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th Engineering and Physical Sciences

Coal Bottom Ash and Activated Carbon for Removal of Vertigo Blue
Dye in Batik Textile Waste Water: Adsorbent Characteristic,
Isotherms, and Kinetics Studies
Kusmiyati1,*, Puspita Adi LISTYANTO1, Deni VITASARY1,
Robi INDRA1, Dlia ISLAMICA1 and Hadiyanto2
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta,
Ahmad Yani Street Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan, Kartasura, Surakarta 57102, Indonesia
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof.
Soedarto, SH-Tembalang Semarang 50275, Indonesia

(*Corresponding author’s e-mail: kusmiyati@ums.ac.id)

Received: 13 January 2016, Revised: 20 May 2016, Accepted: 19 June 2016

Abstract
Batik is one of the textile industries which is growing very rapidly in Indonesia. However, the large
amount of waste water produced is still a major problem of this industry. Adsorption processes are still an
effective technology to treat the waste, especially in removing coloring agent. However, the study of
adsorption kinetics and the use of coal bottom ash as an adsorbent is still limited. The aim of this study
was to evaluate the adsorption capacity of coal bottom ash (CBA) in the removal of Vertigo blue 49 dye
from textile wastewater and compare it with activated carbon. The optimum conditions of adsorption
were determined by investigating the effect of contact time, pH (4, 7, 9) and initial concentration of dye
(25 - 100 mg/L). The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms to obtain
the characteristic parameters of each adsorption model. Experimental data were also tested using
adsorption kinetic models, which included both pseudo-first-order and pseudo second-order kinetic
models. The optimum conditions were found to be an initial concentration of dye of 100 mg/L giving an
adsorption capacity of 3.72 mg dye/g adsorbent for the adsorption of Vertigo blue onto commercial
activated carbon (CAC) at pH 4 and 2.53 mg dye/g adsorbent for CBA sorbent at pH 9, respectively.
Keywords: Coal based bottom ash (CBA), commercial activated carbon (CAC), adsorption, textile
industry, bateeq

Introduction
Batik industries are growing rapidly in Central Java Indonesia since batik is used as a daily cloth.
These facts lead to an increase in wastewater effluent, as result of the coloring (dyeing) and finishing
processes. In proper treatment of the textile wastewater can cause damage to the environment [1]. In
addition, the effluent contains dyes which are toxic and may have mutagenic or carcinogenic influences
on living organisms [2-4].
Azo compounds are typical dyes found in textile wastewater. The azo dye (-N=N-) with functional
groups like -SO3,-COO-, and OH- are mostly difficult to degrade [5]. One type of azo dye that is
commonly used in the batik industry is Vertigo blue 49 and its molecular formula C32H23CIN7Na3O11S3
and molecular weight of 882.186 g/mol are shown in Figure 1 [6,7].

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H
O N O
O
S Na+
O

O
N O
O H S Na+
O

H
O
N N N O
H S Na+
O
N N

Cl

Figure 1 The chemical structure of Vertigo blue 49 [8].

Various techniques have been employed to remove dyes from wastewater, including biological
treatment, adsorption, chemical oxidation, coagulation, membrane filtration and photochemical
degradation [5,9,10] or a combination of these wastewater treatments [6]. Among these methods,
adsorption is often used due to its effectiveness, simplicity in the operational, low cost and low energy
requirements [6,7,11].
In the adsorption process, the choice of adsorbent is important. Commercial activated carbon (CAC)
has been widely used for CO2 adsorption, water vapor or other chemicals, as well as used as adsorbents in
wastewater treatment processes of textile industry due to its advantages such as large surface area, large
adsorption capacity and easy application. However, it requires a high cost adsorbent [1,2,5]. Another
option is Coal bottom ash (CBA) derived from coal combustion for electricity generation in power plants
or some industries. CBA is abundantly available in Indonesia and it is an inexpensive material. Based on
the data of the Indonesian environment ministry (2006), 5.8 tons of CBA is produced per day. The main
composition of CBA are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO and the residual carbon from burning coal [8]. Due to
the high composition of silica and other metal oxides, it has the possibility to remove dye from
wastewater.
This work studied the effectiveness of CAC and CBA to remove Vertigo blue 49 from textile
wastewater. The parameters such as effect of contact time, pH and initial concentration were investigated
to study kinetic and isotherm models. The physical properties of CAC and CBA were characterized by
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM).

