INTRODUCTION TO HERBALISM
includes the following:
Merry Meet Friends,
Welcome to the wonderful world of herbs and their
uses, in the following lessons will give you a basic
knowledge of most aspects of herbalism. As these
lessons are not as in-depth as I would have
preferred to have made them, they will however,
still give you an understanding of just how vast the
world of herbs really is.
These lessons were also designed to motivate the
student who wishes to learn more to research
further.
Only particular herbs will be mentioned in this
course, as there would be far too many to name
each individually, so this course is designed to
accommodate the most popular.
THE LESSONS
Like in the other courses that you have completed
with the Correllian Tradition, these lessons will
contain several sections, which are intended to
compliment each other. These sections will include:
THE LESSON – The main body of each lesson will
be devoted to a single subject. These lessons will
only provide an introduction and a good basic
understanding of these different topics, and we
strongly encourage you to follow them with further
research of your own.
PIONEERS IN HISTORY – Each lesson will also
contain a small feature devoted to History. Which
will include the great people behind the dawning of
specific parts of Herbalism.
GLOSSARY – Every lesson will include a glossary,
to explain words which may be unfamiliar to you.
We are not aware that some of our references are
obscure and may give more information that you at
first think you need.
SPELLWORKS – Each Lesson will include a
spellworking, to help you expand upon your
knowledge, and to help you to integrate the plants
into your spellcasting.
TEST – And finally, each lesson will end with a
Test, which you may complete at your own rate.
1
The Subject matter of the Herbalism course
0 – Introduction to Herbalism
Lesson - YOU ARE HERE
I – History of Herbs
Lesson - Includes the history of herbs
dating back as far as 2700 B.C
Pioneer - Hippocrates and Theophrastus
Spellwork – Cleansing Ritual Tool
II – Preparations
Lesson - Run down of the most basic
herbal preparations
Pioneer – Mithridates and Dioscorides
Spellwork – Growing Spell
III – Basic Uses
Lesson - The uses of Herbs and some of
their more famous applications
Pioneer – Pliny and Galen
Spellwork - Bath Cleansing (Asperges)
IV – The Herbs
Lesson - List of herbs, including Latin
names, parts used, preparations, actions
and uses.
Pioneer – Avicenna and Hildegard of
Bingen
Spellwork - Imbolc Meditation
V – Herbs in Magic
Lesson - List of herbs and their magical
counterparts.
Pioneer – Paracelus and Pietro Mattioli
Spellwork - Imbolc Ritual
VI – Natural Healing Methods
Lesson – Other Natural healing meathods
with a brief description
Pioneer – Nicholas Culpeper and Carolus
Linnaeus
Spellwork – Solitary New Moon Ritual
VII – Toxic Herbs Part I
Lesson - Toxic herbs, including common
names, Latin names, and descriptions.
Part I
Pioneer – Samuel Hannemann
Spellwork – Tapu’s Healing Spell
VIII – Toxic Herbs Part II
Lesson - Toxic herbs, including common
names, Latin names, and descriptions.
Part II
Pioneer – Samuel Thomson
Spellwork – Blessing your new Home

IX – Plants and their Planetary Rulers

Lesson – Small list of Plants with their
Zodiacal and Planetary Rulers
Pioneer – Dr.. Frederick Foster Harvey
Quin
Spellwork – Strength Spell

DISCLAIMER: Choosing a holistic approach to

medicine means choosing personal responsibility
for your health care. This course is designed to
offer a doorway through which to enter the realm of
herbal healing, an invitation to further investigation
on the part of the reader. It is in no way intended as
a substitute for advice from a health care
practitioner.

2
LESSON I - HISTORY OF HERBS.
You may say you know very little about herbs
and their lore, but you actually know more than
you think. Herbs are everywhere in everyone’s
life; from kitchen spices and vegetables, to
coffee and tea, spring flowers and garden
weeds.
Since the beginning in ancient times of India,
China, Egypt, and Assyria dating as far back as the
year 2700 B.C. , and in the struggle to achieve
mastery over the forces of nature, people have
always turned to plants for help - for food - shelter -
clothing - weapons - and healing. Plants provide all
these and something more: an astounding display
of energy in their growth and seasonal rebirth. No
wonder then, that plants have been invested with
magical powers. No wonder that many myths
attribute to plants an intimate relationship with our
daily lives and with our destinies.
Herbs in Papyri:
Surviving Egyptian papyri dating back to around
1700 BC record that many common herbs, such as
garlic and juniper, have been used medicinally for
around 4,000 years. In the days of Ramesses III,
hemp was used for eye problems just as it may be
prescribed for glaucoma today, while poppy
extracts were used to quieten crying children.
The Greek Contribution:
By the time of Hippocrates (468-377 BC), European
herbal tradition had already absorbed ideas from
Assyria and India, with Eastern herbs such as basil
and ginger among the most highly prized, and the
complex theory of humours and essential body
fluids had begun to be formulated.
Hippocrates categorised all foods and herbs by
fundamental quality - hot, cold, dry or damp - and
good health was maintained by keeping them in
balance, as well as taking plenty of exercise and
fresh air.
Pedanius Dioscorides wrote his classic text De
Materia Medica in around 60 AD, and this remained
the standard textbook for 1,500 years. Dioscorides
was reputed to have been either the physician to
Antony and Cleopatra or, more prosaically, an army
surgeon during the reign of the Emperor Nero.
Many of the actions of Dioscorides describes are
familiar today: parsley as a diuretic; fennel to
promote milk flow; white horehound mixed with
honey as an expectorant.
3
Roman Remedies:
The Greek theories of medicine reached Rome
around 100 BC. As time passed, they bacame more
mechanistic, presenting a view of the body as a
machine to be actively repaired, rather than
following the Hippocratic dictum of allowing most
diseases to cure themselves. Medicine became a
lucrative business with complex, highly priced
herbal remedies.
Opposing this practice was Claudius Galenus (131-
199 AD), who was born in Pergamon in Asia Minor
and was a court physician to the Emperor Marcus
Aurelius. Galen reworked many of the old
Hippocratic ideas and formalised the theories of
humours. His books soon became the standard
medical texts not only of Rome, but also of later
Arab and medieval physicians, and his theories still
survive in Unani medicine today.
Islamic Influences:
The Arab World: With the fall of Tome in the 5th
century, the centre of Classical learning shifted
East and the study of Galenical medicine was
focused in Constantinople and Persia. Galenism
was adopted with enthusiasm by the Arabs, and
merged with both folk beliefs and surviving
Egyptian learning. It was this mixture of herbal
ideas, practice and traditions that was re-imported
into Europe with the invading Arab armies.
Probably the most important work of the time was
the Kitab al Qanun, or Canon of Medicine, by
Avicenna. This was based firmly on Galenical
principles and by the 12th century had been
translated into Latin and imported back into the
West to become on of the leading textbooks in
Western medical schools.
Monastery:
The Christian monks of the sixth century enlarged
the medicinal use of herbs. They became really the
first homeopathic specialists and each monastery
had a special herb garden from which plants were
exchanged and traded between Orders, so
developing and improving the herbs. Some of
today's great medical centres are direct
descendants of these monastery gardens.
Superstitious Times:
During this superstitious time many herbs were
credited with mystical and magical powers; it was
believed that angelica, bay and garlic would protect
the user against witchcraft, bay had the added
advantage of warding off infection. Caraway and
coriander were used in love potions, while fennel
was held in high regard by the Romans as it
supposedly protected the user against venomous
bites, made him strong, brave and encouraged long
life. As well, there were herbs to guard against
nightmares, some to deter vampires and many
more to keep lovers faithful.
PIONEERS IN HERBS:
This lessons first pioneer Hippocrates (460 – 377
B.C)
Hippocrates may be known today as the father of
medicine, but for centuries pride of place in
medieval Europe was given to Galen, a 2nd century
physician, who wrote extensively about the four
"humours" - blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow
bile - and classified herbs by their essential
qualities: as hot or cold, dry or damp.
These theories were later expanded by 7th century
Arab physicians such as Avicenna, and today
Gelenical theories continue to dominate Unani
medicine, practiced by the Muslim world and India.
Galen's descriptions of herbs as, for example, "hot
in the the third degree" or "cold in the second" were
still being used well into the 18th century.
The second great pioneer is the great
Theophrastus: (c. 371- c.287 BC)
The first scientific botanist known to history was the
Greek philospher Theophrastus. Extending to
plants a classification scheme that was developed
by his teacher Aristotle, Theophrastus wrote two
works, Growth of Plants and Inquiry Into Plants,
which covered some 550 plants from Europe to
India. These works were the first to classiffy plants
by form and structure, and prefigure the Linnaean
system used today. Theophrastus was also a first-
rate observer: his description of germinating seeds,
for example, was long unsurpassed. Yet he also
transmitted fantasies that were to haunt science for
generations, such as the idea that plants were put
on earth solely for people's use, a notion implicit in
the doctrine of signatures. As to his reason for
mixing myth with fact, Theophrastus wrote:
"Fabulous tales are not made up without reason."
4
SPELLWORK:
Bay and Willow Water
3 tbsp dried Willow or 6 tbsp fresh Willow
2 tbsp dried or fresh Bay leaves
4 cups water
2 strips of dried Orange rind
10 drops of Witch Hazel extract
First start by clearing and releasing all excess
energy. (you can vary the ritual according to your
own preferences and tradition)
Focus on all ingredients cleansing each item
separately to purify any negativity which they may
have.
Then take three deep breaths, eliminating the last
of the negativity that you may have picked up –
then you are ready to combine ingredients – go
ahead and do so with love and peace in your heart.
Now combine all ingredients in a small glass or
enamelled pan. Bring water JUST to a simmer and
shut heat. Add herbs and steep for 20 mins. *This
process can be repeated using the same water add
more herbs for a stronger infusion. Add the orange
zests while mixture is still warm. * Cool to room
temperature, then strain out the herbs and then add
the drops of Witch Hazel extract.
Refrigerate between uses. You can use any flower
or herb of your choice, depending on your needs in
ritual work or personal preferences.
You can use this water to cleanse your Altar and
other ritual tools, you have learnt about them, and
of how to cleanse them in the previous courses
that you have completed. These waters can be
used as accompliments to crystal work as well. It is
also a great combination for FLOORWASHES too.
On a more personal note, you can put liquid in a
bottle with a lid and dab on with cotton, or put it in a
spray bottle and spray on your face and body.
This rinse will remove any traces of soap on your
face, and leave your face fresh and smooth.
Other variations that I prefer are Vanilla and Linden,
and Rose Geranium and Orange.
LESSON II – HERBAL PREPARATIONS
Herbs can be used in quite a number of
different ways. Depending upon the users wish,
they can be used to treat an ailment or problem,
depending upon the individual who is applying
the healing or even by whom is receiving the
treatment, all of which depends upon what
application is used. They can also be used for
spellcasting and ritual magick. In this lesson
you will discover a little bit more about the
different applications of various herbs
preparations.
Water Infusions - Hot: When plant material is
infused in water, after about 3-5 minutes, the water
becomes a fragrantly scented and pleasantly
refreshing drink known as 'tea'. However, tea is
more than just an enjoyable means of quenching
thirst. Our bodies are 90% water and we have an
intimate affinity with this element.
Water Infusions - Cold: Place the herbs in cold
water and soak for 8-12 hours having the best
result if left overnight, the strain and slightly warm
before drinking.
Tinctures: In a tincture the properties of the herbs
are extracted and preserved in alcohol. In ancient
times this was accomplished using wines, (as is
where the "mulled wines" originated from!)
Tinctures can be made with fresh or dried herbs.
Tinctures can also be made "non-alcoholic" by
adding the adequate ratio of water to the tincture
mix and leaving the mixture uncovered for several
hours while the alcohol evaporates, useful for those
people that are unable to take alcohol.
Poultices: Poultices are herbal compresses that are
very handy for skin problems and even muscular
and bone ailments. They are made by steaming the
herbs over water, but not touching the water. Cover
and steam for a few minutes, just so that the herbs
"wilt". And by spreading the softened herbs on a
cloth and place on the affected area. Cover the
"compress" with a woolen cloth and leave on for
approximately 2 hours.
Decoctions: A decoction is an extract of herbs
produced by boiling the herb in water. This method
is used for hard seeds, roots and barks, which need
much longer than just a few minutes to infuse. I
prefer to use this technique, because there is
something mystical, and very healing about this
5
medium. Although decoctions are prepared by
prolonged simmering, they still contain the essential
qualities of the fresh herbs
Fomentation: Is just a towel or cloth soaked in an
herbal infusion or decoction, with the excess wrung
out and then applied as hot as possible (without
burning) to the affected area.
Powder: Dried and ground plant matter. Take with
water, soup, milk, sprinkled on food etc. The most
common dosage is that which can be picked up on
the tip of a dinner knife (about half a teaspoon).
Syrup: Raw or brown sugar is boiled with water until
it reaches a ‘honey’ consistency. Strain through
cheesecloth, and the medicinal ingredients and
administer. This is very good for encouraging small
children to take their medicine.
Extract – Liquid herbal extracts are generally
concentrated herbal liquids which are made in
alcohol/water mixtures and are undoubtedly the
best and most convenient herbal administrations.
Saturation time is much longer than herbal
tinctures, but the principle is basically the same.
Essence: Approximately 28 grams of the herbs’ oil
is dissolved in 600 mls of alcohol. This is an
excellent way to preserve volatile essential oils
which are not water soluble.
PIONEERS IN HERBS:
This lessons first pioneer is the great Mithridates:
(died 63 BC)
A special place in the history of medicinal plants
belongs to Mithridates VI, King of Pontus. Because
he is said to have made himself immune to
poisoning by taking progressively larger doses of
poison, his name lives on in the term mithridatism,
'acquired tolerance of a poison.' Facing inevitable
capture by Roman enemies, he reputedly tried in
vain to poison himself and had to get a slave to
stab him to death. Accounts written after his death
portray Mithridates as a diligent biological
investigator who knew 22 languages and studied
medicine as well. An antidote called the mithridate
bore his name in mediaeval pharmacology.
Mithridates' physician Crateus was also well known
during ancient times for his lifelike botanical
paintings, now thought to have been the basis for
illustrations in Dioscorides' De Materia Medica.
And the second pioneer is Dioscorides: (1st century The order in which you blend them isn't important,
AD) nor is the quantity, as
long as there is some of each. (For a simpler
The most influential pharmaceutical writer from formula, you may use 5 herbs:
ancient times was the Greek physician Doiscrides, Rose, Sage, Mustard Seed, Poppy Seed, and
born near Tarsus (in modern Turkey) probably Cinnamon (or other herb of your
shortly after the time of Christ. Little is known about choosing).
Doiscrides' personal life, other than that he may
have served as a doctor with the Roman army. His Put some of the mixture on your charcoal to burn,
pharmaceutical guide, De Materia Medica, deals and put some in the center
with more than 600 plants, 35 animal products and of your square of fabric. (Any leftover blend may be
90 minerals used in medicine. Illustrated used for incense later)
manuscripts of the De Materia Medica circulated
during the next 1600 years throughout the West Tie your string loosely (for now) to make a pouch.
and Middle East. One of its earliest print editions Hold the pouch in your
was published by that great Renaissance botanist- writing hand and say the following, to the
naturalist Pietro Mattioli in Venice in 1544. The appropriate direction:
Mattioli edition is generally considered to be a
cornerstone of modern botany. A great many of the Face North
scientific and everyday plant name we use today I vow to help myself Grow.
can be traced back to Dioscorides. I vow to help my husband* Grow.
I vow to help my family Grow.
SPELLWORK:
Face East
Growing Spell I vow to help myself Learn.
I vow to help my husband Learn.
With some simple adaptations, this spell can work I vow to help my family Learn.
well for any kind of familial abundance.
Face South
When you work the spell, have everything I vow to keep myself Healthy.
assembled that you need. I vow to help keep my husband Healthy.
(Water, salt, a green candle, a square of fabric, I vow to help keep my family Healthy.
string, incense and charm
herbs, incense charcoal, edible seeds, bowls, Face West
Cakes & Wine, etc.) Read I vow to love myself.
through the spell, so you understand all of it, but I vow to love my Husband.
don't try to memorise it. I vow to love my Family.
Oh Guardians of the Quarters, I Thank you.
Cast your circle, or otherwise set up your sacred Oh Goddess, I Thank you.
space as you usually do. While
within your sacred space, light the green candle. Tie the string tightly around the charm, using four
knots.
Visualizing your desire, blend these 9 herbs for
your charm (leaving some Blend the three seeds (Carrot, poppy & sunflower)
aside to burn as incense) together. Eat a bit now,
1: Rose petals and (if possible) keep them on or near your altar to
2: Sage eat some of them each
3: Grape day.
4: Horsetail
5: Hawthorne (For a simpler spell, use one seed - either the
6: Mustard Seed poppy or sunflower.)
7: Poppy seeds
8: Jasmine
9: Cinnamon (or any other herb that you associate
with your lineage)

6
Have Cakes & Wine (a bit of food and drink, which
need not be alcoholic)

Open your circle, (or perform comparable act) then

you must ground and eat something more - a meal,
a sandwich, something with some substance.

