park Development
shown in the figure below. Design only MH1 – MH5 using the information given below to
determine the runoff flows and size of the pipes . Consider inlet time into MH1 as 10 minutes
𝟐𝟎𝟎
and use 𝐼 = 𝒕𝟎.𝟔𝟓 (I in mm/h and t in min)
Zoning % imperviousness
Below is the table indicating the Residential

Single family 55
imperviousness in each of the zoning areas Duplexes
Low rise apartment
60
75
Use the suggested minimum grades for pipes and the curves for Commercial 95
estimating the coefficient of runoff based on rainfall duration Shopping centre 100
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda Industrial 98

Example 8
 Theoretical calculations
MH 1 (1 tributary area)
A-1: 55% impervious ………..0.7
45% pervious …………..0.12
Therefore C will be (0.7 x 55) + (0.12 x 45) = 0.439
A = 100 ha
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝐼=
𝟏𝟎𝟎.𝟔𝟓
….. = 44.774 mm/h
0.439 𝑥 44.774 𝑥 100
Q= …… = 5.46 m³/s
360
𝑄
= 0.8 ………..Qf = 6.825 m³/s --------Use Manning equation to calculate Vf
𝑂𝑓
Use flow chart: inputs: Q = 6.825 m³/s and Vf = 1.6 m/s
Outputs: D = 2400 mm, S = 1:1500

Example 8
 Theoretical calculations
MH 2 (3 tributary areas)
Tf 1-2 = 750 /(0.9/60) = 7.813
Tc = 10 + 7.813…. = 17.7813 min
100 ha A-1: 55% impervious ………..0.74
45% pervious …………..0.15
112 ha A-2: 55% impervious ………..0.74
45% pervious …………..0.15
48 ha A-10: 100% impervious ………..0.74

Therefore C = 0.74
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝐼=
𝟏𝟕.𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟎.𝟔𝟓
….. = 30.765 mm/h
30.765[ 0.475 𝑥 100 𝑥 0.475𝑥112 + 0.74 𝑥 48 ]
Q= …… = 11.641 m³/s
360
𝑄
𝑂𝑓
Outputs: D = 3000 mm, S = 1:1500

Example 8
Tf 2-3 = 750 /(2.0/60) = 6.25
Tc = 17.78 + 6.25…. = 24.063 min
100 ha A-1: 55% impervious ………..0.77
45% pervious …………..0.17
112 ha A-2: 55% impervious ………..0.77
45% pervious …………..0.17
48 ha A-10: 100% impervious ………..0.77……..Therefore C = 0.77
48 ha A-9: 75% impervious ………..0.77
25% pervious …………..0.17
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝐼=
𝟐𝟒.𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟎.𝟔𝟓
….. = 25.308 mm/h
25.308[ 0.5 𝑥 100 𝑥 0.5𝑥112 + 0.77 𝑥 48 + 0.62𝑥 48 ]
Q= …… = 12.139 m³/s
360
𝑄
𝑂𝑓
Outputs: D = 3000 mm, S = 1:300