Research methodology
Adsorbent
Commercial activated carbon (CAC) was obtained from the chemical store, while the coal bottom
ash (CBA) was provided by PT. Indo Acidatama, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. CBA was sieved
using a Sieve Shaker (AG-515 MBT) to obtain a 60 mesh size powder. The meshed coal was activated
using 250 mL H2O2 (Merck) 0.2 N and stirred for 1 h. The CBA was repeatedly washed with distilled
water and dried at 140 °C and then it was burned in the furnace (Thermolyne 48000) at 500 °C for 15
min.

Batch adsorption experiments

Aqueous solutions of Vertigo blue 49 were prepared at various concentrations and pHs. A certain
gram of Vertigo blue 49 was dissolved in a 1000 mL measuring flask and then shaken in an ultrasonic

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bath until homogeneous and then used as the stock solution. Several concentrations of dye: 25, 50, 75 and
100 mg/L at various pHs (4, 7 and 9) were prepared from the stock solution. Batch experiments were
conducted employing 10 g of adsorbent into 400 mL of dye solution. The pH of the samples was adjusted
to the desired value with HCl or NaOH (Merck). The solution was stirred for 60 min at a constant
agitation speed of 700 rpm. The solutions were sampled every 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min to study
the effect of contact time. The sample was filtered with filter paper (Whatman 42). Furthermore the
absorbance of each sample was measured using a spectrophotometer.

Dye concentration and removal capacity

The concentration of Vertigo blue 49 was determined spectrophotometrically using a UV-visible
spectrophotometer (UV/VIS gamma Image 6) by taking measurements at the absorbance maximum. A
calibration curve was plotted between the absorbance and the concentration of the Vertigo blue 49
solution to obtain the absorbance-concentration profile. The amount of Vertigo blue 49 uptake per unit of
adsorbent (Qe) was calculated using the following equation;

V
Qe = (Ci − Ce ) ×
m (1)

where Ci is the initial Vertigo blue 49 concentration (mg/L), Ce is the Vertigo blue 49 concentration at the
adsorption equilibrium (mg/L), V is the volume of Vertigo blue 49 solution (L), and m is the weight of the
activated carbon (g).

Adsorbent characteristic
The morphological features and surface characteristics of the CAC and CBA were obtained from
SEM before and after activation at an accelerating voltage at 20 kV Leo 440i (UK) with a magnification
2500X and 10000X.
The chemical composition of CBA and CAC were determined by EDXRF (Pananlytical Minipal 4)
at wavenumber 400 - 4000 cm-1.
Functional groups of CAC and CBA adsorbent were determined using FTIR. IR absorbance data
were obtained for wavenumbers in the range of 4000 - 400 cm-1. CBA or CAC were mixed with KBr at
ratio of 1:100 and then analyzed using a FT-IR spectrometer (Mattson 1000, UK).

Results and discussion

Characteristics of the adsorbent material
Batch adsorption was conducted to determine the adsorption capacity of CBA to remove Vertigo
blue 49 from aqueous solution. The effectiveness of the adsorption process was largely determined by the
type of adsorbent. According to Gupta and Suhas [7,8], low cost adsorbents can be used for the removal
of dye where its adsorption capacities depend on their surface area or micro/meso porosity, pore size
distribution, and particle size. The surface morphology of the CAC and CBA were observed by SEM
analysis (Figure 2).

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(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 2 SEM micrographs of CBA before (a) and after activation (b) and CAC(c).