Live happily and with abundance!

7
LESSON III –BASIC HERBAL USES
Herbs are used for many applications, ranging from
culinary delights, aromatic aires, and magical
incantations through to medicinal and remedial
therapies.
In this particular lesson you will see, a brief
description of some varieties of applications
that herbs and their properties are used for.
Herbs have been around since time began, people
used them for many reasons; for food, aroma,
medicine and magic. People from all walks of life
still use them today, for various reasons and
providing your own personal knowledge, they can
bring a wealth of harmony into your life.
Culinary Herbs: Herbs used for their flavouring
abilities in foods.
Aromatic Herbs: Herbs used for the pleasantry of
their smell and the fragrance of aire.
Medicinal Herbs: Herbs which possess and herbs
that have healing properties.
Remedial Herbs: Herbs that possess the remedy
for a specific disease or deficiency.
Magical Herbs: Herbs used for spells, invocations,
incantations, and protection.
Always remembering, if you are unsure of
specific herbs it is best to either consult a
professional, or leave well enough alone.
AROMATHERAPY
Aromatherapy is a multifaceted healing art, which
uses the essential oils of plant and trees to promote
health of body and serenity of mind. Although the
roots of this beautiful therapy are ancient, I have set
out to prove that the basic principles on which
aromatherapy is based are no less valid today.
Aromatic plants have been used by humankind
since the dawn of history. There is evidence that
over some 4,000 years ago, the Ancient Sumarians
made use of the scented herbs such as cypress
and myrrh, while in the 1870's George Ebers
discovered a 21 metre scroll of papyrus that listed
over 850 Ancient Egyptian botancial remedies,
dating from about 1500 BC.
8
Ancient Greek Physicians such as Hippocrates and
Galen interpreted the microcosm of the human
being according to the Elements of Fire, Water,
Earth, and Air, while the masters of the Chinese
tradition saw five elements at work. In either case,
they employed a rich and varied language of Nature
- not to describe their observations as fixed
phenomena, but like the physicists of today, to use
these concepts to expose the dynamic force that
masquerades as matter.
Aromatherapy also has a few intriguing diversions,
such as the art of natural perfumery, the making of
cosmetic lotions and potions, and an exploration of
sensual aromatherapy - for those wishing to
enhance their love life through the alchemy of
fragrance and the magic of touch.
Practices such as these were the beginnings of a
tradition that embraced not one but several
civilizations, and developed hand-in-hand with
systems of science and medicine that were based
on both empirical knowledge and informed intuition.
By applying traditional wisdom to aromatherapy, we
can avail ourselves of a corpus of knowledge that is
both immediate and profound, practical and
intuitive. And through contributing to the synthesis
of East and West, we can expand our awareness
both of the human spirit and the plant essence.
AYURVEDIC MEDICINE
Ayurveda is India's contribution to humanity in its
search for health care, well being and longevity.
This wonderful treatise on human health is
considered as the 'fifth Veda' narrated directly by
God to great Rishis of the ancient past. It mellowed
with the evolution of Indian civilisation tracing its
origin to "Adharva Veda' the oldest work of
Philosophy and science in the history of mankind.
And where, almost all medicines are of plant origin,
they do not have any side effects. It flourished at a
time when all the science branches, we now
practice, were in its rudiments. Physicians the world
over, now consider Ayurveda as a system of
treatment embedded in nature that couples
medication and recognised lifestyle. In the modern
era, where most of the diseases result from
mutations in life styles, we have started to look
back into this ancient wisdom, which advocates a
therapy that has its roots in nature.
Ayurveda has withstood the test of time, for over
four millenniums by propagation as smrithi and
sruthi (through oral education and discussion ) and
mananam (meditation).
Most of the reference texts that are in use today
were recorded after 1000 B.C. It can be seen that
Principles of Ayurveda are retained intact and the
medicinal formulations in the reference texts are
narrated as examples of this treatment theory for
individual diseases
BACH REMEDIES
Between the years of 1930 and 1936, Dr. Edward
Bach, discovered and perfected a system of herbal
medicine which is unique in medical history. This
system was the culmination of a lifetime of inspired
research, which gave the medical profession a
great many new and revolutionary discoveries.
Dr. Bach believed that the basic cause of all
disease was an emotional disharmony resulting
from conflict within the personality. The 38
remedies which he discovered, were for the
treatment of this disharmony, and each remedy was
specific for a particular emotional condition, such as
fear, anxiety, depression, loneliness, etc. The
remedies were prepared mainly from natural
wildflowers, using fresh water and the power of the
sun to produce an essence, which was taken
internally by the patient.
Dr. Bach died in 1936, immediately after completing
his system. His followers have carried on the work
he started, and the 38 remedies, known as the
"Bach Flower Remedies", still prepared by the
same natural method, are available in Australia
today.
Dr. Edward Bach found, by experience, that most
human disease had their basis in disharmony
between the spiritual and mental aspects of a
human being.
This disharmony - to be found wherever conflicting
moods produced unhappiness, mental torture, fear
or lassitude and resignation - lowered the body'
vitality and allowed disease to be present. For this
reason the remedies he prepared were for the
treatment of the mood and temperament of the
patient, not for his physical illness; so that each
patient, becoming more himself, could increase his
9
or her own vitality and so draw from an inward
strength and an inward peace the means to restore
health.
The most recognised of all Bach Flower Remedies
is the "multi-useful" Rescue Remedy. Below, you
will see what Dr. Bach himself said about his
Rescue Remedy. The Rescue Remedy is a
combination of 5 remedies. The five remedies are:
Rock Rose: for terror, extreme fear, panic, either in
the patient or in those around.
Star of Bethlehem: for the after-effects of shock,
mental or physical.
Clematis: for unconsciousness, coma, fainting,
giddiness, all of which indicate a temporary lack of
interest in the present.
Cherry Plum: for the fear of the mind giving way, of
insanity, brain-storms, hysterical conditions, suicidal
tendencies.
Impatiens: for the extreme mental tension and
irritability resulting in muscular tension and, hence
pain.
CHINESE MEDICINE:
Traditional Chinese medicine has a very long
history. According to legend, Chinese medicines
originated from Shen Nong's tasting of hundreds of
herbs and medicinal materials. As the legend
relates, Shen Nong gathered wild foodstuffs for
cultivation and then selected those with medicinal
value from among them for the treatment of
diseases. At least half of the 365 medicines listed in
"Shen Nong's Herbal Classic" possess both
medicinal and food value; while the 260 items listed
in "The Dietetic Materia Medica", written centuries
later by Meng Shen of the Tang Dynasty include
nearly all of the types of food that people require
daily, such as rice and other cereals, melons and
gourds, fruits, game and edible wild vegetables,
meat, poultry and eggs, fish, shrimp and other
seafood, etc. Later still, more than 300 kinds of
foodstuffs were recorded in the "Compendium of
Materia Medica" written by Li Shizhen of the Ming
Dynasty. All of these works point to the common
sources of medicines and foods, and to the fact that
the same things have long been used as both foods
and medicines.
HOMEOPATHY
Homeopathy is a fascinating form of holistic healing
and lends to the principle of “like can sure like” –
that is, an illness should be treated by a substance
capable of producing similar symptoms to those
being suffered by the patient – is the basis of
Homeopathy.
The very small doses of Homeopathic medicine act
as a catalyst to stimulate the body’s natural dealing
ability, similar to the way vaccinations work, by
causing a reaction in the body’s defence processes.
Homeopathy Concentrates on the powerful healing
forces of herbs, mineral and other natural
substances, that may be beneficial to many
common ailments, providing temporary relief of
many symptoms through strengthening of the
body’s own natural ability to attain homeostasis.
PIONEERS IN HERBS:
This lesson is the well-known Pliny: (23/24 - 79 AD)
"To live is to be awake" was the credo of the
Roman administrator and natural historian Pliny.
His work, Natural History, written in 37 books, was
a major source both for botanists and herbalists
from mediaeval times through to the seventeenth
century. Books 12 to 19 of the Natural History deal
with botany, and books 20 to 27 with plant
pharmacology. Pliny and the Greek doctor
Dioscorides, his contemporary, have been cited by
writers on plants down to the present century.
Generations of authors passed along Pliny's words
without attributing them to him - so that many of his
statements of fact and fancy have entered the
folklore of plants. Pliny died in a manner that was
befitting a true naturalist: he went to investigate an
eruption of Vesuvius, and on al beach near Pompeii
he succumbed to the volcanoe's sulphurous fumes.
A vivd account of this scene exists in a letter written
by Pliny's nephew, who is called Pliny the Younger
to distinguish him from his uncle, who is sometimes
known as Pliny the Elder.
And the great Galen: (130 - 200 AD)
The most famous physician of his day and a prolific
medical writer, Galen found his intellectual
inspiration in Greek thought, particularly the
medicine of Hippocrates, the science of
10
Aristotle and the philosophy of Plato. Born in
Pergamum (now Bergama, Turkey), Galen
determined when he was only 16 years old to bring
precision to the study of medicine. He studied and
travelled for the next 12 years, spending probably
several years at Alexandria, which was then the
chief medical centre of the age. There Galen
quickly outdistanced even the brightest scholars
with his intellectual ability. After returning to
Pergamum and serving as a physician to the
gladiators there, Galen moved to Rome, about 161,
where he established a large medical practice. He
soon numbered influential Romans among his
admiring patients and thus began his long
association with the rich and powerful, including
Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Although Galen taught
the now antiquated concept of medicine as
adjusting the body's humours, he also believed in
the empirical method of testing medicines, at that
time a very modern stance. Not until the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries did anyone challenge
his medical authority. The terms 'galenic products'
and 'galenicals' today refer to medical substances
extracted from plants by methods associated with
Galen.
SPELLWORK:
Bath Cleansing (Asperges)
You will need:
Water
Herbs of Choice
Sea Salt
Water Vessel
This ritual is used for the same reasons as
smudging.
To complete this ritual of cleansing, you need:
water, herbs of your choice, and salts (sea salt or a
mixture are typical choices), as well as a vessel to
hold the mixture, size depending on what you
intend to cleanse (bathtub for yourself, bowl for
crystals or totems, etc.).
For yourself:
Fill a bathtub with comfortably warm water. Mix in
the herbs and salts. Bathe in the water, washing it
over every part of your body. Concentrate on areas
of inbalance or places in need of healing. When
finished, stay in the bathtub until it drains, negative
energies flowing away with the bath water.
For objects:

Make the water, herb and salts mixture in a bowl.

Place crystals, totems, bones or other items to be
cleansed in the bowl, leaving them overnight. Keep
the items in the bowl until you have drained it.

For environment:

Sprinkle water, herb and salts mixture over area to

be cleansed. Allow to dry on its own.

Sprinkling water or the water mixture over all the

people and items and space involved also works,
similar to smudging.

