MANILA PALM (ADONIDIA MERRILLII) AND MANILA PALM

(ADONIDIA MERRILLII) AND PERUVIAN GROUNDCHERRY

(PHYSALIS PERUVIAN) AS A LIQUID HAND
SOAP USING USED-OIL

A Research Presented to the Faculty of the Senior

High School Department, San Policarpo
National High School,
Calbayog City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
of Senior High School

Researchers:
Rio Z. Agura
Cherry-Ann M. Calagos
Andrea Iris J. Daño
Mary Ann R. Flores
Jovon N. Guyo
Adonis James T. Jadulco
Charice Mae L. Lungsod
Katelyn P. Rellita
Jerome B. Roa
Justin B. Yabao

June 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research titled “Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian

Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil”
prepared and submitted by Rio Z. Agura, Cheryy-Ann M. Calagos, Andrea Iris J.
Dano, Mary Ann R. Flores, Jovon N. Guyo, Adonis James Jadulco, Charice Mae
L. Lungsod, Katelyn P. Rellita, Jerome B. Roa, and Justin B. Yabao in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics Strand in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion course, has been
examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL
EXAMINATION.

RESEARCH COMMITTEE

MA. NELIN L. ACOBA

Chairman

JASON M. COLLAMAR ANNA LYN A. BAUTISTA

Research Teacher Adviser

BENEDICTO T. SILDO, JR. REY NICHOLSON G. SALURIO

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

course, Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion in Humanities and Social Sciences.

MILANER R. OYO-A
Principal II

ii
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our deepest gratitude and appreciation to all those

who have contributed to the successful completion of this research project. Without

their support, guidance, and assistance, this study would not have been possible. We

are also immensely grateful to the participants who willingly volunteered their time

and provided the necessary samples for our experiments. Their cooperation and

involvement were essential to the data collection process. Our sincere appreciation

goes to our fellow colleagues and research team members who actively participated in

various aspects of this project. Their contributions in data analysis, discussions, and

collaborative efforts greatly enriched the outcomes of this study. We would also like

to acknowledge the contributions of all the individuals who reviewed and provided

feedback on our research. Their valuable suggestions and inputs helped to improve the

quality and accuracy of our findings. Lastly, we would like to thank our friends and

family for their unwavering support and understanding throughout the duration of this

research. Their encouragement and belief in us were vital in overcoming challenges

and staying motivated. Once again, we express our deepest gratitude to everyone

involved in this research. Your support and contributions have been truly invaluable,

and we are truly thankful for the opportunity to undertake this study.

- The Researchers

iii
 Dedication

This research is dedicated to all those who have been affected by the

challenges we seek to address. To the individuals whose lives could be positively

impacted by our findings, this work is dedicated to you. We are driven by a shared

commitment to making a difference and improving the well-being of others. Our

dedication extends to the countless individuals who inspired us with their resilience,

strength, and unwavering spirit. We are humbled by their stories and experiences, and

it is our sincerest hope that our research contributes to finding solutions that can bring

about positive change. May this work serve as a testament to our collective

determination to create a better future for all.

- The Researchers

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………… i
APPROVAL SHEET………………………………………………………. ii
ACKNOWLEGMENT…………………………………………………….. iii
DEDICATION……………………………………………………………… iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………... v-vii
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………….. vii
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………… vii
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………... viii

CHAPTER I : THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

1-3
Introduction……………………………………………………………
Theoretical Framework……………………………………………….. 4
Conceptual framework………………………………………………... 5
Hypotheses……………………………………………………………. 6
Statement of the 7
Problem……………………………………………...
Significance of the Study……………………………………………... 8
Definition of Terms…………………………………………………… 9
Scope and Limitation of the Study…………………………………… 10

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES
Related Literature…………………………………………………….. 11-12
Related Studies 13-15

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design……………………………………………………. 16
Respondents of the Study…………………………………………… 17
Research Procedure………………………………………………….. 21-22

v
 Locale and Time of the Study………………………………………… 23
Subject of the Study…………………………………………………... 23
Sampling Technique………………………………………………….. 23
Data Gathering Procedure…………………………………………….. 24
Statistical Treatment of Data…………………………………………. 24

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data 25-26

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings………………………………………………… 28-30
31-32
Conclusions……………………………………………………………
Recommendations…………………………………………………….. 33

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………............... 34-35

APPENDICES
A. Work Plan and Target Deliverables ..…………………………….. 36
B. Curriculum Vitae ………………………………………………… 37-46

vi
 List of Tables
Table 1: Profile of Test Subjects 25
Table 2: Number of colonies after 1 week by the subject
with Manila Palm (Adonidia merrilli) and Peruvian
Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand 26

Soap Using Used-Oil

Table 3: Measuring the Effectiveness of Soap 26

List of Figures
Figure 1. Paradigm of the study, “Manila Palm 25
(Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian Groundcherry
(Physalis Peruvian) as a Liquid Soap Using Used-Oil”
Figure 2. Map of Brgy. San Policarpo, Calbayog City 26

Abstract

vii
 This research paper aims to solve and create a new product that use

organic and used materials. The use of medicinal plants (Manila Palm and

Peruvian Groundcherry) to create a substitution for the commercialized

product that was way more expensive and used chemicals. This research

focuses on analyzing and measuring the efficacy of the researchers’ product.