Figure 2 shows the morphology CBA before activation, Figure 2(a) indicating small pores sizes
compared to CBA after activation due to being covered with impurities which may close the pores, while
Figure 2(b) shows the morphology CBA after activation with no impurities, therefore it had a greater
surface area. Figure 2(c) illustrates the morphology of CAC showing the pores. Hong et al. (2008)
reported that coal char has a structure such as aluminum silicate which has the possibility to adsorb heavy
metals from aqueous solution [12].
Functional groups and structures on the surface of the adsorbent strongly affect the adsorption
capacity [7]. Functional groups in CAC and CBA were determined using FTIR spectroscopy in order to
understand the functional groups which may bind with Vertigo blue 49 (Figure 3). The IR spectra of the
samples were recorded in the range 4000 - 400 cm-1. The stretching adsorption band of O–H in the crystal
structure of the adsorbent is observed at 3400 to 3000 cm-1 which indicates the existence of-OH groups in
Si-OH bond. The adsorption band on fly ash adsorbents at 3645 cm-1 which corresponds to the stretching
vibration –OH has been also reported by Kara et al. [13] and Dizge et al. [14]. The peak at 1650 cm-1
indicates a cluster of water molecules that was assigned to free hydroxyl on fly ash.

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Absorbance

(a)

(b)

(c)

4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

-1
Wavenumber (cm )

Figure 3 FT-IR spectra of CBA after activation (a), CBA before activation (b) and CAC(c).

The composition of CAC and CBA were analyzed using XRF and the results are presented in Table
1. XRF results showed that the largest component in CAC is Fe2O3, SiO2, and CaO while CBA is SiO2,
Al2O3, and Fe2O3. The composition of coal fly ash based on XRF analysis was reported by Hong et al.
(2008) which showed that SiO2 (53.4 %), Al2O3 (21.0 %), Fe2O3 (8.0 %) and CaO (7.4 %) was the main
component of fly ash [12]. Kara et al. [12] reported the fly ash composition consisted of SiO2 (15.14 %),
Al2O3 (7.54 %), CaO (23.66 %), Fe2O3 (3.3 %).

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Table 1 The main components contained in CAC and CBA after activation.

XRF
Composition
CAC (%) CBA after activation (%)
Al2O3 5.4 24.64
SiO2 11.2 45.8
Fe2O3 40.8 16.6
CaO 9.84 4.036
K2O 21 2.05
MnO 2.9 0.12
BaO 0.2 0
CuO 0.92 0.2
Cr2O3 0 0.03
TiO2 2.2 6.16

Effect of initial concentration

Figures 4(a) and 4(b) show the percentage removal of Vertigo blue 49 dye adsorption at different
initial concentration and time using CBA and CAC, respectively. The results show that for both CBA and
CAC, the percentage removal of dye adsorption increased with decreasing initial dye concentration and
increasing contact time. For CBA, the maximum dye adsorption was found at 60 min and 25 mg/L initial
dye concentration which resulted in a percentage of dye adsorbed of 80.37 %. From Figure 4(a), it can be
seen that the increasing dye concentration from 25 to 100 mg/L led to a decrease in the removal of dye
from 80.37 to 60.21 %. CBA shows a gradual increase of dye adsorption until it reach equilibrium at 60
min contact time. At initial concentrations (25 - 100 mg/L), equilibrium was achieved at 60 min contact
time. This result is in accordance with the results reported by Dizge et al. [14] which found that the
removal of dyes was dependent on the concentration uptake of dye. Singh et al. [15] reported that a high
initial concentration resulted in a high driving force between the dye and adsorbent hence increased the
percentage removal dye but after the maximum initial dye concentration, the adsorption of dye declined.
A higher dye uptake was observed at lower initial concentration due to the interaction between all sorbate
ions in the solution with the binding sites of the adsorbent. Moreover, a decreasing trend in the % uptake
of dye by the adsorbent at higher initial concentration was due to the saturation of adsorbent sites.

100 100
% dye adsorbed

80 80
% dye adsorbed

60 Co=25 mg/L
60 Co=50 mg/L
40 Co = 25 mg/L 40 Co=75 mg/L
Co = 50 mg/L 20 Co=100 mg/L
20 Co = 75 mg/L
Co = 100 mg/L 0
0 0 20 40 60 80
0 20 40 60 80 Time (min)
Time (min)
(a) (b)

Figure 4 (a) Effect of contact time on the percentage of dye absorbed using CBA at various initial
concentrations (adsorbent dosage = 10 g, V = 400 mL at pH 9) and (b) Effect of time on the percentage of
dye absorbed using CAC at various initial concentrations (adsorbent dosage = 10 g, V = 400 mL at pH 4).