11
LESSON IV – THE HERBS
This lessons delves into the more common of
herbs and their medicinal properties with
addition to their role in herbalism.
Agrimony – Agrimonia eupatoria
Parts used: Leaves, flower, stem.
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture.
Actions: Astringent, diuretic, tonic
Combination of Agrimony’s astringency and bitter
tonic properties makes this herb a valuable counter
to indigestion, diarrhoea, mucous colitis and
appendicitis. Gargle tea of Agrimony to have great
healing properties for inflammation of the throat and
mouth.
Alfalfa – Medicago sativa
Parts used: Leaves, flower, stem
Preparations: Herb tea
Actions: Anti- anaemic, diuretic, nutrient, tonic
Excellent source of vitamins and minerals and is
rich in calcium, magnesium, iron, choline,
phosphorous, potassium and several essential
enzymes as well as vitamins A, D, B, K, U and P.
Take it for tea for digestives disorders, gastric
ulcers, debility, to improve appetite and to gain
weight, but because it also contains menstruating
promoting chemicals, the seeds should not be
eaten by pregnant women.
Balm Mint/ Lemon Balm – Melissa officinalis
Parts used: Leaves, flower, stem
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture, herb bath
Actions: Antispasmodic, carminative, sedative,
stomachic.
Balm contains chemicals that fight infection-
causing bacteria as well as an anaesthetic to help
relieve pain cause by external force. Balm is an
excellent calming herb ideal for nervous people,
and is being used in a cream to counter cold sores
and genital herpes. As a natural sedative it relieves
spasms in the digestive tract, abdominal cramps,
dyspepsia, flatulence and colic. Used for
migraines, hysteria, melancholia, tension,
depression and stress related reactions.
12
Bearberry – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Parts used: Leaves
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture
Actions: Astringent, urinary antiseptic, diuretic,
demulcent.
Should be used in the treatment of urinary
infections such as pyelitis, cystitis, and urethritis. It
can also be used for grave, stones, or ulceration in
the kidneys or bladder or to alleviate pain and
discomfort in the case of acute urinary tract
infection. The tea may change the colour of the
urine, but this is quite normal and occurs because it
is reducing the accumulation of uric acid in the
system.
Bedstraw – Galium verum
Parts used: Flowering plant
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture.
Actions: Astringent, diuretic, anti-inflammatory,
tonic
With this diuretic and alterative actions, it is
excellent as a lymphatic tonic, specially in the case
of adenoids and tonsillitis when it should be taken
daily.
Our bodies rely on the lymphatic system to drain
sway toxins, and bedstraw facilitates the expulsion
of these toxins via the urinary system. It is also
useful in the treatment of eczema, psoriasis as well
as arthritis, where the body needs cleansing.
Birch – Betula alba
Parts used: Dried bark of root stem, sap ,leaves.
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture, herb
bath.
Actions: Antiseptic, astringent, diuretic, tonic.
Birch is considered the “inside and out” herb, and is
useful for the body’s largest organ – the skin- as
well as aiding the functioning of the internal organs.
Birch has been extensively used to promote hair
growth. The American Indians handed on their
knowledge about the attributes of Birch as a hair
restorer, growth stimulant, condition and scalp
cleanser.
Burdock – Arctium lappa
Parts used: The Root
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture.
Actions: Alterative, diuretic, diaphoretic,
antiscorbutic
The decoction of burdock is considered probably
the best blood purifier. It cleanses and eliminates
impurities from the blood very rapidly. It is almost
always included in all remedies pertaining to skin
disorders, and has brought about many cures in
cases of eczema, acne and psoriasis.
Calendula – Calendula officinalis
Parts used: Leaves, flower, stem
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture, ointment.
Actions: Antiseptic, dermatonic, anti-inflammatory,
astringent, remedial.
It has antiseptic and antibacterial properties and is
useful in digestive remedies because it stimulates
the flow of bile, which is the substance necessary
for proper digestion. Its anti-inflammatory
properties prevent inflammation and promote
healing in gastritis, enteritis and ulcers of the
stomach. As a blood cleanser it is a great help in
infectious hepatitis.
Celery – Apium graveolens
Parts used: seeds, root, leaves, stem
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, capsules
Actions: Antiseptic, sedative, anti-rheumatic,
diuretic, emmenagogue, calminative
Celery is commonly used for arthritic and rheumatic
disorders as well as mental depression, gout,
lumbago, neuralgia and nervousness. Celery seed
is rich in chlorophyll and provides plenty of valuable
nutrients – potassium, sodium, calcium,
phosphorus, silicon, iron, potash, sulphur and
magnesium, plus Vitamins A, C and some of the B
vitamins. A positive side-effect of celery seed is that
is has been known to stimulate the sexual appetite
and, in some cultures, is taken purely for its
aphrodisiacal properties
Chamomile – Matricaria chamomilla
Parts used: Flowers, leaves, stem
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture, ointment
Actions: Anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic,
calmative, sedative.
As an herbal infusion (or tea), this is an excellent
herb for relaxation and some tension reduction.
Also great for easing colic and teething pains in
infants, (as well as us adults!). Is helpful in battling
flatulence, diarrhoea, stomach troubles, and
gastritis, menstrual disorders, insomnia, and
toothaches. An ointment is made of the flowers
and used for the treatment of wounds.
13
Coriander – Coriandrum sativum
Parts used: Seeds, leaves
Preparations: Herbal tea, tincture
Actions: Anti-spasmodic, appetiser, aromatic,
carminative, stomachic.
Can be applied externally for rheumatism and
painful joints. It also improves the flavour of the
other medicinal preparations. At one time it was
considered to have aphrodisiac effects. Coriander
leaves are a popular Indian household remedy for
digestive upsets and urinary tract infections.
Cowslip – Primula veris
Parts used: Flower, leaves, root
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, decoction, tincture
Actions: Anti-spasmodic, hypnotic, sedative.
Has a gentle relaxing effect on the nervous system
that allows the body to shut down of its own
choosing because of the anxious edge has been
removed. It is also used to counter palsy,
convulsions, spasms, giddiness, cramps and pains
of the joints and sinews. Cowslip is also used with
great effect to strengthen heart and nerves,
relieving the pain of migraines and nervous
headaches. A decoction or tincture of the root can
be used for bronchitis and whooping cough and an
ointment of the flowers is a good way to relieve
sunburn
Dandelion – Taraxacum officinalis
Parts used: Leaves, flower, stem, root
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture.
Actions: Astringent, diuretic, lazative, tonic, anti-
rheumatic, detergent.
Principle herbal function of dandelion is to care for
the liver. It does this by promoting the formation of
bile and by removing excess water from the bady in
cases of severe water retention resulting from liver
problems. While influencing the liver, dandelion
purifies the blood thereby assisting with conditions
such as acne, itchy, scaly rashes, and eczema.
Leaves are rich in potassium. They are used as an
effective diuretic, often used for fluid retention, as
well as being a useful digestive tonic.
Dead Nettle – Lamium alba
Parts used: Leaves, flower
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture
Action: Astringent, cleansing, anti-spasmodic,
styptic.
Dead Nettle is an astringent herb that has a well-
established function as a styptic and in arresting
dysentery. An infusion of dead nettle can be used
as a douche to counter leucorrhoea and irregular or
weak menstrual flows. An infusion can also be
drunk to combat intestinal problems and dead
nettle, added to a bath, soothes uterine cramps
while fighting boils and tumors. Can also be used
for urinary complaints, scanty urine, bladder
troubles, kidney disorders and fluid retention in the
heart (cardio-pulmonary oedema). Decoction of
flowers with work as a blood purifier to eliminate
skin rashes and eczema. A compress made from
the infusion is beneficial for the treatment of ulcers
and varicose veins.
Echinacea – Echinacea angustifolia
Parts used: The Root
Preparations: Extract, tincture, capsule
Actions: Antibacterial, digestive, antiviral
It is successful in treating colds, flu, tonsillitis,
bronchitis, tuberculosis, meningitis, wounds,
abscesses, psoriasis, whooping cough and ear
infections. Echinacea boosts the body’s immune
system by increasing production of infection-
fighting T-cells (T-lymphocytes) to enable it to
successfully fend off infections. Whenever there is
an infection - viral, bacterial or fungal - this herb,
Echinacea has a role. Ideal choice for colds, flu,
sore throats, and some viral based Arthritis.
Epilobium – Epilobium parviflorum
Parts used: Leaves, flowers, stem
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture
Actions: Prostatelium, anti-inflammatory,
astringent, remedial
While the primary function of epilobium is as a
prostatelium, the fact is it is good for a variety of
urinary tract infections – in men and women. For
women suffering from cystitis, kidney and bladder
problems a daily dose is very effective for them as it
is for men with prostate disorders.
14
Eyebright – Euphrasia officinalis
Parts used: The Herb
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture
Actions: Anticatarrhal, anti-inflammatory,
astringent, tonic
Use eyebright infusions to counter weak eyesight,
weeping eyes, conjunctivitis – all conditions which
can be aggravated by cigarette smoke, car exhaust
fumes or chemical sprays.
A note of warning. If you intend to bathe eyes with
eyebright, remember the solution must be very
weak and should be combined with chamomile,
valerian, lady’s mantle, and golden seal.
It can also be used for problems of the mucous
membranes. Its anti-inflammatory and astringent
properties make it relevant in many conditions.
Used internally, it is a powerful anticatarrhal but
remember, this herb contains strong resins which
can upset some people by affecting the liver,
producing nausea and dizziness. For that reason is
should not be ingested by people with liver
problems.
Fennel – Foeniculum vulgare
Parts used: The fruit, seeds
Preparations: Herb tea
Actions: Antispasmodic, carminative, stomachic,
expectorant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic.
Fennel’s properties help to counter flatulence,
acidic stomachs, cramps, colic and spasms. For
colic in infants and small babies, fennel is an
excellent remedy. Because fennel is also suitable
for producing milk in nursing mothers, it can be fed
to breast-fed infants through their mothers.
Feverfew – Chrysanthemum parthenium
Parts used: The Herb
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture, capsule
Actions: Carminative, febrifuge, laxative, bitter,
tonic
Given for migraine headaches, arthritis, painful
menstruation, and after birth to help restore the
womb. Although chewing fresh leaves is
recommended for headaches, some people may
develop mouth ulcers and it maybe preferable to
crush the leaves and eat them in a sandwich. It is
also recommended for allaying nausea and
vomiting, relieveing the inflammation and pain of
arthritis, promoting restful sleep, improving
digestion and relieving asthmatic attacks.
Garlic – Allium sativum
Parts used: The Bulb
Preparations: Fresh cloves, capsules, extract
Actions: Anthelmintic, anti-spasmodic, carminative,
cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, expectorant,
febrifuge.
Garlic stimulates the activity of the digestive organs
and therefore relieves various problems associated
with poor digestion. It is a good respiratory
antiseptic for chest infections, colds and flu. It also
helps in reducing blood cholesterol levels. It is the
most popular over-the-counter remedy available
today.
Ginger – Zingiber officinale
Parts used: Rootstock, rhizome
Preparations: Fresh, dried, capsules, extract
Actions: Adjuvent, appetiser, carminative,
diaphoretic, sialagogue, stimulant.
This is a very warming herb, so be careful of using
it if you have sensitivity to "heat" or "flushing". Its is
a good circulatory stimulator, and ideal for colds
and chills. Has an infinity as being the perfect
remedy to help reduce nausea, travel and morning
sickness.
Gingko – Gingko biloba
Parts used: Fruits, seeds, leaves
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture, tablets
Actions: Cardiotonic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial,
anti-spasmodic, antiseptic, sedative.
The leaves are good for varicose veins,
haemorrhoids and leg ulcers. The seeds are
considered to act on the lungs and kidneys, and are
traditionally used for asthmatic disorders and
chesty coughs with thick phlegm. They also have a
tonifying effect on the urinary system, so are used
fro incontinence and excessive urination.
15
Golden Seal – Hydrastis canadensis
Parts used: The Root
Preparations: Herb tea.
Actions: Anticatarrhal, emollient, laxative,
soothing, muscle stimulant, detergent.
Golden seal is another in the long list of powerful
herbs introduced to the world by the American
Indians who used it as a tonic, stomachic and for
sore eyes and ulcers as well as squeezing the
yellow dye from the plant to colour their clothes and
weapons. The scarcity of the herb, coupled to its
significant healing properties, makes this a very
valuable plant. Its ability to tighten blood vessels
makes it useful as a counter to uterine conditions
such as menorrhagia and other haemorrhages.
However, while golden seal is of great benefit
during childbirth for its capacity to induce
contractions, for this very reason it should not be
taken during pregnancy. It is also most effective for
inflamed catarrhal conditions of the mucous
membranes and is invaluable in the treatment of
digestive disorders such as dyspepsia, biliary tract
conditions, peptic ulcers, gastritis, colitis, gastric
catarrh, loss of appetite and liver troubles.
Horehound – Marrubium vulgare
Parts used: The herb
Preparations: Herb tea, extract
Actions: Antispasmodic, diuretic, digestive,
expectorant, remedial
Horehound is primarily to combat coughing and
bronchial problems, but the marribium in horehound
promotes sweating and taken hot the herb induces
perspiration thereby helping to reduce
temperatures. The bitter action stimulates the flow
and secretion of bile from the gall bladder, thereby
aiding digestion. Because it is so bitter and
because it is often fed to children, horehound is
frequently mixed with honet to make it more
palatable. Taken in large doses it acts as a
laxative, while external application of horehound is
a counter to various skin diseases.
Indian Corn – Zea mays
Parts used: Cornsilk
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture
Actions: Diuretic, prostatelium, soothing, antacid,
tonic
It can be employed to combat chronic or acute
cystitis, nephritis, gout and rheumatism. It also has
been known to counter kidney stones, oedema, and
fluid in the heart and acidosis. Corn silk has a
marked action on the kidneys, neutralising and
promoting excretion of waste products containing
uric acids. The tea can be used as a non-irriatating
enema where such a procedure is deemed
necessary, while incontinence, bed wetting, and
renal colic can all be countered by this very cheap,
widely available healing agent.
Ladys Mantle – Alchemilla vulgaris
Parts used: Leaves, flower, stem
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture
Actions: Astringent, antihaemorrhagic, tonic,
remedial
Its tannins are the reason for its styptic and
stringent effect and it is especially effective on the
endometrium, the uterine wall. The tea is used
internally for excessive menstrual bleeding, for
prolonged blood loss due to menopausal or uterine
fibroids and to reduce pains associated with periods
as well as diarrhoea. It is also fantastic as a gargle
for the rapid healing after the loss of teeth as well
as being effective for mouth ulcers, sores of the
mouth and laryngitis. Any skin troubles such as
inflamed wounds or rashes should also be bathed
with a liquid from this herb. It battles vomiting and
flux and eases bruises and ruptures.
Lavender – Lavandula officinalis
Parts used: Flowers
Preparations: Herb tea
Actions: Carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic,
antirheumatic
Lavender can be used for flatulence, migrains,
fainting and dizziness. It has a long history of being
used as an antiseptic and is still useful in combating
putrid bacteria in the intestines. A decoction of the
leaves is a useful remedy for stomach problems,
nausea and vomiting.
16
Liquorice – Glycyrrhiza glabra
Parts used: The root
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture
Actions: Expectorant, soothing, anti-inflammatory,
laxative, diuretic
It acts as a very gentle laxative and lowers
stomach- acid levels thereby relieving heartburn.
Liquorice heals stomach ulcers by spreading a
protective gel over the stomach wall and, in
addition, will ease spasm in the intestines. It is a
widely used remedy for coughs and lung complaints
with its soothing, expectorant and anti-spasmodic
properties. It should be taken in the case of
bronchial problems, coughs, hoarseness, mucous
congestion and chest complaints and it is very
effective in helping to reduce fevers. Herbalists also
tend to add Liquorice to a mixture of tinctures to
help combat some other bitterness from the other
ingredients, to make it more palatable.
Peppermint – Mentha piperita
Parts used: The herb
Preparations: Herb tea, extract
Actions: Antispasmodic, caminative, stomachic,
tonic, antiseptic.
Can be taken for poor digestion, heartburn, nausea,
diarrhoea, vomiting during pregnancy, sudden
pains and cramps in the abdomen, nervous
headaches, flatulence and colic. Also makes a
marvellous drink for sufferers of a clogged head as
a result of a cold or influenza. Due to its menthol
cleansing action, breathing becomes easier and
respiratory passages are cleared. Ideal for use as
an infusion for "after over-indulgence" of a meal to
help settle the stomach, also good for cold
remedies, for aches and pains and for some types
of headaches.
Sage- Salvia officinalis
Parts used: The Leaves
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture
Actions: Astringent, antiseptic, anti-spasmodic,
carminative.
Has wonderful antiseptic properties for use with
sore throats, laryngitis, tonsillitis, and ulceration of
the mouth as a warm gargle. Its thujone content,
which is strongly antiseptic,makes sage particularly
potent against staphylococcus infections. It also
has an infinity with the female reproductive system
also.
Thyme – Thymus serpyllum
Parts used: The herb
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture
Actions: Antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic,
sedative, expectorant.
The thymol in thyme is the antiseptic constituent of
the herb and is useful for relieving sore throats and
catarrhs and for people who use their voices
professionally. It also proves beneficial for
respiratory problems, helping to clear mucous
congestion from the lungs and bronchial passages.
Thyme is also a good tonic for stomach problems
such as flatulence, gastritis, stomach cramps and
painful menstruation. Its nervine properties also
make it useful in combating convulsive coughs and
warmed and applied to the abdominal region or to
any part of the body which has suffered a contusion
or is swollen as a result of a knock. Thyme oil is
particularly potent and has been used to battle
paralysis, strokes, rheumatism, muscular atrophy
and sprains. Thyme is also a recommended
remedy for alcoholism while thyme syrup is very
tasty and supposed to counter colds.
Valerian – Valeriana officinalis
Parts used: The root
Preparations: Herb tea, extract, tincture, capsule
Actions: Sedative, antispasmodic, calmative,
nerving, astringent, diuretic, tonic.
It is a very powerful sedative that is included in
more than 100 over-the-counter sleeping drugs that
are manufactured and available but unlike its
chemical counterpart, valium, it may be taken
without a person developing a dependence for the
substance. A valerian-induced sleep enables a
person to wake up without any hangover. Valerian
has been used as a sedative in all sorts of nervous
conditions such as insomnia, anxiety, hysteria,
migraines, palpitations, neurasthenia and
breathlessness. It is also safe for pregnant women
to use and has not been linked to birth defects as
was valium. As an antispasmodic it is an excellent
remedy for nervous dyspepsia, stomach cramps
and irritable bowel. It is also good for menstrual
cramp.
17
Water Cress – Nasturtium officinale
Parts used: Leaves, roots, young shoots
Preparations: Fresh
Actions: Diuretic, expectorant, purgative, stimulant,
stomachic.
Is recommended for gout, mild digestive
disturbances and catarrh of the upper respiratory
tract. It is also beneficial for tuberculosis, anaemia,
and eczema. Its high vitamin C content makes it a
good illness preventative.
PIONEERS IN HERBS:
Avicenna ( 980 – 1037)
When he was barely out of his teens, the Persian
philosopher-statesman Avicenna earned a
reputation as a healer by curing a ruler of a critical
illness. Thereafter he was in demand as a physician
and adviser to princes. For the rest of his life he
worked by day as a minister of state and wrote by
night on an encyclopaedic range of subjects,
including medicine, natural history, chemistry,
physics, mathematics, astronomy, economics,
political science, music and theology. His poetry is
quoted in the Arab world to this day. The most
important of his works is the voluminous Canon of
Medicine, based on the writings of Hippocrates,
Aristotle, Dioscorides, Galen and others. To their
writings Avicenna added his own theoretical and
empirical observations. Book 2 of the Canon of
Medicine contains Avicenna's pharmacology of
herbs. HE also discussed various remedies such as
chicory, oxymel and balsam. A Latin translation of
the Canon of Medicine existed within a century after
Avicenna's death, and it was the basic medical text
at all mediaeval universities. The scientific
revolution of the West was cruel to Avicenna.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) rejected his
thoughts on anatomy. Paracelsus ( 1493 1541)
destroyed a copy of the Canon of Medicine while
teaching medicine, and William Harvey (1578 -
1657), the physician who discovered the circulation
of the blood, demolished Avicenna's theories on
this subject.
Hildegard of Bingen: (1098 - 1179)
A mediaeval pioneer in natural science was the
German mystic Hidegard of Bingen, abbess of a
Benedictine convent at Rupertsburg. A nun from
the time she was 15, Hildegard was taught the
doctrine of the humours according to which the
'cardinal juice', phlegm, caused most illness.
She added her own broad knowledge of folk
medicine, her interest in nature and her developed
powers of intuition. (Visions commanded her: "Write
what you see and hear".) Her writings include much
on medicinal herbs. She is often called St Hildegard
even though she was never formally canonised by
the Catholic Church.

SPELLWORK:

In this lesson instead of having a spellworking, I

have decided to put in a Meditation Ritual for
Imbolc. This is the first of two parts, the second part
– the Ritual – you will find in the following lesson.

