Super-Fluid Helium

The importance of liquid Helium and application

What is liquid Helium and why is called Super fluid?

Liquid helium, with standard atmospheric pressures, means the physical state of helium at very
low temperatures. Helium liquid would be super fluid. The super fluid form of helium-4, the
isotope of the helium element, is the super fluid form. A super fluid is a matter state where
matter acts like a non-viscosity fluid. The substance that appears like a usual liquid passes any
surface without friction and enables it to proceed to circulate in container containing it, only
subject to its own inertia, through obstacles or through pores.

Abundance and Isotopes

There are two protons in the nucleus of each helium atom but there are isotopes of helium, as is
the case for all elements. The identified helium isotopes contain between one and six neutrons,
so they range in mass from 3 to 8. Although those with masses of 3 (helium-3 or 3 He) and 4
(helium-4 or 4He) are stabilized among these six isotopes, the others are all radioactive and
deteriorate into other compounds very rapidentially. The helium onto earth is not really a core
element but is caused by electromagnetic radiation. The nuclei of isotope helium-4 are the nuclei
of alpha particles expelled from the core of heavier radioactive compounds. Helium doesn't
really collect in the environment in vast amounts because the gravity of the Planet is not enough
to stop it from flowing into space gradually. The evidence on Earth for the isotope helium-3 is
responsible for the negative Beta decline of the unusual isotope hydrogen-3 (tritium). Helium-4
is still by far the majority abundant of the stability of the isotopes: in atmospheric helium,
helium-4 atoms are over 700,000:1 and in some minerals bearing helium, about 7,000,000:1.

Composition

Helium is the composition. It has an atomic number 2 chemical element and is symbolic He and
4.0026 of standard atomic weight. It is in Group 18 of the Periodic Elements table, as it displays
the properties of a noble gas with the total energy level.

Name the distinction between the super fluid form of liquid helium 3 and helium 4

The super fluid form of helium-4, the isotope of the helium element, is the super fluid form. This
is evident because super fluidity happens at much higher temperatures in liquid helium-4 than in
helium-3. Every helium-4 molecule, due to its zero spin, is a boson-particle. Furthermore, helium
3 is indeed a fermion particle that can only form bosons at many temperatures lower when
combined together, in a manner comparable to that in which electron pairing in
superconductivity takes place.
Principal characteristics of liquid helium

At absolute temperature, helium is so low that it takes on a liquid condition. The liquid is boiled
at 4.2 K (−452°F or ‐269°C) at significantly lower temperature than any other substance and,
below 2,172 K (−455.76°F), has exceptional super fluidity characteristics, especially the
possibility of flowing between small streams without any friction present. In contrast to its
commonly atomic weight Four isotope, helium does have an unique isotope of atomic weight 3
at a standard boiling temperature of about 3.2 K (−454°F) at a quite well low heat of about 0.001
K as well as an overflow transitioning. All types of helium continue to stay at absolute zero in
liquid form. The weakness of appealing power between the two helium atoms and the tiny
atomic number which allows atoms hard to locate, all of these characteristics are caused by the
laws of quantum mechanics.

Main advantages of using liquid Helium

Liquid Helium has the greatest potential for ionization (24.587 eV). Helium is nearer to absolute
zero than just about any other component so that the relatively low operating temperature and
pressure of any refrigerant are achieved with liquid helium. Helium gas has a very high specific
heat and thermal conductivity. At air pressure helium remains liquid to absolute zero and can
only be solidified with 25 atm. Helium is exceptionally compressible through its solid form,
allowing volume changes of further more significant than 30%.

Cryogenics (Current use of Liquid Helium): Cryogenics are the most used application of
helium. The quantity of helium used by cryogenics in 1996 was approximately 620 million scf.
Magnet resonance imaging, semiconducting processes, as well as large and small scale basic
fieldwork requiring helium temperatures are the primary cryogenic applications. However, the
quantity used for each of such purposes is not specifically provided.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): For magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, Fluid
Helium is mostly medically used. The superconductive magnets which are vital in so many
additional appliances are supplied with liquid helium as refrigerant. The affordability of helium
at a reasonable price and the market stabilization of helium led to the fast development and
public healthcare in the United States of MRI as a diagnostic tool. In the Usa And around the
world, there is a large and stable base of superconductive machines and the base could expand at
15% a year.

Aerostatics: Helium is after hydrogen the second lightest component and helium is below air
density. Helium is therefore used after World War II as lift gas for balls, weather balls and
aircrafts. Helium seems to be the recommended lifting gas, even though it is less booming than
hydrogen, since it is not combustible. The first application of helium since it has been found on
Earth was the use of helium as a lifting gas. As lifting gas, hydrogen or a combination of
hydrogen and nitrogen may be used to replace helium.
Semiconductor Processing: The main helium users of the semiconductor industry are silicon
wafer vendors. The procedure of 12-in (300 mm) crystals is used to stabilize the hot balls of
semiconductor material with helium cooled superconducting magnet. Plasma etching and
vacuum pumping are other industries in the industry that use helium. Cryopump gas toxins on
fluid helium cooled surfaces. In each of the procedures recycling strategies to reduce helium
consumption could be implemented. There is no knowledge of the total helium volume used by
the semiconductor industry. Furthermore, this key industry is very valuable. The cost of helium
can be increased, however the semiconductor processing would be greatly impaired if helium
disappears completely.

Economic advantages it entail

At 200 atmospheres, helium in its gaseous state provides nearly five times the volume of the
atmospheric pressure of its liquid state. The superconductive coils of resonances are used in
laboratories. It seems to be an important product which is used as a coolant in laboratories, such
instance in chemistry or in employment requiring low temperatures. For the production of fiber
optics, semiconductors and arc welding, helium is used for inert protective atmosphere. The
helium can also be used for detection of leakage in car air conditioning and can be used to inflate
automotive airbags after impact because it diffuses rapidly.