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Figure 4(b) illustrates the effect of initial dye concentration and contact time on the percentage of
dye removal using CAC. As can be seen, the percentage of dye removal decreased with increasing initial
concentration from 25 to 100 mg/L which resulted in a decreasing percentage of dye adsorbed from 95.21
to 88.71 %. It also shows that increasing the contact time, leads to a considerable increase in dye adsorbed
until it reaches equilibrium (5 min contact time) for all initial concentrations from 25 to 100 mg/L. It has
been reported that when the equilibrium time is reached increasing contact time will not give a change in
the mass uptake and the percentage removal adsorption constant [3]. It shows a faster contact time to
reach equilibrium was observed for CAC than that of bottom ash due to the coal- bottom ash not having
much micro and macroporous structure and possessing a low BET surface area, which is responsible for
its low adsorption capacity [16]. Furthermore, a large amount of vacant sides available in active carbon at
initial time resulted in an increase in the amount of dye adsorbed to the surface of the adsorbent until
reaching equilibrium [6].
The results also indicated that CBA has the potential to be used as an adsorbent for removal of azo
dyes from wastewater, especially Vertigo blue 49. However, % removal of Vertigo blue dye on CBA was
lower than that on CAC, this is due to the greater of surface area of CAC. The adsorbent surface area is
very important in the adsorption process. The effective surface area increased as the particle size
decreased and as a consequence, the saturation capacity per unit mass of the adsorbent increased [4].

Effect of pH
The degree of acidity or pH and initial concentration of dyes (Co) are important factors in the
adsorption process. The effect of various pH (4, 7 and 9) and the initial concentration of Vertigo blue 49
(25 - 100 mg/L) were studied and the results are shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b) for CBA and CAC,
respectively. It can be seen in Figure 5(a) that an increasing pH from 4 to 9 led to an increased in the
adsorption capacities (1.51 to 2.53 mg/g). The maximum Vertigo blue dye removal was observed at pH 9.
The results are due to the number of negatively charged sites increasing and the number of positively
charged sites of CBA adsorbent decreasing when the pH of the system is increased. The negatively
charged surface sites on the adsorbent can enhance the adsorption of the cationic dye due to electrostatic
forces [8]. The results for dye adsorption on CAC are shown in Figure 5(b), maximum Vertigo blue 49
dye adsorption using CAC was observed at pH 4, while adsorption decreased for alkaline and neutral pH.
Figure 5(b) shows that when the pH increased from 4 to 9, the adsorption capacity (Qe) decreased from
3.72 to 2.78 mg/g. In acidic pH, CAC has a higher adsorption capacity compared to alkaline or neutral
pH. These results may be attributed to an increase in negative charge on carbon which will led to higher
dye adsorption on the surface of the carbon while at neutral pH, the adsorption capacity was lower than at
alkaline pH, due to the surface oxidation that occurs at neutral pH which led to activity of granular carbon
at the surface [8]. It had been previously reported that dye adsorption is highly pH dependent that affected
between the surface charge of the fly ash adsorbent [14], coal-carbon active [16] and the degree ionization
of dye in solution.

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3.00 4.00
2.50
3.00

Qe (mg/g)
2.00
Qe (mg/g)

1.50 2.00
pH 4 pH 4
1.00
pH 7 1.00 pH 9
0.50 pH 9
PH7
0.00 0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Co (mg/l) Co (mg/l)
(a) (b)
Figure 5 (a) Effect of initial concentration of dye Vertigo blue 49 at various pH, using activated CBA
(adsorbent dosage = 10 g, V = 400 mL for 60 min) and (b) Effect of initial concentration of dye Vertigo
blue 49 at various pH, using CAC (adsorbent dosage = 10 g, V = 400 mL for 60 min).

Isotherm adsorption
The adsorption mechanisms of CAC and CBA in the removal of Vertigo blue 49 dye solutions were
analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The equilibrium adsorption of
Vertigo blue 49 dye solutions by CAC (pH 4) and CBA (pH 9) were used to determined Langmuir and
Freundlich isotherm models.
The Langmuir adsorption isotherm can be written as follows;

Ce 1 C (2)
= + e
Q e Q0 ⋅ B Q0

where, Ce and Qe are the concentration of dye adsorbate in solution (mg/L) and the amount of dye on the
adsorbent at equilibrium (mg dye/gadsorbent), respectively [17]. Qo and B are the Langmuir constants
indicating the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity and adsorption energy [18,19]. The Langmuir
constant, B and Q0, can be determined from the intercept and slope of the linear plot between Ce versus
Ce/Qe as shown in Figure 6 and the results are presented in Table 2.

