Differentiation

f(x1+Δ𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥1)
m= lim Δ𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑑𝑦 Δ𝑦 f(x+Δ𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
f’(x)= 𝑑𝑥 = lim Δ𝑥 = lim Δ𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

The Increment Method

Step 1: f(x+Δ) – f(x)
f(x+Δx)−f(x)
Step 2:
Δ𝑥

f(x+Δ𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
Step 3: lim
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥

Theories on Differentiation of Algebraic Functions

The Constant Rule of Differentiation The Quotient Rule of Differentiation
d 𝑔(𝑥)∙
d d
[𝑓(𝑥)]− 𝑓(𝑥)∙ [𝑔(𝑥)]
dx
(c) =0 d 𝑓(𝑥)
[ ] = dx dx
dx 𝑔(𝑥) [g(x)]2
The Power Rule (for positive integer powers)
The General Power Rule of Differentiation
of Differentiation
d d
d [f(x)]n = n ∙ [f(x)]n-1 ∙ f(x)
(xn) =nxn-1 dx dx
dx
The Derivative of a Composite Function
The Constant Multiple Rule of Differentiation
d d (f ∙ g)’ (x)= f’(g(x))g’(x)
dx
[cf (x)] = c dx [f(x)]
The Chain Rule of Differentiation
The Sum Rule of Differentiation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
d d d = ∙
[f(x)±g(x)] =dx [f(x)] ± dx [g(x)] 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
dx
If u is a differentiable function of x
The Product Rule of Differentiation
d d d
𝑑𝑢
[f(x)∙g(x)] = f(x) ∙ dx[g(x)] + g(x) ∙ dx [f(x)] d
dx (√𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
dx 2√𝑢

Derivatives of Trigonometric Function

𝑑 𝑑
[ sin(𝑥) ] = cos(𝑥) [ cot(𝑥) ] = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
[ cos(𝑥) ] = −sin (𝑥) [ sec(𝑥) ] = sec(𝑥) tan(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
[ tan(𝑥) ] = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) [ csc(𝑥) ] = −csc(𝑥) cot(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Function
𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 −𝑢′
[ Arcsin(𝑢) ] = [ Arccos(𝑢) ] =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2
𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 −𝑢′
[ Arctan(𝑢) ] = [ Arccot(𝑢) ] =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2
𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 −𝑢′
[ Arcsec(𝑢) ] = [ Arccsc(𝑢) ] =
𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1

Trigonometric Identities
Pythagorean Identities cos 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
2 tan 𝑥
2 2 tan 2𝑥 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥

Half Angle Identities 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 − 1

cot 2𝑥 =
2 cot 𝑥
𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃 Product to Sum Formulas
sin ( ) = ±√
2 2
1
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2
𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃
cos ( ) = ±√ 1
2 2 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2
𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃 1
tan ( ) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = [sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)]
2 sin 𝜃 2
Double Angle Identities 1
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = [sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) − sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)]
2 tan 𝑥 2
sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