Electric Flux

• Consider an electric field that is uniform in both

magnitude and direction, as shown in the Figure. The field
lines penetrate a rectangular surface of area A, whose
plane is oriented perpendicular to the field.
• The number of lines per unit area (in other words, the line
density) is proportional to the magnitude of the electric
field. Therefore, the total number of lines penetrating
the surface is proportional to the product EA.
• This product of the magnitude of the electric field E and
surface area A perpendicular to the field is called the
electric flux ΦE (uppercase Greek phi)
 Electric Flux

Field lines representing a uniform electric field penetrating a plane of area A perpendicular
to the field. The electric flux ΦE through this area is equal to EA.
Electric Flux
Electric Flux
 Electric Flux

Electric Flux Through a Sphere

 Electric Flux

Electric Flux Through a Sphere

 Electric Flux
Electric Flux Through a Sphere
 Electric Flux

Flux of a Uniform Electric Field:

Flux of a Non-uniform Electric Field:

 Gauss’s Law
• The total electric flux through any closed
surface is proportional to the total electric
charge inside the surface.
Gauss’s Law
Gauss’s Law
 Tutorial 2
1. A Spherically Symmetric Charge Distribution
– An insulating solid sphere of radius a has a uniform volume charge
density 1 and carries a total positive charge
i. Calculate the magnitude of the electric field at a point outside the
sphere Q.
ii. Find the magnitude of the electric field at a point inside the sphere.
2. The Electric Field Due to a Thin Spherical Shell
– A thin spherical shell of radius a has a total charge Q distributed
uniformly over its surface. Find the electric field at points
i. (A) outside and
ii. (B) inside the shell.
3. A Cylindrically Symmetric Charge Distribution
– Find the electric field a distance r from a line of positive charge
of infinite length and constant charge per unit length λ.