20

16

12
Ce/Qe

4 Carbon Active
Bottom ash
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Ce

Figure 6 Langmuir adsorption isotherms of Vertigo blue 46 dye removal using CBA (pH 9) and CAC
(pH 4).

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The Freundlich isotherm is based on an interaction between the molecule adsorbate in a multilayer
adsorption model [9]. The Freundlich isotherm is expressed by the following empirical equation;

1
Qe = K f ⋅ Cen (3)

The equation above can be written;

1
log Qe = log K f +   ⋅ log Ce (4)
n

where Ce and Qe are the concentration of dye solution at equilibrium (mg/L) and the concentration of dye
adsorbed on adsorbent (mg/g) at equilibrium, respectively. Kf is the Freundlich constant that describes the
adsorption capacity (mg/g) [15]. While 1/n is the value of adsorption intensity or surface heterogeneity
[9,20]. The values of Kf and n can be calculated from the intercept and slope of the linear plot between log
Ce and log Qe as shown in Figure 7 with the results presented in Table 2.

0.6
Carbon aktif
0.5
0.4 Bottom ash

0.3
Log Qe

0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-0.2
Log Ce
Figure 7 Freundlich adsorption isotherm of Vertigo blue 46 dye removal using CBA and CAC.

Table 2 shows the parameters obtained from plotting Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models of
Vertigo blue 49 dye adsorption on CBA and CAC. From Table 2, high values of correlation coefficient
(R2 > 0.967) were obtained from Freundlich models for CBA and CAC adsorbents. According to the
regression coefficient, each adsorption isotherm appropriately described the adsorption of Vertigo blue 49
dye on CBA and CAC adsorbents but the Freundlich model was more suitable compared to the Langmuir
isotherm model [20]. This indicates that the adsorption of Vertigo blue 49 onto CBA and CAC takes
place as multilayer adsorption occurs and all the molecules outside the first layer have the same energy
for adsorption [14]. The value of Qm for CAC shows a higher value (6.29 mg/g) than that for CBA (3.72
mg/g) indicating that CAC has a higher adsorption capacity compared to CBA. The maximum adsorption
capacity of CBA and CAC was occurred at pH 9 and pH 4, respectively which indicated the effect of pH
on the different charges of adsorbent sites. The value of n represents sorption intensity where it shows n >
1 indicating favorable adsorption of dye on the adsorbent [14,20,21].

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Table 2 Constants of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm for adsorption of Vertigo blue 49
onto CBA and CAC.

Langmuir Freundlich
Adsorbent pH
Qo(mg/g) B R2 n Kf R2
4 2.60 0.03 0.992 1.90 0.28 0.967
CBA 7 2.92 0.05 0.996 1.83 0.32 0.996
9 3.72 0.05 0.953 1.83 0.32 0.996
4 6.29 0.03 0.976 1.69 0.78 0.991
CAC 7 5.68 0.12 0.883 1.40 0.27 0.996
9 5.81 0.04 0.998 1.48 0.36 0.995

Adsorption kinetics
Kinetics of adsorption were used to determine the rate of adsorption [1,17]. Two kinetic models,
pseudo-first-order rate model and pseudo-second-order rate, were used to describe the adsorption rate in
this study. The equation of the model pseudo-first-order rate is as follows;

dQ
= k1 (Qe − Q )
dt (5)

k1 ⋅ t
log(Qe − Q ) = log Qe −
2.303 (6)

where Q and Qe are the amount of dye adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent (mmol/kg) at time t and at
equilibrium, respectively. k1 is the first order adsorption rate constant. The first order kinetic model
indicated the rate of the adsorption process is proportional to the dye concentration [18] .