Imbolc Meditation

Sit comfortably, close your eyes and relax. Feel the

tension drain away from your face, then your neck,
your shoulders, your arms, your stomach, your
legs, and your toes. Imagine Mother Earth all
around you, protecting you, surrounding you with
warmth and positive energy. Extend your senses to
the outside: feel the coldness of the air, smell the
snow/rain, fly below the gray sky. Think that the
days are lengthening whereas the nights are
shortening. Each day the sun brings a little more
warmth, but spring remains asleep.

This is Imbolc, the midpoint between the Winter

Solstice and the Spring Equinox. Take the time to
think about the true meaning of Imbolc. The Son
who was born at Yule has begun his transformation
from infant to young man. The Maiden is honored
tonight, she is the Bride waiting for the return of her
groom, the Sun-God. Brighid is the daughter of the
Dagda, she is the Triple Goddess. Brighid kindles
the fire, inspiring the bard, the smith and the healer.
Right after Her birth, She began suckling on the
milk of a supernatural cow, therefore you should
include milk in the ritual. Prepare yourself to
celebrate this season of Brighid, this season of fire
and changes. Let go of all the troubles and
problems you’d been through this winter. For this is
the time to move on, to change for the better, to
progress spiritually. Ask Brighid to give you
strength, support and protection. But most of all ask
Her to kindle your creative power. Gather all of your
creations (poetry, music, crafts etc…) so that She
may bless them during the ritual, which we will
learn in the next lesson.

18
LESSON V – HERBS IN MAGIC
Herbs can be readily employed in magic, there
being many things which herbs correspond to
which will aid the processes. These include the
planets, the zodiac, gender, the elements and
qualities. The two main areas in which herbs
may be found useful are as incenses and as
charms/satchets.
1. Incenses, broadly speaking, made from
herbs can be useful in healing, divination,
for seasonal festivals and to assist with the
engendering altered states of
consciousness. Incenses can be tailor-
made to suit one’s needs.
2. Charms/Satchets, Herbs are useful
additives for charms. They often provide
aroma and need to be physically ground
during their preparation. This assists with
imparting one’s intent upon the plant matter
being used.
HERBS AND THEIR COUNTERPARTS:
• Agrimony - Helps to overcome fear, dispel
negative emotions, overcome inner
blockages
• Alfalfa - Prosperity, Anti-Hunger, Money
• Allspice - Money, Luck, Healing
• Almond - Money, Prosperity, Wisdom
• Aloe - Protection, Luck
• Alyssum - Protection, Moderating Anger
• Amaranth - Healing, Protection, Invisibility
• Amber – Mental clarity and focus.
Protection from harm outside influences,
psychic attack.
• Anemone - Health, Protection, Healing
• Anise - Psychic opening, clairvoyance,
opens Third Eye. Favored in Afro-diasporic
Traditions for use before and during ritual,
to aid in perception of and connection with
the Divine.
• Angelica - Exorcism, Protection, Healing,
Visions
• Apple - Love, Healing, Garden Magic,
Immortality
• Apricot – Love
• Asofoetida – Protection banishing
negativity
• Aster – Love
• Azaelea – Encourages light spirits,
happiness, gaiety
19
• Avocado - Love, Lust, Beauty
• Balm, Lemon - Love, Success, Healing
• Bamboo - Protection, Luck, Hex-Breaking,
Wishes
• Banana - Fertility, Potency, Prosperity
• Barley - Love, Healing, Protection
• Basil - Love, Exorcism, Wealth, Flying,
Protection
• Bayberry – Good fortune, blessing, money
and prosperity
• Bay - Protection, Psychic Powers, Healing,
Purification, Strength, Good Fortune and
success.
• Bedstraw/Fragrant – Love
• Benzoin - Purification, Prosperity
• Bergamot, Orange – Money
• Birch - Protection, Exorcism, Purification
• Blackberry - Healing, Money, Protection
• Blueberry – Protection
• Boneset - Protection, Exorcism
• Borage - Courage, Psychic Powers
• Brazil Nut – Brings good luck in love affairs.
• Broom - Purification, Protection, Wind
Spells, Divination
• Cabbage – Luck
• Cactus - Protection, Chastity
• Camellia –Riches
• Camphor – Increases ones’
persuasiveness, personal influence. Adds
strength to any mixture it is a part of. Also
used for purification.
• Caper - Potency, Lust, Luck
• Caraway - Protection, Lust, Health, Anti-
Theft, Mental Powers
• Cardamom - Lust, Love
• Carnation - Protection, Strength, Healing
• Carob - Protection, Health
• Carrot - Fertility, Lust
• Cashew - Money
• Catnip - Cat Magic, Love, Beauty,
Happiness
• Cayenne – Cleansing and purification.
Repels negativity. Speeds up the effect of
any mixture its added to.
• Cedar - Healing, Purification, Money,
Protection, confidence, strength, power.
• Celery - Mental Powers, Lust, Psychic
Powers
• Chamomile - Money, Sleep, Love,
Purification
• Cherry - Love, Divination, Happiness and
gaiety.
• Chestnut – Love
• Chickweed - Fertility, Love
• Chicory - Removing Obstacles, Invisibility,
Favors, Frigidity
• Chilli pepper - Fidelity, Hex Breaking, Love
• Chives – Protection
• Chrysanthemum – Protection
• Cinnamon - Spirituality, Success, Healing,
Power, Protection, Love, Luck, Strength,
Prosperity
• Citronella – Promotes eloquence,
persuasiveness, prosperity. Draws friends
to the home, customers to the business.
• Clove - Protection, Exorcism, Love, Money
• Clover - Protection, Money, Love, fidelity,
Exorcism, Success
• Club Moss - Protection, Power
• Coconut - Purification, Protection, Chastity
• Coffee - Grounding and protection form
negativity. Peace of mind. Helps to dispel
negative thoughts, nightmares, overcome
internal blockages.
• Columbine - Courage, Love
• Comfrey - Safety During Travel, Money
• Coriander - Love, Health, Healing
• Corn - Protection, Luck, Divination
• Cucumber - Chastity, Healing, Fertility
• Cumin - Protection, Fidelity, Exorcism
• Curry – Protection
• Cyclamen - Fertility, Protection, Happiness,
Lust
• Cypress – Calm, tranquility, spiritual
opening. Associated with death and
mourning. - Stimulates healing and helps
overcome the pain of loss.
• Daffodil - Love, Fertility, Luck
• Daisy - Lust, Luck
• Dill - Protection, Money, Lust, Luck
• Eucalyptus – Spiritual cleansing,
purification, and healing. Helps to
overcome spiritual blockages.
• Fennel – Strength
• Fenugreek – Mental clarity, focus, dispels
negativity.
• Five finger grass (Cinquefoil) – Protection.
Also stimulates memory, eloquence, self-
confidence.
• Fern – Cleansing and purification, dispels
negativity
• Frangipani – Attracts love, trust and
admiration. Promotes openness in those
around one.
20
• Galangal – Success in court or legal
disputes.
• Gardenia – Promotes peace, repels strife,
protects from outside influences.
• Garlic – Cleansing, purification. Used to
dispel depression, negativity, obsessive
thoughts. Draws money, prosperity. Also
used as a strong protection.
• Geranium – Overcomes negative thoughts
and attitudes, lifts spirits. Promotes
protection, happiness
• Ginger - Draws adventure and new
experiences. Promotes sensuality,
sexuality, personal confidence and
prosperity. Adds to the strength of any
mixture of which it is part, and makes it
work more quickly.
• Ginseng - Asian variety of Mandrake.
Promotes vitality, strength, personal power.
Heightens sex drive and sexual
attractiveness
• Grapefruti – Cleansing and purification
• Hawthorn - Happiness, Repels-Depression,
Troubles, Sadness
• Heliotrope - Protection, prosperity,
cheerfulness and gaiety.
• Honeysuckle - Draws success, money.
Aids persuasiveness and confidence,
sharpens intuition.
• Hyacinth - Attracts love, luck, and good
fortune. promotes peace of mind and
peaceful sleep. Named for Hiakinthos,
Greek God of homosexual love. Hyssop -
Promotes spiritual opening. Also used for
cleansing and purification. Lightens
vibrations.
• Jasmine - Love, success, spiritual aid and
opening. Connected to the Moon and Lunar
magic.
• Juniper - Protection, purification, healing.
• Lavender - Peace and tranquility.
• Lemon - Cleansing, purification, removal of
blockages, spiritual opening.
• Lemon Grass - Psychic cleansing and
opening.
• Lilac - Promotes wisdom, memory, good
luck and Spiritual aid.
• Lily of the Valley - Soothing, calming, draws
peace and tranquility, repels negativity.
• Lime - Used for purification and protection.
Promotes calmness, tranquility. Also
strengthens love.
• Linden - Draws friendship and love. Also
promotes healing and rejuvenation.
• Lotus - Psychic opening and spiritual
growth.
• Mace - Promotes self-discipline, focus,
concentration. Good for meditation, study.
• Magnolia - Promotes psychic development.
Aids meditation and spiritual opening.
Promotes harmony, peace, tranquility.
• Mandrake - Increases vitality, strength,
personal power. Heightens sex drive and
sexual attractiveness.
• Marigold - Strengthens Heart, Attracts
Respect and Admiration
• Marjoram - Cleansing, purification, dispels
negativity.
• Mimosa - Aids psychic development,
clairvoyance. Draws prophetic dreams.
• Mint - Promotes energy, vitality,
communication. Draws customers to a
business
• Mistletoe - Promotes prosperity, draws
customers, money, business.
• Mugwort - Promotes psychic opening,
clairvoyance, prophetic dreams.
• Mustard seed - Courage, faith, endurance.
• Myrrh - Spiritual opening, meditation,
healing.
• Myrtle - Psychic opening, spiritual aid.
Enhances any mix it’s added to.
• Narcissus - Promotes harmony, tranquility,
peace of mind. Calms vibrations.
• Neroli - Joy, happiness, overcoming
emotional blockages.
• Nutmeg - Aids clarity, perception, ability to
see below surfaces. Promotes social
interaction, emotional openness, personal
confidence.
• Oak Moss - Draws money, prosperity, good
fortune.
• Onion or Onion Skins - Protection, stability
and endurance. Also prosperity.
• Orange or Orange Blossoms - Harmony,
peace, emotional openness, love. Attracts
prosperity and stability. Also used for
purification. Considered very Solar.
• Orchid - Concentration, focus, will power.
Also strengthens memory.
• Oregano - Joy, strength, vitality and added
energy.
21
• Orris - Promotes popularity,
persuasiveness, personal success. Aids
communications and helps to open dialogs.
Also used to draw love and romance.
• Parsley - Calms and protects the home.
Draws good luck, prosperity and financial
increase. Also gives added energy, vitality.
• Patchouli - Helps overcome the anger of
others, calms strife, draws peace and helps
settle arguments. Promotes prosperity,
confidence, personal strength. Enhances
sexuality and sensuality.
• Peach - Induces Love, Gains Wisdom,
Increases Fertility
• Pecan - Employment
• Pennyroyal - Draws the help of others,
promotes co-operation, financial assistance
from outside sources
• Peony - Particularly sacred in the Correllian
Tradition, Peony flowers and petals
promote good luck, good fortune, prosperity
and business success. The Peony seed
however, sometimes called a "Jumby
Bean", promotes dissension and strife
• Peppermint - Promotes strength, vitality,
movement and change. When added to a
mixture, it speeds up the effect of the other
ingredients. Also used for purification.
• Pettitgrain – Protection
• Pikaki - Draws comfort, prosperity, success
and well being.
• Pine - Cleansing, purifying, promotes clean
breaks and new beginnings. Repels
negativity. Also promotes prosperity,
growth, and increase.
• Plumeria - Promotes persuasiveness,
eloquence, success in dealing with people.
Attracts the notice of others.
• Poppy - Fertility, abundance, prosperity.
• Primrose - Promotes the disclosure of
secrets, resolution of mysteries, revelation
of truth. Breaks down dishonesty and
secrecy.
• Rose - Love, peace, harmony, and
tranquility. Associated from ancient times
with the Goddess, especially in Her form as
Isis.
• Rose Geranium - Blessing and protection.
Averts negativity, especially in the form of
gossip or false accusation.
• Rosemary - Used for cleansing,
purification, and as a strong protection.
Also promotes healing and strengthens
memory. Said to draw the aid of Spirits,
fairies, and elves.
• Rue - Protection. Repels negativity, calms
emotions. Grounding. Good for smudging,
psychic cleansing. Also draws prosperity by
removing blockages.
• Saffron - Promotes clairvoyance and
psychism. Also attracts prosperity and good
fortune through spiritual openness.
• Sage - Used for cleansing and purification,
and to promote wisdom and psychic
opening. Also promotes mental clarity
• Sandalwood - Blessing, healing, spirituality.
Promotes clairvoyance, psychic opening.
Also used for protection, banishing
negativity.
• Sassafras - Good for legal situations, self-
empowerment, success and overcoming
obstacles.
• St Johns Wort - Protection. Removes
negativity, dispels depression and anxiety
• Savoury - Sensuality, sexuality, passion.
Good for sexual magic
• Sesame - Opens doors, draws new
opportunities, new directions, hope. Dispels
depression and negativity.
• Skullcap - Relaxation, Peace, Protects
Female against Partner Adultery
• Spanish Moss - Protection, dispels
negativity, opens blockages
• Spearmint - Sharpness, Mental Awareness,
Power
• Spikenard - Blessing, psychic opening and
spiritual elevation.
• Strawberry – Attracts success, good
fortune, and favorable circumstances.
• Sweet Pea - Draws the loyalty and affection
of others, attracts friends and allies.
• Tangerine - Promotes strength, vitality,
energy.
• Thyme - Purification, healing, strength.
Attracts loyalty, affection, and the good
opinion of others.
• Tobacco - Used to promote peace,
confidence, personal strength. Also
promotes love and sensuality. Also used for
protection and freedom from outside
influences.
22
• Tonka Bean - Draws love, money,
promotes the accomplishment of goals.
• Tuberose - Serenity, peace, tranquility.
Calms the nerves and promotes romance
and sensual love.
• Vanilla Bean - Restore Lost Energy,
Improve Mind
• Verbena (Verveine/Vervain) - Protection,
repels negativity. Promotes peace and
tranquility.
• Vetivert - Protection, overcoming obstacles,
repels negativity. Also draws money,
prosperity.
• Violet - Promotes peace, tranquility,
happiness. Calms the nerves, draws
prophetic dreams and visions. Stimulates
creativity.
• Willow - Used for drawing or strengthening
love, healing, overcoming sadness. Lunar
magic.
• Wintergreen - Repels disharmony,
negativity, and disease. Promotes good
health, tranquility, and peace in the home.
DO NOT USE INTERNALLY.
• Wisteria - Raises vibration. Promotes
psychic opening, overcoming obstacles,
draws prosperity.
• Wood Aloe (Lignaloes or Lignam Aloes) -
Protection, success and prosperity. Often
used in consecration.
• Wormwood - Overcomes negativity, breaks
through obstacles. Especially useful for
dealing with spirits or the Ancestors.
• Yarrow - Promotes courage, confidence,
and psychic opening. Draws love.
• Ylang Ylang - Increases sexual attraction,
persuasiveness
PIONEERS IN HERBS:
Paracelus (1493 – 1541)
The prime mover of a new direction in medicine
was named at birth Theophrastus Bombastus von
Hohenheim, bnut later took the name Philippus
Aureolus Paracelsus. The Swiss physician, who
was also a chemist, realised that the medicinal
virtues of plants came from their chemical
properties. He carried out pioneering work in the
extraction of plant essences and use of tinctures, a
revolutionary advance in pharmacology, which
durung Paracelsus' time settled for less
meticulous ways of producing drugs. Paracelsus
was educated in botany, mineralogy, natural
philosophy and the occult, and he travelled widely,
ministering to the poor wherever he went. He was
fired from his position at the University of Basel for
disrespect for the establishment. His published
research in pharmacology and his unfinished
herbal, On the Virtues of Plants, Roots and Seeds,
reveal his extensive work with botanical medicine
both in the laboratory and in his practice. The
doctrine of signatures in plants - that in the
appearance of plants can be found a divine sign of
their curative powers - appears often in his works
and in the writings of his influential followers. The
doctrine left and enduring imprint on herbal
medicine.
Pietro Mattioli: (1501 - 1577)
A typical Renaissance man, Pietro Mattioli, the
Italian physician-naturalist, wrote several works in
poetry and prose on a wide range of subject,
including botany and phamacology. After studying
as a youth in Padua and Rome, he began a lifetime
career as a physician, first to the cardinal of Trent
and then, later in his life, to the court of the Holy
Roman Emperor in Prague. All during these years,
he devoted a great deal of time to the study of
plants and their 'materia medica', or medicinal
substances. The publication that made Mattioli
famous was his Italian edition of Dioscorides' De
Materia Medica. Its purpose was to give Italian
physicians and pharmacists systematically
organised information that would enable them to
identify all the medicinal plants discussed in the
Greek physician's herbal, then a highly trusted
source. The book was a best-seller from its first
printing, in 1544. A decade later, Mattioli issued an
expanded edition in Latin. It included the plant
names and their synonyms in a number of
languages, ab expanded commentary and detailed
illustrations. Conceived as a practical reference
tool, the book was so successful that it went into an
uninterrupted series of reprints over the next 200
years. Mattioli continues to publish books on related
subjects, including one on identifying and collecting
medicinal plants.
23
SPELLWORK:
Imbolc Ritual
Tools Needed:
A white and/or yellow cloth for your altar
3 candles: 1 yellow, 1 white and 1 orange
Vanilla Incense
A bowl of fresh milk on the altar as a gift to Brighid,
and a bowl of salt
Flowers/herbs sacred to Brighid and associated
with Imbolc.
If you’re outdoors, light a little fire, if you’re indoors,
turn the porch or balcony lights on and keep them
on all night long.
Cleanse your ritual space, to prepare it for ritual.
Enter the space you plan to cleanse and set your
intent with words like these:
“Behold I do cleanse and purify this space, so that
nothing which is negative or harmful may remain
here! I cast out all negativity, returning it to Mother
Earth, so that she may reuse and recycle it to better
purposes.
Cast the Magic Circle as follows: spread the
flowers/herbs in a deosil direction, saying:
“Behold I do cut apart a space between the realms
of human kind and of the Mighty Ones, - a Circle of
Airt, to focus and contain the power raised herein.
Now say something like the following:
“Behold I do consecrate this circle to the Ancient
Ones. Here may they manifest and bless their
child.”
Light the white candle on the altar, saying:
"This is the time to honor Mother Earth, as she
wakes from her winter recovery of giving birth to the
Sun-Child at Yule. I celebrate the return of the
Maiden, and Her promise of upcoming spring. May
the Ancient Ones help and protect me on my
magical journey."
Blessing on articles of Water (the milk), of Earth
(the salt), of Fire (the candles) and of Air (the
incense):
“Great Mother Goddess, bless this creature of
Water/Earth to your service.”
“Great Father God, bless this creature of Fire/Air to
your service.”
In doing so, light the remaining candles and the
incense.
Call the Quarters (appropriate element facing
correct direction), saying:
"Powers of Earth/Air/Fire/Water, the Maiden
awakens!
Come witness this rite and guard this circle."
"Be with me now, oh Ancients, eternal. Hear now
my prayers, hopes and dreams. The Goddess has
wakened, once more as the Maiden, by loving
caresses from the strengthened Sun King."
Now is the time for some more meditation and
spells. Spells associated with Imbolc include those
for fertility, defining and focusing on goals for the
future, blessing, purification, health, and protection.
Because of Brighid’s connection with milk, you’re
supposed to celebrate with a cream-based food,
like honey milk biscuits or scalloped potatoes.
When you’re done, release the Elements: “Depart
in peace, O powers of (element), my thanks and
blessing.”
Cut the circle by removing the flowers/plant in a
counterclockwise motion. Extinguish the incense
and all candles except the white one. Step back
from the altar and face it, saying:
"I honor Thee, Maiden, most blessed Bride
As your candle burns through this night
And thank you for the renewed life you offer us all
As you emerge from the dark to the light."
Clean up, but let the candle burn out by itself.
You are done. Happy Imbolc!
24
Herbs associated with Imbolc are:
• Angelica- The leaves of Angelica are used
to purify an area. Add them to incense to
promote healing
• Basil- Basil is said to attract money and
good luck to a household.
• Bay Laurel- Bay Laurel brings purification
when burned.
• Blackberry- Blackberry is a Herb sacred to
Brighid, and the leaves and berries are said
to attract wealth or healing.
• Celandine- Celandine is said to bring joy
and cure depression, and will act as a
protective ward if worn.
• Coltsfoot- Another Goddess Herb sacred to
Brighid, Coltsfoot is used to bring peace
and love.
• Heather- White heather is an herb of
protection to those who wear it. It is also
used to conjure rain by dipping it in water
and sprinkling it around in a circle.
• Iris- The fresh Iris flower is used to purify
an area, and also attract the qualities of
wisdom, courage, and faith.
• Myrrh- The resin of Myrrh is burned as a
potent incense to bring peace, healing,
consecration, and blessing. It also aids in
meditation.
• Tansy- An herb of longevity and
immortality.
• Violet- Violet crowns are said to cure
headache and bring sleep. The Violet leaf
is a protection from all evil.
LESSON VI – NATURAL HEALING METHODS
Most Natural Therapies are innocently unexplored
and as their numbers are vast so too, can their
uses be just as numerous, and in quite a number of
different ways. Depending upon the application and
the problem, depending upon the individual who is
applying the healing or even by whom is receiving
the treatment, all of which depends upon what
application is the best method of healing. In this
lesson discover a little bit more about the different
applications of various natural healing.
Accupressure: Developed from the same
philosophy and understanding about health and
disease as that for Accupuncture but finger
pressure on the points is used instead of needles.
Accupuncture: A method of treatment developed in
ancient China to promote health through balancing
energies by means of needles inserted into
particular points on the skin which relate to the
channels for energy flow known as meridians..
Alexander Technique: A technique developed by
F.M Alexander to re-educate people into more
natural and healthful methods of posture with
primary importance being attached to the head-
neck-back relationships.
Aromatherapy: The use of essential oils and flower
essences which are massaged into the skin for a
healing and stimulating effect on the tissues and
organs.
Atmic/Atma: Atma is the innermost spiritual
essence of man/woman which resides on the atmic
plane of the universe as expressed by the Trans-
Himalayan teaching about the constitution of man
and the universe.
Bach Flowers: A system of therapy developed by
Dr Edward Bach involving thirty-eight European
flower essences which are given orally for various
emotional imbalances.
Buddhi/Buddhic Plane: The principle of
love/wisdom or pure reason in man/woman and the
associated plane of the universe as depicted by the
Trans-Himalayan teachings.
25
Chakras: The term which is commonly applied in
esoteric teaching to the vortices of energy
associated with the energy body which under-lies
the physical body and which transmit energies from
one part of this subtle body to another.
Chi: A Chinese term for the life-force underlying the
physical existence and function of organs and
tissues. This life-force is regulated to promote
health by means of accupuncture and related
therapies.
De-amouring: A term coined by William Reich to
explain the release during therapy from tension and
rigidity in muscles associated with emotional
repression and suppression.
Etheric body/plane: The common term used for the
subtle energy vehicle and state which under-lies the
physical body and the physical universe and which
is understood to condition health and disease in all
kingdoms in nature.
Herbal Medicine: The use of herbs as teas,
tinctures, fluid extracts, poultices, sitz baths or
tablets to promote and restore health in animals
and mankind.
Homoeopathy: The use of animal, vegetable or
mineral matter in minute doses to stimulate
the immune system and the healthy function of
organs and tissues through the selection of a
remedy which matches closely to disease process
to be treated.
Homoeostatis: The self-regulating and balancing
systems within the living organism which tend to
promote a healthy equilibrium in the body.
Kinesiology: Applied kinesiology uses the
application of muscle testing to diagnose
physiological conditions and anatomical problems
of the human body.
Kirlian Photography: High frequency photography
pioneered by Semyon Kirlian and which has been
used to diagnose illnesses and to monitor energy
states in the body through assessment of the
variations in the coronal discharged photographed
around living matter.
Manas/mental plane: The principle of mind and the
thinker residing on that level of the universe which
is named the mental plane or noosphere.
Orgonomy: The name for the science and
therapeutic modality based upon the discovery of
orgone or life energy by Wilhelm Reich. The
therapy aims at establishing orgastic potency
through the release of rigid and tense muscles. See
also De-amouring.
Primal Streaming: A system of therapy developed
by Dr Ivan Janov to release deep-seated emotional
tensions which interfere with the growth and
development.
Prana: The Hindu term for the life-energy originally
derived from the sun which according to its state in
the body is responsible for health or disease. See
also Chi.
Quan Yin Method: In China, this method of
meditation is regarded to teachthe highest method
of awakening of our inherent wisdom and
realisation of complete Truth. Doscovered by the
Suma Ching Hai, it is to help truth seekers who aer
longing for eternal liberation in one lifetime and
others to find answers to their various questions
about life, birth and death as well as about spiritual
cultivation and the Truth.
Theratest: A form of German electro-accupuncture
involving electrical measurement at an
accupuncture point as a means of translating and
evaluating energy flowing in the accupuncture
meridians.
Touch-for Health: A therapy for balancing energies
in the body using the Chinese meridian system by
means of linking the therapist with the patient
through touch.
Vivaxis: A method pioneered by Frances Nixon to
evaluate body and life energies and to rebalance
and restore these energies using specific energy
bands which flow through the surface of the earth.
PIONEER IN HERBS:
This lessons first pioneer is the famous Nicholas
Culpeper – well known to Herbalists, and
Naturopaths everywhere.
Nicholas Culpeper: (1616 - 1654)
When in 1649 the English physician and botanist
Nicholas Culpeper published A Physical Directory
(renamed in 1654 The London Dispensatory),
26
the medical establishment, in the royalist periodical
Mercurius Pragmaticus, wrote of his work: "He is
arrived at the battlement of an absolute atheist and
by two years' drunken labour hath gallimaufred the
apothecaries' book into nonsense, mixing every
receipt (recipe) therein with rebellion or atheism,
besides the danger of poisoning men's bodies."
Culpeper's great mistake was to have translated
the Latin Pharmacopoeia into everyday language,
thus threatening the near monopoly on medical
knowledge that the College of Physicians enjoyed.
A clergyman's son, Culpeper attended Cambridge
Univeristy and was well versed in Latin and Greek,
and both classical and contemporary medical
authors. About 1640 he set up as an apothecary-
astrologer-healer in Spitalfields, near London. He
fouhgt against the royalists in the English Civil War,
suffering a chest wound that may have hastened
his early death from consumption. Besides A
Physical Directory, Culpeper published The English
Physician Enlarged, in 1653, which contained some
370 medicines made of English plants. He wrote
numerous other works, all of which were well
received by the general public but angered the
medical establishment.
The second is:
Carolus Linnaues (1707 – 1778)
No less an ambition than to name and to categorise
everything in the 'three kingdoms' of nature - plants,
animals and minerals - inspired young Carolus
Linnaeus (or Carl von Linne), son of a Lutheran
clergymen. Aiming so high, this great Swedish
scientist fell short, but he put his stamp on all future
study of botany. Linnaeus' pre-eminence in the
intellectually rigorous field of botanical taxonomy
(plant classification) has tended to obscure
countryside on collecting expeditions - such as the
one Lapland in 1732, from which he produced Flora
Laponica in 1737. Nor is it generally remembered
the Linnaeus received his doctorate in medicine in
Holland and was an assistant to the botany
instructor at the University of Uppsala (Sweden),
where he lectured on various subjects, such as how
to cope with the pressures of modern life and the
basic rules of hygiene. He also practised medicine
in Stockholm.
Even though Linnaeus' criteria for classifying plants
have undergone revision, binomial nomenclature,
the system of two-part names - genus and species -
he devised, has continued to serve science well.
His preoccupation with taxonomy, however,
probably set back other aspects of botanical study,
such as plant physiology. Linneaus' fame was
assured as much by his students, who travelled the
world collecting plants on his behalf, as by his
written works such as Systema Naturae (1735), and
Philosophia Botanica (1751). His tomb carries the
epitaph "The Prince of Botanists".
Statement of intent
“Dark is the night as I reach this turning point
Here is a time of death, yet a time of rebirth.
“Endings and beginnings
Ebbings and flowings”
A journey done and a journey yet to start.
As the wheel turns, I see birth, death and rebirth
and I know that every end is a beginning.

