Black holes

A look into everything and nothingness

 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my teacher,

Mrs. Beena. for giving me such a golden opportunity to work
on this wonderful project on Black holes.

Her valuable words and advice have truly motivated me.

Preparing this project in collaboration with my teacher was a
refreshing experience.

I have learned many useful things from this project. Her

guidance and constant support have pushed me to
successfully complete this project.

I am grateful to be a part of this project under the guidance of

Mrs Beena , and I convey my heartfelt regards and
appreciation for [His/ Her] sincere cooperation in this project.
OBJECTIVES:

i. To diversify my knowledge.

ii. To understand more about the Universe and

its mysteries.

iii. To add to my knowledge of black holes and

their working.

iv. To conduct an in-depth analysis on the topic

of space-time fabric.
Action Plan:

i. Selecting an appropriate topic.

ii. Researching and selecting appropriate

material to conduct research.

iii. Analyzing and understanding the material.

iv. Gathering appropriate resources required to

complete the project.

v. Utilizing all materials and completing the

project.
 BLACK HOLES

One of the most riveting, if not the most riveting interstellar

body that has grabbed the attention of scientists and
people all around the world is black holes. To put it simply,
black holes are the densest objects in the universe, whose
gravitational pull is so strong that not even light itself can
escape its grip. Due to this immensely strong grip, they
are invisible to us and hence have been bestowed with the
name, ‘Black Hole’. So, how did these black holes come
into existence? The universe is made of an extraordinarily
high number of stars, around 200 billion trillion to estimate.
These stars come in multiple sizes, some small, some
medium, some large, and finally the supergiant stars. A
dying star's normal process is to expand when it runs out
of fuel, and then it finally explodes, cools down, and turns
into a white dwarf. This is what happens to medium-sized
stars in our universe and is what will eventually happen to
our beloved Sun.

However, in the matter of large stars, when they run out of

fuel and it collapses on themselves, the core is so heavy
that it can squash and compress atoms itself. This leads to
the formation of an extremely dense object, which we call
‘Neutron Stars’. Neutron stars are extremely tiny, but very
dense in nature, due to the tightly packed atoms. The
density of a neutron star can be pictured as taking
something such as Mt. Everest and compressing it to the
size of a marble. When the neutrons in a neutron star are
not able to withstand the pressure anymore, they collapse
into nothing, and out of the crushed nothingness, a black
hole is born. A black hole is quite literally an object whose
entire mass has been packed down into just a point. It’s a
region of Space-Time that is empty. It’s empty because
the neutrons that had collapsed earlier have disintegrated
into nothing. Their disintegration was able to bend the very
fabric of space-time to the extent where a hole in which
anything could fall in and nothing could escape was born.
Just as how our Sun creates a warp in space-time that
allows the Earth to revolve around it, similarly, the black
hole creates a warp in space-time.
However of course, unlike our Sun, this dent is so massive
that nothing can escape the gravity of a black hole, not
even light.
Black holes are objects right in front of us, yet they are
something we can never see. However, there have been
a few events due to which we have been able to confirm
their existence. This event is called a Quasar. Quasars are
the brightest objects in the Universe. They are extremely
luminous celestial objects powered by supermassive black
holes, which sometimes lie at the center of galaxies. Our
very own milky way has such a black hole at its center.
Quasars are powered by the accretion of material into
supermassive black holes. They are big bursts of energy
that if big enough, can cause an eclipse over their host
galaxy. Black holes are like tornadoes, which have a
rapidly spinning disk. The spinning motion of the disk
generates magnetic fields which channel some of the
inflowing matter outwards into high-energy jets.

A black hole has two main parts: the event horizon and the
singularity. The event horizon is the outermost part of the
black hole. It is the boundary in spacetime through which
matter and lights can pass through, but only inwards.
What’s interesting about the event horizon is whatever
happens within its boundaries of it, will never be visible to
an outside observer. If we were to place two clocks; one
next to a black hole and another away from one, to our
eyes it would appear as if the one next to a black hole is
ticking extremely slowly in comparison to the one away
from it. This effect is known as time dilation. It is the
slowing of time as perceived by one observer in
comparison with another, due to there being a difference
in relative velocity or the difference in gravitational
potential at their locations. To put it simply, the higher the
gravity, the slower the time.
The singularity lies at the center of the black hole and is
the region where spacetime curvature is infinite. The
singular region has zero volume. However, it can also be
shown as the region that carries all the mass of a black
hole, making it have essentially an infinite density. When
an object enters the singularity, it is crushed to an infinite
density and its mass is added to the total density of the
black hole. Before this happens the process of
spaghettification, also known as the noodling process, is
the vertical stretching and horizontal compression of
objects into thin, long shapes, like that of a spaghetti
noodle.

It may seem like a body like a black hole is there to stick

around for an infinite amount of time. However, all things,
no matter good or bad, must come to an end. There will be
a period in the universe when the last star dies out and
there will be no further creation of stars. This will be a
period where the universe’s lights go out, and is a period
where all that the universe is filled with is black holes and
matter. Long after this rather depressing period, it will be
time for the black holes to go out too. This will happen due
to ‘Hawking Radiation’, a process of thermal radiation
where black holes will begin to lose their mass, and slowly
evaporate. Once a black hole has no more mass to lose, it
will light the dying universe’s sky for the last time with a
spectacular explosion. Our Universe truly is the most
captivating and mysterious place. So many mysteries,
ones that we may never be able to solve. Yet it provides
us with such a still and beautiful silence. Fortunately, or
unfortunately, humans will be long gone to witness any of
these events. Our universe is still extremely young, it is
still in a phase where it can produce galaxies and stars.
Once this is over, black holes will be the only objects that
are staying around till the end of time itself.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation#:~:text=If%20black
%20holes%20evaporate%20under,2%C3%9710100%20years.

http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Hawking_radiation

https://astronomy.com/magazine/news/2021/02/the-beginning-to-the-end-
of-the-universe-how-black-holes-die

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe

https://byjus.com/physics/time-dilation/#:~:text=It%20is%20the
%20experience%20of,of%20reference)%20gives%20time%20dilation.

https://www.livescience.com/what-is-time-dilation

https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/why-is-a-neutron-star-so-heavy/
#:~:text=This%20incredible%20density%20comes%20about,over%20and
%20the%20star%20collapses.

https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/definition-what-is-a-quasar/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar#:~:text=Quasars%20are%20believed
%E2%80%94and%20in,horizon%20of%20a%20black%20hole.