Example 8
Tf 3-4 = 400 /(2.2/60) = 3.03 mins
Tc = 24.063 + 3.03…. = 27.093 min
100 ha A-1: 55% impervious ………..0.78
45% pervious …………..0.18
112 ha A-2: 55% impervious ………..0.78
45% pervious …………..0.18
48 ha A-9: 75% impervious ………..0.78
25% pervious …………..0.18
112 ha A-3: 55% impervious ………..0.78
45% pervious …………..0.18
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝐼=
𝟐𝟕.𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟎.𝟔𝟓
….. = 23.425mm/h
23.425[ 0.51 𝑥 100 𝑥 0.51𝑥112 + 0.78 𝑥 48 + 0.63𝑥 48 +(0.51𝑥 112)]
Q= …… = 15.156 m³/s
360
𝑄
𝑂𝑓
Outputs: D = 3000 mm, S = 1:1000
Example 8
Tf 3-4 = 400 /(2.6/60) = 3.846 mins
Tc = 27.093 + 3.846…. = 30.939 min
100 ha A-1: 55% impervious ………..0.8
45% pervious …………..0.2
112 ha A-2: 55% impervious ………..0.8
45% pervious …………..0.2
48 ha A-9: 75% impervious ………..0.8
25% pervious …………..0.2
112 ha A-3: 55% impervious ………..0.8
45% pervious …………..0.2
60 ha A-8: 75% impervious ………..0.8
25% pervious …………..0.2
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝐼 = 𝟑𝟎.𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟎.𝟔𝟓 ….. = 21.488mm/h
21.488[ 0.53 𝑥 100 𝑥 0.53𝑥112 + 0.8 𝑥 48 + 0.65𝑥 48 +(0.53𝑥 112)+(0.65𝑥 60)]
Q= …… = 16.732 m³/s
360
𝑄
𝑂𝑓
Outputs: D = 3000 mm, S = 1:700
Example 8
Tf 3-4 = 400 /(2.6/60) = 3.846 mins
Tc = 27.093 + 3.846…. = 30.939 min
100 ha A-1: 55% impervious ………..0.8
45% pervious …………..0.2
112 ha A-2: 55% impervious ………..0.8
45% pervious …………..0.2
48 ha A-9: 75% impervious ………..0.8
25% pervious …………..0.2
112 ha A-3: 55% impervious ………..0.8
45% pervious …………..0.2
60 ha A-8: 75% impervious ………..0.8
25% pervious …………..0.2
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝐼 = 𝟑𝟎.𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟎.𝟔𝟓 ….. = 21.488mm/h
21.488[ 0.53 𝑥 100 𝑥 0.53𝑥112 + 0.8 𝑥 48 + 0.65𝑥 48 +(0.53𝑥 112)+(0.65𝑥 60)]
Q= …… = 16.732 m³/s
360
𝑄
𝑂𝑓
Outputs: D = 3000 mm, S = 1:700
Complete this table
In a tabulated form
Flow

(min) (mm/h)
(m3/s)
Line 1

2 3 8 (mm) 13 (m3/s) (m/s)
4:15/60 12 14 15
1 1 2 750 100 10 7.813 0.439 44.774 5.46 2400 1:1500 6.825 1.6
2 2 3 750 100 17.813 6.25 0.475 30.765 11.641 3000 1:1500 14.551 2.0
112 0.475
48 0.74
3 3 4 400 100 24.063 3.03 0.5 25.063 12.139 3000 1:1300 15.174 2.2
112 0.5
48 0.77
0.62
4 4 5 600 100 27.093 0.51 23.425 15.156 3000 1:1000 18.945 2.6
112 051
48 0.78
48 0.68
112 0.51

Example 9
The catchment area shown below drains to an outfall pipe from a catchpit at C, pipelines AB and BC
are 160 m long and the self-cleansing velocity may be assumed as 0.9 m/s. Calculate
3. Plot the long section of your design using final reduced levels as follows: @MHA 100.00, @MHB 100.05
and @MHC 99.950 (10)
Use the following data in your design: return interval: 5 years and Mean Annual Precipitation: 800
𝒓𝒍
mm. Use Tc = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟒( 𝟎.𝟓 )𝟎.𝟒𝟔𝟕 (𝒉𝒓𝒔) Type of surface ……………………………………………….…....r factor
𝒔 A  Smooth paving /paved areas…………….……………….0.02
 Clean compacted soil, no stones……………… ……....0.10
Area 1 Area 4  Sparse grass over fairly rough surface ………………..0.30

B
 Moderate/medium grass …………………………………...0.40
Area 2
Area 3
C
D 1 0.5 2 500 Grassland on clay soil
2 1.8 2 25% lawns on sandy soil
15% streets
40% single family area
20% light industry
20% streets
Example 9
 At MHA (2 tributary areas)
o A1 = 0.5 ha and A2 = 1.6ha
o T1 = 42.6 min and T4 = 19.4 min
o C1 = 0.268 and C4 = 0.63
o Longest Tc = 42.6 mins
o Using IDF curve – Read I value as 55 mm/h
55 [ 0.268𝑥 0.5 + 0.63 𝑥 1.6 ]
o Q= …….. = 0.175 m³/s
360
𝑄
o = 0.8 ………..Qf = 0.218 m³/s
𝑂𝑓
 At MHB (3 tributary areas)