SPELLWORK: Meditation

SOLITARY NEW MOON RITUAL Remember a time in your life when you were
miserable, depressed and felt like you
Special tools: couldn't go on.
• cedar or sage smudging wand Let the painful memories overtake you, feeling
• white candle yourself weaken and become frightened. Put
yourself back in that pain-filled time in your life.
Cast the circle As you meditate on that time, sink down the floor
and curl up in an embryonic position.
Use the smudging wand to purify the space as you You are completely obsessed by pain and
move around the circle. depression. The shadows around you lengthen and
darkness spreads.
Invocation to the Goddess Then! Arise!

(ring bell with arms in Goddess position, arms in a Light your white candle and hold it high overhead.
V above your head) Say:

“Great Hecate “In darkness, there is light!

Queen of the Underworld I feel energy and life returning to me!
Protectress of all Wicca I feel my heartbeat strong
It is my will on this night of the new moon I feel the power of the universe and the power of
to overcome my shadows the Goddess and God within me.”
and bring about change
I invite you to my circle to assist and protect me in Pass the candle over your body, tuning in
my rite.” completely with the light, feeling its power
heal and protect you.
Invocation to the God Allow its rays to completely penetrate your being,
healing and cleansing you.
(hold athame with your hands in the God position,
crossed over your chest) As you are doing this, chant

“Great Anubis, “Let the light cast out all darkness”

God of Protection
It is my will on this night of the new moon Cakes and wine
to overcome my shadows
to bring about change Thank the God and Goddess for their presence
I invite you to my circle
to assist me and protect me in my rite.” Close the circle

Clear and release as always.