The equation of the pseudo-second model-order rate is as follows;

dQ
= k 2 (Qe − Q )
dt (7)
1 1
= + k2 ⋅ t
(Qe − Q ) Qe (8)
t 1 1
= ⋅t +
Q Qe k 2Qe2 (9)

where k2 is a second order adsorption rate constant [8].

The kinetics of pseudo-first-order rate and pseudo-second-order rate models are shown in Figures 8
(a) and (b), respectively. Table 3 shows the rate constants (k1 and k2), the equilibrium adsorption
capacities (Qe) and the corresponding linear regression correlation coefficient values (R2) for both models.
The higher values of R2 were observed for the pseudo-second order model (R2∼1). The theoretical Qe
values obtained from the pseudo-second order model were also closer to the experimental Qe,exp values
compared to the values from the pseudo-first order model. These results indicate that the pseudo-second
order kinetic model gave a better correlation for the adsorption of Vertigo blue 49 on CBA as well as
CAC compared to the pseudo-first order model. The second order rate constants were found to decrease

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with initial concentration of Vertigo blue dye in the range of 25 - 100 mg/L for both sorbents. Previous
studies also reported the pseudo second-order kinetic model fitted better as compared to first-order
kinetics for removal of dyes on sorbents [1,17,22-24]. Tunc et al. [21] also observed that the value of the
second-order rate constants were diminished with increasing initial concentration of remazol black B
reactive dye on cotton plant waste sorbent. The second order kinetic model is derived from adsorption
processes in which the rate-controlling step is an exchange reaction [18].

2.5
Carbon active
2
Bottom ash
log(Qe-Q)

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
t (min)
(a)

45
40
35
30
25
t/Q

20
15
10 Carbon active
5 Bottom ash
0
0 10 20 30 40
t (min)
(b)

Figure 8 (a) Pseudo-first-order kinetic curves of Vertigo blue 49 dye removal on CBA (pH 9) and CAC
(pH 4) sorbents and (b) Pseudo-second-order kinetic curves of Vertigo blue 49 dye removal on CBA (pH
9) and CAC (pH 4) sorbents.

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Table 3 The constant of dye adsorption kinetics Vertigo blue 49 onto CBA and CAC at various
concentrations.

Initial Pseudo-first-order rate Pseudo-second-order rate

Adsorbent Concentrations Qe,exp 2
(mg/L) Qe, calc k1 R Qe,calc k2 R2
25 0.790 0.51 0.139 0.976 0.66 0.235 0.99
50 1.380 0.95 0.157 0.958 1.15 0.146 0.99
CBA
75 2.010 1.27 0.124 0.965 1.71 0.085 0.99
100 2.520 2.16 0.152 0.955 2.19 0.059 0.99
25 1.006 0.06 0.08 0.937 1.02 1.690 1.000
50 1.943 0.13 0.10 0.980 1.97 0.767 1.000
CAC
75 2.720 0.17 0.07 0.947 2.77 0.538 1.000
100 3.600 0.19 0.06 0.884 3.66 0.411 1.000

Conclusions
The adsorption of Vertigo blue 49 onto CBA and CAC sorbents from wastewater was conducted in
several experimental parameters such as contact time, pH solution, and initial metal concentration. The
adsorbents were characterized using SEM, FTIR, and XRF. The SEM image shows that both adsorbents
consists of porous particles. The IR spectra of the samples show an OH stretching vibration band at
3645 cm-1. The XRF results show that the adsorbent consists mainly of Fe2O3, SiO2, and CaO for CAC
while SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 for CBA. The effect of pH (4 - 9) and initial concentration (25 - 100 mg/L)
shows that the Qe of Vertigo blue 49 was observed at 2.53 and 3.72 mg/g for CBA (pH 9) and CAC (pH
4), respectively at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L. While, the percentage of adsorption decreased
with increasing initial dye concentration due to the saturation of binding sites in the adsorbent at higher
initial dye concentration. Equilibrium studies showed that adsorption of Vertigo blue 49 on CBA and
CAC fitted better to a Freundlich isotherm model compare to a Langmuir model. Kinetic studies of
Vertigo blue 49 was found to obey a pseudo-second-order model.

Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the Directorate of Higher Education of Indonesia (DIKTI) for the
financial support by Competitive Grant (Contract No.: 074/SP2H/PD/DP2M).

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