o A1 = 0.5 ha, A2 = 1.6ha and A2 = 1.8ha
o T1 = 42.6 + 160/(0.9 /60) = 45.6 min
o T4 = 19.4 + 160 /(0.9/60) = 22.4 min and T2 = 19.1 mins
o C1 = 0.268, C4 = 0.63 and C2 = 0.528
52 [ 0.268𝑥 0.5 + 0.63 𝑥 1.6 + 0.528 𝑥 1.8 ]
o Q= …….. = 0.302 m³/s
360
𝑄
o = 0.8 ………..Qf = 0.378 m³/s
𝑂𝑓
Example 9
 At MHC (4 tributary areas)
o A1 = 0.5 ha, A4 = 1.6ha, A2 = 1.8ha and A3 = 1.0ha
o T1 = 45.6 + 160/(0.9 /60) = 48.6 min
o T4 = 22.4 + 160 /(0.9/60) = 25.4 min
o T2 = 19.1 + 160/(0.9/60) = 22.1 mins
o T3 = 45.2 min
o C1 = 0.268, C4 = 0.63, C2 = 0.528 and C3 = 0.235
50 [ 0.268𝑥 0.5 + 0.63 𝑥 1.6 + 0.528 𝑥 1.8 +(0.235 𝑥 1.0]

o Q= …….. = 0.323 m³/s
360
𝑄
o = 0.8 ………..Qf = 0.404 m³/s
𝑂𝑓

Example 10
Determine the pipe diameters between manholes needed to serve 4.8 ha
drainage area shown in figure below. Each area has an inlet time of 10 min.
The coefficient of runoff for the housing areas is 0.45 and part is 0.15. The
distance between manholes is 180 m, and all pipes are set on a slope of 0.0020.
3300
The rainfall intensity – duration relationship is I = 𝑇𝑐+19 (I in mm/h and Tc in
min)
Housing area A = 2.4 ha
Housing area
Inlet MH3
A = 1.2 ha
Inlet MH2
A = 1.2 ha
Inlet MH1 Park
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda Outlet sewer

Example 11
The catchment area shown below drains to an outfall pipe from a catchpit at C, pipelines AB and
BC are 160 m long and the self-cleansing velocity may be assumed as 0.9 m/s. Calculate
1. The peak discharges into catchpits A, B and C
2. The diameters of pipelines AB, BC and CD
 Use the following data in your design: return interval: 5 years and Mean Annual Precipitation:
800 mm, and consider flowing 80% full.
Sectio Proposed use

n
Area 1 Grassland on clay soil Note: Use Tc =
Area 2 Thin bush on sandy soil 𝑟𝑙 0.467
0.604(𝑠0.5 )
Area 3 20% lawns on sandy soil
20% streets

Thank you
Next module: Sanitation

WER 301S Stormwater Sewer - M2

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Lecturer C.

BSc Hydraulic Eng; BTech (Water Eng), MTech Eng (WatSan)

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

The design of sewer system involves the determination of

Location Area (ha) Flow time Design flows Sewer design

Unit rate of runoff 9

Plan 10/86400 Mannin

Column 8: work out first column 7 and use values

Column 15: use Manning equation…v obtained to be used

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Length of sewer (m) 4

From To Increment Cum. To upper In 9 10 11 Pipe Slope Full Full

Plan Given or 7+8 Use IDF Use Qf=VA Manning

Column 15: use Manning equation…v obtained to be used

Roads 20 0.85 17.0 15 0.50 7.5

Roads, flat 20 1.00 20.0 30 0.70 21.0

Lawns, gardens 60 0.12 7.2 10 0.02 0.2

Pavement 0 - - 45 0.60 27.0

Total 100 100 55.7

Average Assume: 40, 45, or 50 45 Assume 50, 55 or 60 60

T (years) C1 Surface slope T (years) C1

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

be used in sizing the two pipes and

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Slope Permeability Vegetation Urban component

1. Calculate the peak flood for the design of the weir

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

T (years) C1 Surface slope T (years) C1

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Residential area Industrial area

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Length of sewer (m) 4

From To Increment Cum. To upper In 9 10 11 Pipe Slope Full Full

Plan Given or 7+8 Use IDF Use Qf=VA Manning

Column 15: use Manning equation…v obtained to be used

D  Clean compacted soil, no stones…………………………………....0.10

 Sparse grass over fairly rough surface …………………………..0.30

 Q/Qf = 0.8…………….Qf = 0.025 m3/s

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Moderate/medium grass ………………………………………………...0.40

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Below is the table indicating the Residential

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda Industrial 98

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

48 ha A-10: 100% impervious ………..0.74

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Length of sewer (m) 4

From To Increment Cum. To upper In 9 10 11 Pipe Slope Full Full

Column 15: use Manning equation…v obtained to be used

 Clean compacted soil, no stones……………… ……....0.10