27
LESSON VII – TOXIC HERBS Part I
In this, the first of the two part lessons, you will find
the plants and herbs that ARE TOXIC to human.
Please DO NOT in any way or for any reason
consume these plants.
These dangerously poisonous plants listed below
all contain toxic chemicals that can cause serious
illness or even death. I was in two minds as to
whether to add these pages, as I did not want to
advertise their properties, but I decided to go ahead
anyway. I wanted to make you all aware the ill
effects of these plants and herbs, and show the
symptoms of their poisonings, just in case, that one
day it could help you save a life.
If you are not sure of the plants properties, it is wise
best to leave well enough alone. Please use the old
phrase, "Better safe than sorry", when you are in
doubt.
Alkanet - Anchusa officinalis L.
(also known as Bugloss)
There is evidence that alkanet may cause cancer if
taken internally over a long periods of time.
Angelica - Angleica archangelica L
(also known as Root of the Holy Ghost, Garden
Angelica)
Positive identification is essential when collecting
the wild species because it resembles some
poisonous members of the carrot family, most
notably poison hemlock.
Apple of Sodom - Solanum linnaeanum
(also known as Devil's apple, poison apple)
All parts of this plant are poisonous, but the yellow
fruits are extremely poisonous
Arnica - Arnica montana
(also known as leopard's bane, mountain tobacco)
All parts of this fresh plant are poisonous. Do not
use internally as there is evidence that arnica
preparations affect the heart. When ingested this
can cause painful irritations of the stomach,
intestines and is also very toxic to the heart and can
also dangerously increase blood pressure. But the
manufactured products are usually quite safe for
external use.
28
Belladonna - Atropa belladonna
(also known as Deadly Nightshade, Dwale, Fair
Lady)
The chemical substance atropine in this herb
dilates the pupils. Scopolamine or hyoscine, and
hyoscyamine are very dangerous. The leaves and
root are the most poisonous. This plant is extremely
toxic; even in small doses of it can cause coma and
death. Because of the ripe berries are not only
sweet-tasting but poisonous, children should be
expressly warned not to touch them.
Bird's Foot Trefoil - Lotus corniculatus
Leaves and flowers contain cyanide, which may
cause paralysis, convulsions, coma and death.
Bittersweet Nightshade - Solanum dulcamara
(also known as Felonwort, Woody Nightshade)
The whole plant is poisonous and can only be
prescribed by practicing physicians.
Black Locust - Robinia pseudoacacia
(also known as False Acacia, Locust Tree, White
Acacia)
The smooth dark brown pods which are about 8-10
cms long contains poisonous seeds that can cause
vomiting, nausea and dizziness and may
dangerously slow the heart beat.
Black Mustard - Brassica nigra
A powerful irritant, mustard oil should be used
sparingly, in diluted form, and only externally, for
short exposure periods.
Blackberry Nightshade - Solanum nigrum L.
The leaves and green fruits are highly poisonous.
Burrawang - Macrozamia communis L.
(also known as wild pineapples)
The fruits, seeds and leaves of this plant are all
poisonous. Australian farmers have eradicated the
palm-like tree in many regions as the poisons if
ingested by livestock, cause the debilitatin disease
known as "staggers".
Caraway (also known as Caraway seed) - Carum
carvi L.
Positive identification is essential in order not to
confuse the plant with such poisonous members of
the carrot family as poison hemlock.
Carolina Jasmine - Gelsemium sempervirens
(also known as Evening Trumpet Flower,
Woodbine, Yellow Jessamine)
All parts of Carolina jasmine contain toxic alkaloids
that can cause paralysis and death and none must
be taken internally.
Castor Oil Plant - Ricinus communis
(also known as Castor Oil Bean)
The tiny pale flowers are followed by spiny three-
lobed capsules which split when ripe to eject the
shiny mottled seeds. The seeds contain extremely
toxic ricin and should not be swallowed.
Caustic Bush - Sarcostemma australe R. Br.
(also known as Caustic Vine, Milk Bush, Milk Vine,
Snake Plant)
All parts are poisonous if applied to eyes, sensitive
skin or taken internally.
Celandine - Chelidonium majus L.
(also known as Swallow Wort, Tetterwort)
The juice can cause severe irritation of the mucous
membranes and is also a central nervous system
depressant. Skin irritation results from handling
crushed parts of the plant.
Chinese Lantern - Physalis alkekangi L.
(also known as Bladder Cherry, Strawberry
Tomato, Winter Cherry, Ground Cherry)
When mature the lantern contains a red fruit
resembling a cherry. Unripe fruit may be toxic and
the ripe fruits eaten in large quantities can cause
diarrhoea.
Coltsfoot - Tussilago farfara L.
(also known as Coughwort, Son-before-the father)
Laboratory tests on rodents indicate that coltsfoot
may cause cancer if taken in large doses or
repeated small doses. Do not use this herb
internally.
Comfrey - Symphytum officinale
(also known as Ass-ear, Blackwort, Bruisewort,
Healing herb, Knitback, Knitbone)
There is evidence that comfrey may cause cancer if
taken internally over a long period of time.
Common Box - Buxus sempervirens L.
(also known as Boxtree, Boxwood)
The leaves contain poisonous substances and have
caused animal deaths.
29
Common Fumitory - Fumaria officinalis L.
(also known as Earth-smoke, Hedge fumitory, Wax
Dolls)
Large doses cause stomach aches and diarrhoea.
Common Groundsel - Senecio vulgaris L
(also known as Common ragwort, Ground glutton,
Grundy swallow)
There is evidence that groundsel may cause liver
cancer if taken internally over a long period of time.
Common Oleander - Nerium oleander L
All parts are highly poisonous and many deaths
have been caused by the ingestion of leaves,
flowers, bark and roots. People have fallen
unconscious after inhaling smoke from the burning
timber, and poisonings are even said to have
occurred as a result of food being stirred with the
twigs. All part of the plant ooze thick milky sap
when cut, and this liquid burns the eyes and mouth.
The leaves are eaten by caterpillars of the common
crow butterfly, which then become poisonous to
birds.
Common Thornapple - Datura stramonium
(also known as Datura, False Castor Oil,
Stramonium)
The whole plant is poisonous. Symptoms include
dry mouth, dilated pupils, reddening of the face and
neck, abnormally rapid heartbeat and delirium.
Thornapple may be fatal in large doses.
Crab's Eye - Abrus precatorius
(also known as Jequirity Bean)
Small mauve pea-sloers appeart on short spikes
followed by pods 4-5 cms and each containing
several smooth ovoid seeds, scarlet with a black
patch at one end. Seeds are extremely poisonous
and must not be taken internally.
Daffodil - Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.
(also known as Lent Lily)
Daffodil bulbs, sometimes mistaken for onions, are
toxic and may cause death. Symtoms include
salivation, vomiting and contraction of the pupils.
Dill - Anethum graveolens L.
(also known as Dillseed, Dillweed)
Positive identification is essential in order not to
confuse the plant with such poisonous members of
the carrot family as poison hemlock.
Elderberry - Sambucus nigra
(also known as Bourtree, Pipe Tree, European
Elder)
The leaves, bark and roots of some elders,
including American elder, contain poisonous
alkaloids and should not be used internally.
English Broom - Cytisuus scoparius L.
(also known as Broom Tops, Scotch Broom)
Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia lists
English Broom as unsafe.
English Ivy - Hedera helix L.
(also known as True Ivy)
The berries and large quantities of the whole plant
may cause poisoning.
English Yew - Taxus baccata L.
All parts of ALL yews are poisonous. The leaves
and seeds contain taxine, a heart-stopping alkaloid
that has killed many children..
Ergot - Kavuceos purpurea
(also known as Ergot of Rye)
Do not take internally. An overdose can be fatal;
smaller doses produce abortions, convulsions and
gangrene.
European Mountain Ash - Sorbus aucuparia L.
(also known as Quickbeam, Rowan Tree)
The fruits are reported to contain a compound,
parasorbic acid, which causes cancer. There is
some evidence that they may be toxic to children.
Figwort - Scrophularia nodosa L.
(also known as Rose-noble, Scrofula plant,
Squarestalk, Stinking Christopher, Throatwort)
All part of the herb Figwort are not considered safe
for internal use except under close medical
supervision.
Flax - Linum usitatissimum L.
(also known as Linseed, Lint Bells)
Immature seed pods can cause poisoning.
Forget-me-not - Myosotis scorpioides L.
(also known as Scorpion Grass)
There is evidence that forget-me-not may cause
liver cancer if taken over a long period of time.
Foxglove - Digitalis purpurea
(also known as Deadmen's Bells, Witch's Bells)
Extremely poisonous. A leaf chewed and swallowed
may cause paralysis and sudden heart failure.
30
Giant Stinging Tree - Dendrocnide excelsa
Hairs on the leaves, stems and fruits sting very
painfully. This plant delivers excruciating pain when
its stems or leaves - even foliage - are touched.
Gromwell - Lithospermum officinale L.
(also known as Pearl Plant, Stoneseed)
All parts of the plant Gromwell is highly toxic and
should not be taken without medical supervision.
Guelder Rose - Viburnum opulus L.
(also known as Cranberry bush, Cranberry Tree,
Cramp Bark, Whitten Tree, Snowball Tree)
The uncooked berries are poisonous, causing
severe gastrointestinal disturbances.
Gutta Percha Tree - Excoecaria parvifolia
(also known as Mangrove, Manyingila)
Gutta percha should not be taken internally. The
milky sap is extremely poisonous and should be
kept away from the eyes. Mouth and sensitive skin.
PIONEER IN HERBS:
SAMUEL HANNEMANN: 1755 – 1843 A.D
The founder of Homoeopathy, Samuel Christian
Hahnemann, was born in Germany in 1755.
Although despite an impoverished background, he
acquired a good education and studied chemistry
and medicine at the universities in Leipzig,
Erlangen and Vienna. He qualified as a doctor in
1770.
In 1790, while translating A Treatise on Materia
Medica by Dr William Cullen, Hahnemann came
across a passage about Peruvian bark, or
cinchona, which was to change his life as well as
the lives of many other people throughout the
world. In this book, Cullen stated that quinine,
which is a substance purified from the bark of the
cinchona tree, was a good treatment for Malaria
because of its astringent qualities. So he decided to
investigate further. For several days he dosed
himself with quinine and recorded his reactions in
great detail. To his astonishment he began to
develop the symptoms of Malaria one after another,
despite the fact that he did not actually have the
disease. The symptoms recurred every time he
took a dose of quinine and lasted for several hours.
If he did not take any quinine, he had no symptoms.
He then proceeded to test out his theory on people
that he knew very well, again noting the reactions in
great detail. These provings
were carried out under strict conditions and the
provers were not allowed to eat or drink anything
that might confuse the results.
Hahnemann found that the provers' responses
varied, some showed a few mild symptoms in
response to a substance, while others experienced
vigorous reactions with a variety of symptoms. The
symptoms that were most commonly found for each
substance he called first line, or keynote,
symptoms. Second line symptoms were less
common and third line symptoms were rare or
idiosyncratic. The combination of symptoms made
up a "drug picture" for each substance being tested.
Hahnemann continued to carry out his experiments
and provings, testing a wide range of natural
sources. He had rediscovered the principle of "like
can cure like" and his work would bring about the
establishment of a new system of medicine.
What this meant, in practice, was that an
infinitesimal dose of a drug that was capable of
producing in a healthy person a response similar to
a disease's primary symptom, could also produce a
reaction that would overcome the disease in a sick
person's body. This and related tenets were set
forth in Hahnemann's Organum of Medicine,
published in 1810, and form the conceptual basis of
homoeopathy. An empirical basis was provided by
Hahnemann's monumental Materia Medica Pura,
comprising detailed summaries of 'provings' (proofs
of effectiveness) for many, mainly plant,
substances.
Hahnemann's homoeopathic ideas were not well
received by the medical establishment. After the
apothecaries refused to dispense the miniscule
amounts of drugs prescribed by Hahnemann, he
gave his medicines illegally and was consequently
prosecuted. He rejected the medical practices and
pharmaceutical industry of his day. His application
of plant tinctures and his counsels of moderation in
diet and the ingestion of coffee, tea, alcohol and
tobacco are to be commended and pressage views
that are heard now in the twenty-first century.
31
SPELLWORK:
TAPU’S HEALING SPELL
Clear and release all excess energy. Take three
deep breaths and making sure you are completely
relaxed on the third.
Around the patient or person who needs the
healing, burn a mixture of purification and healing
incense.
Personally, I use my own mixture of benzoin, pine
and carob.
Now say the following –
“ Since you are the Goddess of all Goodness
Since you are the Goddess of the Universe
I pray that you life each wasting,
Each weariness and weakness,
Each seizure and illness,
Each soreness and discomfort,
Each malady and sickness,
That afflicts ________________ (name of patient
here).
May it go with the beasts of the heights
May it go with the wild ones of the wilderness
May it go with the winged ones of the summits
May it go with the whales of the seas
May it go with the streams of the glens
May it go with the crests of the bens
May it go with the birds of the air.”
Continue saying -
“May the Goddess of Guidance
Scatter this day/night (whichever it is at the time)
Every ill and affliction
That abides in your flesh.”
Now give the patient a drink from a blessed chalice.
(this can be juice, wine, or healing tonic)
Clear and release as always.
LESSON VIII – TOXIC HERBS Part II
This second part of the lesson of toxic herbs,
carries on from the previous, I cannot stress
enough, that you should know which plants and
herbs that ARE TOXIC to humans. Please DO NOT
in any way or for any reason consume these plants.
These dangerously poisonous plants listed below
all contain toxic chemicals that can cause serious
illness or even death. I was in two minds as to
whether to add these pages, as I did not want to
advertise their properties, but I decided to go ahead
anyway. I wanted to make you all aware the ill
effects of these plants and herbs, and show the
symptoms of their poisonings, just in case, that one
day it could help you save a life.
If you are not sure of the plants properties, it is wise
best to leave well enough alone. Please use the old
phrase, "Better safe than sorry", when you are in
doubt.
Hemlock - Conium maculatum L.
All parts are poisonous, especially the seeds and
roots. The leaves emit a sour mousy odour when
crushed, the stems are noticable by their purple
spots or blotches. Many people have been fatally
poisoned by this plant.
Henbane - Hyoscyamus niger
(also known as Black Henbane, Devil's Eye, Hog
Bean, Jupiter's Bean, Poison Tobacco, Stinking
Nightshade)
The use of henbane is restricted by law in Australia.
It is an extremely dangerous poison; it can cause
dizziness, stupor, blurred vision, delirium,
convulsions and, in large amounts, even death.
Herb Mercury - Mercurialis annua L.
(also known as Annual Mercury, Boys-and-Girls,
Mercury)
Herb Mercury is a strong lacative and may cause
severe gastroenteritis.
Horse Chestnut - Aisculus hippocastanum
(also known as Buckeye)
The prickly green seed pods mature in autumn
when they split open to release one to three seeds
or nuts. There are reports that children have died
from eating the nuts.
32
Juniper - Juniperus communis L.
(also known as Dwarf juniper, Ground juniper)
The berries (and products from) should be avoided
by pregnant women and persons with kidney
disease.
Kawakawa - Macropiper excelsum
(also known as New Zealand Pepper Tree)
The constituent myristicin found in the leaves can
be dangerous if taken in large quantities.
Kowhai - Sophora tetraptera
(also known as New Zealand Laburnum)
The bright yellow flowers appear in drooping
clusters. The fruits are long, brown pods with the
appearance of a string of beads. All parts of Kowhai
are poisonous; the seeds especially should not be
consumed.
Larkspur - Delphinium ajacis L.
(also known as Rocket Larkspur)
In Europe and the United States, Larkspurs
frequently cause the death of livestock that
accidentally eat them while grazing. They contain
poisonous compounds related to those of aconite.
Lavender - Lavendula officinalis
Lavender oil is an irritant and should therefore not
be taken internally.
Lily of the Valley - Convallaria majalis
(also known as Ladder-to-Heaven, Lily convalle,
May lily, Our-Lady's Tears)
The National Health and Medical Council of
Australia and the National Poison Centre in New
Zealand list this plant as toxic.
Lovage - Levisticum officinale
(also known as Sea Parsley)
Do not confuse lovage with such poisonous
members of the carrot family as water hemlock,
poison hemlock and fool's parsley.
Marijuana - Cannabis sativa L.
(also known as Bhang, Ganja, Grass, Hashish,
Hemp, Mary Jane, Pot, Reefer)
Do not use except under a doctor's supervision.
Smoking or eating marijuana may have physically
and psychologically injurious effects.
Marsh Marigold - Caltha palustris
(also know as American Cowslip, Kingcup, May
Blob)
Do not eat the raw leaves; they can cause violent
gastritis and are toxic to the heart. External
application of the leaves can cause blistering.
Melilot - Melilotus officinalis
(also known as King's-Clover, Sweet Clover, Sweet
Lucerne, Yellow Melilot, Yellow Sweet Clover)
Rotted Melilot is and anticoagulant that causes
heamorrhaging in animals. Melilot that has not
rotted is quite safe.
Mexican Tea - Chenopodium ambrosioides
(also known as Antweed, Jesuit Tea, Stinking
weed, Wormseed)
All parts of the plant may be fatal. Symptoms
include nausea, dizziness, convulsions and
paralysis
Milky Pine - Alstonia scholaris
(also known as Bitter bark, Devil's tree, Dita Bark,
White Cheesewood, White pine, Whitewood)
The sap from the bark or leaves amy have toxic
effects; it should be used with great caution.
Monkshood - Aconitum napellus L
(also known as aconite and wolfsbane)
All parts are poisonous. The roots yield the highly
toxic alkaloid aconitine. People have died a very
quick death after using this herb and cattle and
horses have succumbed after browsing the leaves
and flowers.
Northern Pandanus - Pandanus spiralis
(also known as Breadfruit, Pandanus Palm, Screw
Palm, Screw Pine)
The wedge-shaped, orange-red fruits are borne in
large clusters. The raw fruit of the pandanus burns
the mouth and throat when chewed.
Onion - Allium cepa L.
The onion can cause severe anaemia if eaten in
excessively large quantities.
Opium Poppy - Papaver somniferum
Opium is physically and psychologically addictive. It
is a prohibited plant in Australia and New Zealand.
Parsley - Petroselinum crispum
Parsley should not be used in large quantities
during pregnancy as the apiole in one of the plant's
essential oils has oestrogenic effects.
33
Pennyroyal - Mentha pulegium
Large doses taken internally produce convulsions
and coma, and may cause severe liver damage.
Petty Spurge - Euphorbia peplus L.
(also known as Cancer Weed, Milkweed, Radium
Plant, Wart-weed)
The milky sap is toxic, particularly when in contact
with the eyes, causing inflammation and temporary
blindness. It should never be taken internally.
Pigweed - Portulaca oleracea L.
(also known as Munyeroo, Portulaca, Purslane)
Pigweed may cause oxalate and nitrate poisoning if
taken in sufficiently large quantities.
Pink Periwinkle - Catharanthus roseus
(also known as Madagascar Periwinkle)
Pink Periwinkle should not be used as a home
remedy; it contains powerful anticancer alkaloids
which may produce serious side effects.
Pituri - Duboisia hopwoodii
Concentrated dosages of pituri may have serious
narcotic effects.
Prickly Poppy - Argemone mexicana
(also known as Devil's Fig, Mexican Poppy, Thorn
Poppy, Yellow Thistle)
The spiny toothed leaves are stalk-less and often
blotched with white. Yellow or orange flowers are
followed by prickly seed pods. Prickly poppy and its
seeds are most poisonous if taken internally and
may cause oedema and glaucoma.
Privet - Ligustrum vulgare L
(also known as Common Privet, Prim)
It has numerous white flowers followed by black
berries. Do not take internally. The fruits and leaves
can cause gastrointestinal irritation and liver
damage, and may lower blood pressure.
Queen Anne's Lace - Daucus carots L.
(also known as Bee's nest, Bird's nest, Devil's
Plague, Wild Carrot)
Do not confuse Queen Anne's Lace with bishop-
weed (Ammi majus) or poison hemlock (Conium
macaulatum). Daucus carota has a central red or
purple flower.
Queensland Black Bean - Castanospermum
australe
(also known as Moreton Bay Chestnut)
Scarlet and yellow pea-like flowers appear in
clusters along the branches followed by large green
bean like pods, each containing three to six
massive seed. The seeds can cause severe
diarrhoea and vomiting if eaten without preparation
to remover the poisonous saponins and alkaloids.
Redhead Cotton Bush - Asclepias curassavica
(also known as Blood Flower)
This plant should not be taken internally as it
contains poisonous glycosides.
Rosemary - Rosmarinus officinalis L.
(also known as Old Man)
The undiluted oil of rosemary shoudl never be
taken internally.
Rue - Ruta graveolens L.
(also known as common Rue, Garden Rue,
German Rue, Herb-of-Grace)
Rue may cause mild poisoning; even handling the
fresh leaves may cause the skin to blister. Pregnant
women especially should not take rue internally.
Scarlet Rhus - Toxicodendron radicans L.
(also called the Japenese wax tree or Sumuch)
This plant irritates the skin when touched. You can
suffer swellings and severe skin irritations.
Sensitivity does increase over years too.
Skullcap - Scutellaria lateriflora L.
(also known as Blue Pimpernel, Blue Skullcap,
Helmetflower, Hoodwort, Mad-dog Skullcap,
Madweed)
Large doses may cause giddiness, confusion,
twitching and stupor.
Soapwort - Saponaria officinalis
(also known as Bouncing Bet, Bruisewort, Fuller's
Herb, Latherwort, Old-maid's-pink)
If taken internally, soapwort may cuase severe
vomiting and diarrhoea.
Sorrel - Rumex acetosa
(also known as Garden Sorrel, Greensauce,
Soursuds)
Sorrel contains oxalic acid and can be dangerous to
small children, old people or persons in delicate
health. It should be parboiled before cooking. The
medicinal tea may be poisonous in large doses.
34
Southern Kangaroo Apple - Solanum aviculare
(also known as Poroporo)
Except for the ripe berries, which are pale orange
or yellow, egg-shaped berries fill with tiny flat
seeds. all parts of the Southern Kangaroo Apple
are highly poisonous.
Southern Sassafras - Atherosperma moschatum
(also known as Black Sassafras)
The use of southern sassafras in Australia is under
discussion by the Therapeutic Goods
Administration, due to presence (in the bark) of
safrole, which is known to be a carcinogen.
Spindletree - Euonymus europaeus
(also known as European Spindletree)
All parts of this tree contain violent laxative
properties, and should not be taken internally
without professional advice.
St John' s Wort - Hypericum perforatum
(also known as Amber Touch-and-Heal, Goatweed,
Rosin rose)
Drinking the flower tea can cause skin blistering.
Sweet Flag - Acorus calamus L.
(also known as Clamus, Flagroot, Sweet cane,
Sweet grass, Sweet rush)
Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia
considers Sweet Flag to be carcinogenic.
Sweet Violet - Viola odorata
(also known as Blue Violet, English Violet, Sweet-
scented Violet)
Large doses of sweet violet root cause nausea and
vomiting.
Sweet Woodruff - Galium odorata L.
(also known as Waldmeister)
The tea in large doses may cause dizziness and
symptoms of poisoning, such as vomiting.
Thyme - Thymus vulgaris L.
(also known as Common Thyme, Garden Thyme)
Excessive use of oil of thyme may cause
gastroinestinal disorders.
Viper's Bugloss - Echium vulgare L.
Viper's bugloss taken internally for a prolonged
period of time may cause liver damage.
Wallflower - Cheiranthus cheiri
(also known as English Wallflower, Handflower)
Do not use except under a physician's directions.
Water Cress - Nasturtium officinale L.
(also known as Water Nasturtium)
Wash watercress thoroughly before eating it; avoid
plants growing in polluted water.
White Cedar - Melia azaderach L.
The fruits are very poisonous. Native to Australia,
Asia and Africa. It has sprays of lilac flowers, which
develop into green fruits then ripening and dropping
as yellow fruits, where children have died after
eating them.
White Mustard - Sinapis alba L.
Mustard plasters require careful application; if the
plaster is too strong or is left on too long, severe
blistering can result.
Winter Cress - Barbarea vulgaris
(also known as Herb of St Barbara, Upland Cress,
Yellow Rocket)
Do not use the plant for any purpose internally;
recent tests suggest winter cress may produce
kidney malfunction in animals.
Wintergreen - Gaultheria procumbens L.
Oil of wintergreen is poisonous except in small
amounts. Children have died after drinking the oil.
Wintersweet - Acokanthera oblongifolia
The leaves, bark and fruit are poisonous. A native
of southern Africa. The stems ooze milky sap when
cut - this too is poisonous. The starry fragrant
flowers turn into succulent reddish or purplish-black
fruits.
Wireweed - Polygonum aviculare L.
(also known as Hogweed, Knotweed)
Cook wireweed before eating it; raws wireweed can
cause intestinal disturbances. Do not confuse with
smartweed, a relative with an acrid taste.
Witch Hazel - Hamamelis virginiana L.
(also known as Snapping Hazel, Virginian Witch
Hazel, Winterbloom)
Witch Hazel contains strongly astringent properties
and , therefore, should be used with care.
Wood Sorrel - Oxalis acetosella L.
(also known as Shamrock, Sour Trefoil, True Wood
Sorrel, White Wood Sorrel)
Leaves contain oxalic acid, which may cause
diarrhoea, kidney stones, kidney failure or
haemorrhaging if taken internally in very large
amounts.
35
Wormwood - Artemisia absinthium
(also known as Absinthe, Absinthium, Green
Ginger, Madderwort)
Wormwood can cause poisoning. Take only under
professional supervision.
Yellow Flag - Iris pseudacorus L.
(also known as Water Iris, Yellow Iris, Yellow Water
Flag)
The rhizome and root of yellow flag, if taken in large
amounts, may cause stomach and intestinal pain,
nausea and vomiting.
Yellow Oleander - Theveria peruviana
All parts are poisonous, the seeds in particular. The
flowers mature into apricot-sized fruits, which turn
from green to shiny black. One of the toxins
produced by the plant, a cardiac glycoside called
Thevetin A, has been tried as a drug, but its effects
are too dangerous for therapeutic use.
PIONEER IN HERBS:
SAMUEL THOMSON – Born in 1769
Before land battles with the plains tribes decimated
the indigenous population, the early pioneers and
Native Americans shared much of their herbal lore
with each other. An early enthusiast was Samuel
Thomson, who founded the Physiomedical
movement. Born in New Hampshire in 1769,
Thomson learned his craft as a child from Widow
Benton, a “root and herb doctor” who combined
Native American skills with the traditional role of
“herb wife”. Thomson believed that parents were
responsible for both their own and their children’s
health, and patented “Thomson’s Improved System
of Botanic Practice of Medicine”, a mixture of
handbooks and patent remedies which swept
America in the early 19th century. Thomson’s
principal theory was that “all disease is caused by
cold”, which in the bitter New England winters may
have been accurate. By the late 1830’s, the
claimed three million followers.
Samuel Thomson started using herb and sweat-
house therapies in his twenties after his mother had
been “galloped out of the world in nine weeks” by
orthodox treatment.
He used many of the Native American herbs like:
Black root – used as a relaxant for the liver
Indian Tobacco – important Physiomedical
relaxant
Fringe Tree Bark – it’s relaxing and
stimulating properties are used for the liver
and gall bladder.
Black Cohosh – is stimulating and relaxing
for the nervous system
Blue Cohosh – is a stimulating relaxant for
the female reproductive organs
Cayenne – is classified as a stimulant
True Unicorn Root – is a uterine stimulant.

SPELLWORK:

BLESSING YOUR NEW HOME

Clear and release all excess energy.

Then light incense of purification , then walk around

your new home doing and saying this.

“Touch the lintel and touch the wall,

Nothing but blessings here befall!
Bless the candle that stands by itself,
Bless the book on the mantle shelf,
Bless the pillow for the tired head,
Bless the hearth and the light shed.
Friends who tarry here, let them know
A three fold blessing before they go.
Sleep for weariness - peace for sorrow
Faith in yesterday and tomorrow.
Friends who go from here, let them bear
The blessing of hope, wherever they fare.
Lintel and windows, sill and wall,
Nothing but good, this place befall.”

Clear and release as always.

36
LESSON IX – PLANTS AND THEIR
ASTROLOGICAL RULERS
THE SUN, THE MOON, AND THE PLANETS. The
correspondences of plants to the sun, the moon
and the planets come first in this lesson, because
they are historically more important and better
defined than those relating to the signs of the
Zodiac.
The Sun Rules:
1) plants with parts resembling it in shape
and/or colour, as the orange, the
reddish-orange spice – saffron, and the
following yellow flowers: chamomile,
celandine, marigold, sunflower
2) medicinal plants affecting the heart, a
part of the body ruled by the sun:
European angelica, lovage, rosemary,
rue (all of which stimulate circulation)
3) Others: centaury, eyebright, storax,
walnuts
The Moon Rules:
1) Plants with parts similar in shape
and/or colour, as banana, gourds,
mango, melons, pumpkin, and the
following white or yellow flowers: opium
poppy, orris root, sweet flag, water
lilies.
2) Plants with high water content, often
with soft, juicy leaves: cabbage,
cucumber, lettuce and other leafy
vegetables
3) Plants that live in or near water:
seaweed, watercress, willow,
wintergreen
Mercury Rules:
1) Plants with fine or highly divided leaves
(because of the planet’s supposed airy
nature): caraway, carrots, dill, fennel,
and parsley.
2) Medicinal plants affecting the brain,
nervous system, or speech: lavender,
lily of the valley, marjoram, parsnips
3) Others: elecampane, horehound,
mandrake
37
Venus Rules:
1) plants with particularly pretty flowers
(relate to Venus as Goddess of Love
and Beauty): columbine, daisy,
periwinkle, primrose, some roses, violet
2) red fruits (Venus’ favourites): apple,
blackberry, plum, raspberry, red
cherries, red elderberry, strawberry,
tomato
3) others: birch, burdock, elder, feverfew,
mother of thyme, sorrel, tansy, thyme,
vervain
Mars Rules:
1) plants with thorns or prickles (thorns
represent weapons and relate to Mars
as the God of War): barberry, cacti,
hawthorn, nettle
2) plants with a strong acrid taste: capers,
coriander, garlic, gentian, hops,
horseradish, mustards, onion, peppers,
radish, tobacco, wormwood
3) Others: basil, sarsaparilla, tarragon
Jupiter Rules:
1) Certain nutritious fruits and nuts:
almonds, chestnut, currant, fig, olive,
rose hip.
2) Plants with a pleasant odour: anise,
balm, cloves, English myrrh, jasmine,
linden, meadowsweet, nutmeg
3) The oak tree, which is associated with
the God Jupiter in mythology
4) Medicinal plants affecting the arterial
system or liver, part of the body ruled
by Jupiter: chervil, cinquefoil,
dandelion, docks, sage
5) Others: fir tree, mulberry
Saturn Rules:
1) plants with cooling qualities: barley,
comfrey root, tamarind
2) woody shrubs or trees that show
annual rings (like Saturn’s Rings): elm,
cypress, pine
3) poisonous or narcotic plants: hellebore,
hemlock, marijuana, mezereon,
monkshood, yew
4) Others: quince, red beet, sloes,
Solomon’s Seal.
The outer planets – Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto –
were discovered after the seventeenth century, so • Honeysuckle
that no comparably long-established plant • Hyssop
associations exist for them. • Jasmine

Leo Rules:
SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC
• Chamomile
A planet or the sun, the moon, or even the zodiac • Celandine
can rule a plant. There are only a few mentioned in • European Angelica
this lesson, as there are way too many to mention • Eyebright
in a single lesson. The herbs/plants used for this
• Marigold
section are only listed as being the more popular
• Orange
ones, which also depends on the Tradition using
them and the application they are used for. • Rue
• Saffron
Aries Rules: • Borage
• Bugloss
• Cacti • Peony
• Onion • Poppy
• Peppers
• Radish, Virgo Rules:
• Garlic
• Hops • Wheat
• Mustard • Barley
• Nettles • Oats
• Betony • Rye
• Lichens • Other cereal plants
• Rosemary • Grasses
• Sedges
Taurus Rules:
Libra Rules:
• Lovage
• Mushrooms • Apple
• and other plants of the Earth • Cherry
• Primrose
Gemini Rules: • Strawberry
• White Rose
• Most mosses • Violet
• Tansy
• Vervain Scorpio Rules:

Cancer Rules: • Palms

• Calla lilies
• Cucumber • Basil
• Lettuce • Bramble
• Melons • Wormwood
• Rushes
• Water Plants
• Water Lilies
• Agrimony
• Alder
• Lemon Balm

38
Sagittarius Rules: SPELLWORK:

• Oak STRENGTH SPELL

• Beech
• Elm This is a little spell that I use frequently. Mostly
• Mallows when I feel a little down, or I am having a
• Feverfew particularly hard day/night. This can easily be
customised to suit you or another.
Capricorn Rules:
First clear and release all excess energy.
• Comfrey
• Cypress Then clear your mind and with three deep breaths,
relax, being totally relaxed on the third.
• Hemlock
• Nightshades
Then repeat the following verse three times:
• Yew
“Strength of day
Aquarius Rules:
Strength of night
• Frankincense
• Myrrh Give me strength
Pisces Rules: Beyond my sight.”

• Algae Now continue on your way, and you will find that all
• Seaweed should be a lot easier than before!
• Water Mosses

PIONEER IN HERBS:

DR. FREDERICK FOSTER HARVEY QUIN (1799 –

1878)

Dr Frederick Foster Harvey Quin was one of many

Hahnemanns followers. He was also one of many
people cured of Cholera by Camphor. He had been
interested in Homeopathy for quite some time but
the success of his treatment enhanced his respect
for it, that in 1832 he set up a homeopathic
practice in London, where he later founded the first
homeopathic hospital in 1849. The cholera
epidemic of 1854 allowed Dr. Quin the chance to
prove the success of homeopathy again. The
results, however, were suppressed and only
published after Parliamentary intervention. In an
official report, the Medical Inspector said, “if it
should please the Lord to visit me with cholera I
would wish to fall into the hands of a homeopathic
physician.”

The establishment of Homeopathy in Great Britain

was mainly due to the work he did after he cured
himself of Cholera with the Homeopathic Remedy
Camphor in 1831.

39
HERBALISM – MEDICINAL GLOSSARY
All the following terms are commonly found in
standard reference works on herbal medicine. A
few are not used generally, but most of them are.
This Glossary contains all of the names used in
Herbal Medicine, and the meanings for them.
Abortifacient - An agent that induces or causes
premature expulsion of a fetus.
Acrid - Having a hot, biting taste or causing heat
and irritation when applied to the skin.
Adjuvant - A herb added to a mixture to aid the
effect of the principle ingredient.
Alterative - An agent which produces gradual
beneficial change in the body, usually by improving
nutrition, without having any marked specific effect
and without causing sensible evacuation.
Analgesic - A drug which relieves or diminishes
pain; anodyne.
Anaphrodisiac - An agent which reduces sexual
desire or potency.
Anaesthetic - An agent that deadens sensation.
Anodyne - An agent that soothes or relieves pain.
Anthelmintic - An agent that destroys or expels
intestinal worms; vermicide; vermifuge.
Antibiotic - An agent that destroys or arrests the
growth of micro-organisms.
Anticoagulant - An agent that prevents clotting in a
liquid, as in blood.
Antiemetic - An agent that counteracts nausea and
relieves vomiting.
Antihydrotic - An agent which reduces or
suppresses perspiration.
Antilithic - An agent which reduces or suppresses
urinary calculi (stones) and acts to dissolve those
already present.
Antiperiodic - An agent which counteracts periodic
or intermittent diseases, (such as malaria).
40
Antiphlogistic - An agent which reduces
inflammation.
Antipyretic - An agent which prevents or reduces
fever. ( see also frebrifuge).
Antiscorbutic - An source of vitamin C for curing or
preventing scurvy.
Antiscrofulous - Counteracting scrofula.
Antiseptic - An agent for destroying or inhibiting
pathogenic or putrefactive bacteria.
Antispasmodic - An agent that relieves or checks
spasms or cramps.
Antitussive - An agent that relieves coughing.
Aperient - A mild stimulant for the bowels; a gentle
purgative.
Aphrodisiac - An agent for arousing or increasing
sexual desire or potency.
Appetiser - An agent that excites the appetite.
Aromatic - A substance having an agreeable odour
and stimulating qualities.
Astringent - An agent that contracts organic tissue,
reducing secretions or discharges.
Balsam - 1) A soothing or healing agent. 2) A
resinous substance obtained from the exudations of
various trees and used in medicinal preparations.
Bitter - Characterised by a bitter principle which
acts on the mucous membranes of the mouth and
stomach to increase appetite and promote
digestion.
Calmative - An agent that has a mild sedative or
tranquilising effect.
Cardiac - An agent that stimulates or otherwise
affects the heart.
Carminitive - An agent for expelling gas from the
intestines.
Cathartic - An agent that acts to empty the bowels,
laxative.
Caustic - A corrosive substance capable of burning
or eating away tissues.
Cholagogue - An agent for increasing the flow of
bile into the intestines.
Coagulant - An agent that induces clotting in a
liquid, such as blood.
Counter-irritant - An agent for producing irritation in
one part of the body to counteract irritation or
inflammation in another part.
Demulcent - A substance that soothes irritated
tissue, particularly mucous membrane.
Deodorant - A herb that has the effect of destroying
or masking odours.
Depressant - An agent which lessens nervous of
functional activity; opposite of stimulant.
Depurative - An agent that cleanses and purifies
the system, particularly the blood.
Detergent - An agent that cleanses wounds and
sores of diseased or dead matter.
Diaphoretic - An agent that promotes perspiration;
sudorific.
Digestive - An agent that promotes or aids
digestion.
Disinfectant - An agent that cleanses infection by
destroying or inhibiting the activity of disease-
producing micro-organisms.
Diuretic - An agent that increases the secretion and
expulsion of urine.
Emetic - An agent that causes vomiting.
Emmenagogue - An agent that promotes menstrual
flow.
Emollient - An agent used externally to soften and
soothe.
Errhine - An agent that promotes sneezing and
nasal discharges.
Euphoriant, Euphorigen - An agent that induces an
abnormal sense of vigour and buoyancy.
41
Exanthematous - Relating to skin diseases or
eruptions.
Expectorant - An agent that promotes the discharge
of mucus from the respiratory passages.
Febrifuge - An agent that reduces or eliminates
fever.
Galactagogue - An agent that encourages or
increases the secretion of milk.
Hallucinogen - An agent that induces hallucinations.
Hemostatic - An agent that slopes bleeding.
Hepatic - A drug that acts on the liver.
Hydragogue - A purgative that produces abundant
watery discharge.
Hypnotic - An agent that promotes or produces
sleep.
Irritant - An agent that causes inflammation or
abnormal sensitivity in living tissue.
Laxative - An agent promoting evacuation of the
bowels; a mild purgative.
Mucilaginous - Characterised by a gummy or
gelatinous consistency.
Narcotic - A drug which relieves pain and induces
sleep when used in medicinal doses; in large doses
narcotics produce convulsions, coma, or death.
Nauseant - An agent that produces an inclination to
vomit.
Nephritic - A medicine applicable to diseases of the
kidney.
Nervine - An agent that has a calming or soothing
effect on the nerves; formerly, any agent that acts
on the nervous system.
Oxytocic - An agent that stimulates contractions of
the uterine muscle and so facilitates or speeds up
childbirth.
Pectoral - A remedy for pulmonary or other chest
diseases.
Poison - A substance which has harmful or Vesicant - An agent that produces blisters.
destructive effect when in contact with living tissue.
Vulnerary - A healing application for wounds.
Purgative - An agent that produces a vigorous
emptying of the bowels.

Refrigerant - An agent that lowers abnormal body

heat.

Restorative - An agent that restores consciousness

or normal physiological activity.

Rebefacient - A gentle local irritant that produces

reddening of the skin.

Sedative - A soothing agent that reduces

nervousness, distress, or irritation.

Sialagogue - An agent that stimulates the secretion

of saliva.

Specific - An agent which cures or alleviates a

particular condition or disease.

Stimulant - An agent that excites or quickens the

activity of physiological processes.

Stomachic - An agent that strengthens, stimulates,

or tones the stomach.

Styptic - An agent that contracts tissue; astringent;

specifically, a hemostatic agent that stops bleeding
by contracting the blood vessels.

Sudorific - An agent that promotes or increases

perspiration. (see also diaphoretic).

Taeniacide - A substance that kills tapeworms.

Tonic - An agent that strengthens or invigorates

organs or the entire organism.

Vasoconstrictor - An agent that narrows the blood

vessels, thus raising blood pressure.

Vasodilator - An agent that widens the blood

vessels thus lowering blood pressure.

Vermicide - An agent that destroys intestinal

worms.

Vermifuge - An agent that causes the expulsion of

intestinal worms.

42
HERBALISM – BOTANICAL GLOSSARY
The technical terms of botany are often difficult and
obscure, but they represent an indispensable,
precise shorthand when describing the physical
attributes of plants. Without them, many more
words would be needed to ensure a complete and
accurate description. The following glossary defines
the technical terms used widely in everyday botany,
and you may even come across a few in some
reference books.
Achene - A small, dry fruit that contains one loose
seed and that does not split open spontaneously.
(e.g. sunflower seed).
Acuminate - Tapering gradually to a point at the
apex.
Acute - Coming sharply to a point at the apex.
Alternate - Arranged singly at different points along
a stem or axis.
Annual - Completing the cycle from seed to death in
one year or season.
Apex -The tip.
Appressed - Pressed flat or close up against
something.
Aril - An outer covering or appendage of some
seeds.
Ascending - Rising upward gradually from a
prostate base.
Awn - A bristle characteristic of the spike-lets in
some grasses.
Axil - The angle formed by a stem with a branch,
leaf stalk, or flower stalk growing from it.
Axillary - Growing from an axil.
Axis - The main stem of a plant, or a central line of
symetry, development, or growth.
Berry - A stone-less, pulpy fruit containing one or
more embedded seeds. (e.g. grape).
Biennial - Completing the cycle from seed to death
in two years or seasons.
43
Bilabiate - Two-lipped.
Bipinnate - Pinnate, with pinnate leaflets.
Blade - The broad, thin part of a leaf or petal.
Bloom - A powdery, whitish coating on leaves,
stems, or fruit.
Bract - A small, sometimes scale-like leaf, usually
associated with flower clusters.
Bud - A protuberance on a stem, from which a
flower, leaf, or shoot develops.
Bulb - A thick, rounded, underground organ
consisting of layered, fleshy leaves and
membranes.
Calyx - The outer part of a flower, usually consisting
of green, leafy sepals.
Capsule - A dry, many-seeded, spontaneously
splitting fruit that arises from a compound pistil.
Carpel - The wall of a simple pistil, or part of the
wall of a compound pistil.
Catkin - A spike-like flower cluster that bears scaly
bracts and petal-less, unisexual flowers.
Cauline - Relating to or growing on a stem.
Clasping - Partly or completely surrounding the
stem.
Claw - The narrow, curved base of a petal or sepal
in some flowers.
Compound - Made up of two or more definable
parts.
Compound Pistil - A pistil made up of two or more
partially or completely united carpals.
Cone - A rounded, more or less elongated cluster of
fruits or flowers covered with scales or bracts.
Cordate - Heart-shaped, with the pint at the apex.
Corm - A bulb-like but solid, fleshy underground
stem base.
Corolla - The petals of a flower, which may be
separate or joined in varying degrees.
Corymb - A generally flat-topped flower cluster with
pedicels varying in length, the outer flowers
opening first.
Creeper - A shoot that grows along the ground,
rooting all along its length.
Crenate - Having rounded teeth along the margin.
Culm - The hollow stem of grasses and bamboos.
Cyme - A branching, relatively flat-topped flower
cluster whose central or terminal flower opens first,
forcing development or further flowers from lateral
buds.
Deciduous - Falling off each season (as leaves);
bearing deciduous parts (as trees).
Decompound - Having divisions that are also
compound.
Decumbent - Lying on the ground but having an
ascending tip.
Decurrent - Descriptive of leaves whose edges run
down onto the stem.
Dentate - Sharply toothed, with the teeth pointing
straight out from the margin.
Digitate - Compound, with the elements growing
from a single point.
Dilated - Expanded, broadened, flaring.
Disk Flower - One of the tubular flowers or florets in
the centre of the flower head of a composite flower
such as the daisy. (see also ray flower).
Dissected - Cut into fine segments.
Double - Descriptive of the flowers that have more
petals than normal.]
Doubly Serrate - Serrate, with small teeth on the
margins of the larger ones.
Drupe - A fleshy fruit containing a single seed in a
hard stone. (e.g. peach).
Entire - Having no teeth or indentations.
Evergreen - Retaining green foliage for more than
one season.
44
Filiform - Thread-like.
Floret - A small flower in a flower head or other
cluster.
Frond- The leaf of a fern.
Fruit - The seed-bearing part of a plant.
Funnelform - Descriptive of a flower whose corolla
tube widens gradually and uniformly from the base.
Glabrous - Not hairy.
Glandular - Having glands, which secrete sticky
substances.
Glaucous - Covered with bloom.
Globose - Approximately spherical.
Grain - Achene-like fruit, but with the seed not
loose.
Head- A flower spike or raceme shortened to form a
compact, flattened to globose cluster.
Herb - A plant that has no woody tissue and that
dies down to the ground at the end of a growing
season.
Herbaceous - Herb-like; not woody.
Hesperidium - A partitioned berry with a leathery,
removable rind. (e.g. orange).
Hoary - Closely covered with short and fine whitish
hairs.
Incised - Sharply and irregularly slashed or cut.
Indigenous - Native, naturally occurring.
Inflorescence - Technically, the way flowers are
arranged in a cluster, generally, a flower cluster.
Internode - The part of a stem or branch between
nodes.
Interrupted - Descriptive of a structure, the pattern
or sequence of whose elements is broken by the
insertion of other elements.
Lanceolate - Widening to a maximum near the base
and tapering to a point at the apex.
Lateral - Occurring on or growing from the side.
(Compare terminal).
Leaf - A vegetative organ which, when complete,
consists of a flat blade, a petiole or stalk, and
(usually two) small leafy appendages at the base of
the petiole.
Leaflet - A division or part of a compound leaf.
Legume - A one-celled fruit that splits along two
sutures or seams. (e.g. pea).
Linear - Long and narrow, with nearly parallel sides.
Lip - One of the parts in a corolla or calyx divided
into two unequal parts.
Lobe - A part or division, especially when rounded,
of an organ.
Lyrate - Lobed to resemble a lyre, with the terminal
lobe largest and the lower lobes smaller.
Node - The place where a leaf grows or can grow.
Nut - A hard-walled, one-seeded fruit that does not
split spontaneously. (e.g. hazelnut).
Ob- - A prefix that indicates reversal of the usual
orientation. (e.g. oblanceolate means widening
gradually from the pointed base to a maximum near
the apex, which may be more or less rounded).
Oblong - Longer than wide and rounded at the
ends, with nearly parallel sides for much of the
length.
Obtuse - Rounded or blunt.
Opposite - Growing two to a node on opposite
sides.
Orbicular - circular or approximately round.
Oval - Broadly elliptical.
Ovate - Shaped like an egg, with the narrow end at
the apex.
Ovoid - Ovate.
45
Palmate - Compounded, divided, lobed, or ribbed
so that the divisions or ribs spread out like fingers
from a single point.
Panicle - A raceme compounded by branching.
Papolionaceous - Descriptive of a flower whose
petals are arranged to resemble a butterfly.
Pedicel - The stalk of one flower in a cluster.
Peduncle - The stalk of a flower cluster or of a
solitary flower.
Peltate - Having a stalk attached at or near the
middle.
Perennial - Living through three or more seasons.
Persistant - Remaining on the plant; not falling off
readily.
Petal - One unit of a corolla.
Petiole - The stalk of a leaf.
Pinna - (plural pinnae) - A leaflet or primary division
o a pinnately compound leaf.
Pinnate - Having leaflets arranged in opposite rows
along the petiole.
Pinnatifid - Split about halfway to the mid-rib, such
that the divisions are pinnately arranged.
Pinnule - One of the divisions of a pinnate leaflet in
a bi-pinnate leaf.
Pistil - The female reproduction organ of a flower.
Pod - Generally, a dry fruit that splits open.
Pome - A fleshy fruit with a central seed-bearing
core. (e.g. apple).
Procumbent - Growing along the ground without
rooting, and having ascending tips.
Prostrate - Growing flat along the ground.
Pubescent - Covered with down or soft, short hairs.
Punctate - Having translucent spots or depressions.
Raceme - An elongated flower cluster in which
flowers grow on pedicels along part of the length of
the peduncle.
Radical - Growing from or pertaining to a root;
growing from a non-aerial stem.
Ray Flower - One of the flattened, petal-like outer
flowers or florets ringing the disk in the heads of
some composite flowers, such as the daisy. (see
also disk flower).
Receptacle - The end of the stem or stalk on which
the flower parts are borne.
Rhizome - An underground portion of a stem,
producing shoots on top and roots beneath;
different from a root in that it has buds, nodes, and
scaly leaves; rootstock.
Rootstock - Rhizome.
Rosette - A circular or spiral arrangement of leaves
growing from a centre or crown.
Runner - A thin stem or shoot growing along the
ground and producing roots at the nodes.
Sagittate - Resembling an arrowhead in shape.
Samara - A winged fruit that does not split
spontaneously. (e.g. maple).
Scale - A small, usually dry leaf that is closely
pressed against another organ.
Scape - A leafless flower stalk that grows from the
ground.
Sepal - A leaf or division of the calyx.
Serrate - Saw-toothed, with the teeth pointing
toward the apex.
Sessile - Having no stalk.
Sheath- an expanded or tubular structure that
partially encloses a stem or other organ.
Shoot - A stem or branch and its leaves, especially
when young.
Shrub - A woody plant that produces no trunk but
branches from the base.
46
Simple - Not compounded (leaves) or branched
(stems, flower clusters).
Smooth - Not rough (compare glabrous).
Solitary - Not growing as part of a cluster or group.
Spadix - A fleshy spike.
Spathe - One or two bracts enclosing a flower
cluster. (especially a spadix).
Spatulate - Shaped like a spoon, with a narrow end
at the base.
Spike - A flower cluster in which sessile flowers
grow along part of the length of the peduncle.
Spikelet - A small spike, particularly one of the few-
flowered spikes making up the inflorescence of a
grass.
Spore - A one-celled reproductive body produced
by relatively primitive plants.
Spur - A slender, hollow projection from a petal or
sepal.
Stamen - The male or pollen-bearing organ of a
flower.
Strobile - A cone or cone-like structure.
Style - The slender, elongated part of a pistil.
Suture - A natural seam or groove along which a
fruit splits.
Taproot - A single main root that grows vertically
into the ground.
Terminal - Occurring at or growing from the end
opposite the base. (compare lateral).
Ternate - Occurring in threes or divided into three
parts.
Trifoliate - Having three leaves.
Trifoliolate - Having three leaflets.
Tripinnate - Descriptive of a pinnate leaf having
pinnate leaflets with pinnate pinnules.
Tuber - A thick, fleshy part, usually of a rootstock.
Umbel - A more or less flat-topped flower cluster in
which the pedicels (rays) arise from a common
point. In compound umbels, each primary ray
terminates in a secondary umbel.

Valve - One of the parts into which a capsule

divides when splitting.

Whorl - A circular arrangement of three or more

leaves, flowers, or other parts at the same point or
level.

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