The researcher used an experimental research design, in which data will be

gathered for the objectives of the study. To measure the impact of the

independent variables (Adonidia merrillii, Physalis peruvian, and Used-Oil)

on the dependent variable (test subject), the researchers will employ the

scientific method and use a purposive sampling technique in determining the

test subject. For this study, two samples (money and cellphone) will be used,

and each sample will be divided into two groups: a control group and an

experimental group. In total, four agar plates will be utilized to ensure the

desired results. Furthermore, the result shows that there is a significant

relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Based on the

results, the number of colonies in the controlled group was more frequent than

in the experimental group after one week. The researchers noted a difference

in the quantity of colonies between the two groups and the test sample. The

researchers concluded that Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian

Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil is

economically and environmentally friendly than the other commercialized

products. Therefore, it is recommended and preferred to use the soap in daily

routine

viii
 Chapter I

The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

Used cooking oil (UCO) are one of modern civilization's biggest nuisances

and a major contributor to environmental degradation, particularly in urban areas. The

increased consumption of oils by humans has resulted in an increase in used cooking

oil (UCO) production (Sharma, 2019). As the number of COVID-19 cases dropped

and Filipino lives have slowly reverted to normal, many new establishments are

opening in the food and beverage (F&B) sector that uses a massive of cooking oil.

Commercial use of cooking oil on a large scale by the snacks industry and F&B

organizations such as hotels, restaurants, caterers, roadside eateries, and even street

vendors produce a hundred tons of used cooking oil with no planned and scientific

method of disposal. The disposing of used oil into the environment causes extremely

dangerous pollution. Used cooking oil is not completely useless, and throwing it away

without thought is unwise.

Frying is the most common cooking method used worldwide, waste cooking

oils are widely distributed geographically and produced in large quantities

everywhere. The European Union (EU) contributes about 1 million tons per year to

the global production of used vegetable oils, which exceeds 190 million metric tons

annually (Shahbandeh, 2022). Cooking oil consumption in Indonesia is very high and

tends to rise every year, reaching 500,000 tons/per year (Rahayu et al., 2020).

In the Philippines, the open canal in the neighborhood is directly flushed by

the kitchen sink pipes of residential homes and even restaurants and eateries. People

1
are unaware that used oil or grease can clog drainage systems and eventually result in

flooding during heavy rains when it solidifies when cooled. The drainage on Tomas

Morato in Quezon City became clogged primarily due to used grease and oil, as was

discovered by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. In light of this, the

cause was an accumulation of grease from some local restaurants' kitchens (Balaria et

al., 2021).

In Calbayog City, as estimated there are 90% of the establishments such as

fast-food chains, hotels, caterers, roadside eateries, and street vendors used as a part

of cooking their products. Many of them used oils disposed directly into the sink

without safety precautionary measures. Still, many ventures do not know the proper

disposal and the effect on our environment.

The study by Mannu et al., (2020) highlights that waste cooking oils (WCOs)

have numerous applications and are a valuable source of raw materials, especially in

the circular economy model. There are ongoing efforts to update old techniques and

technologies to adapt to modern company requirements, which include research on

more convenient chemical syntheses, the development of new materials, and the

definition of new combined treatments. The initial chemical transformation of WCOs

through esterification is a prevalent topic in waste cooking oil recycling, with

applications in biodiesel and bio-lubricants. However, technological advances in both

processes and materials are being developed to recycle waste cooking oils more

efficient and sustainably manner, including the use of mini plants based on fast

physical treatment. The integration of academic and industrial research activities will

be critical in developing recycling treatments that can substitute non-waste raw

materials in the future.

2
 With being said, the researchers opted to create a liquid soap using the used

cooking oil and the medicinal properties of Manila Palm and Peruvian Groundcherry.

This study aims to assess the efficacy of used cooking oil with Manila Palm and

Peruvian Groundcherry as an antibacterial liquid hand soap which includes used oil

and has a high potential for making a significant contribution to the environment and,

in particular, to us as humans.

Theoretical Framework

3
 The theoretical underpinning of this study is based on Ordoyo and Sepe

(2019), the range of pH for liquid hand soap is within 8.5-10.5 and therefore

supported the “Theory of the Potential of Liquid Hand Soap” states the liquid hand

soaps containing antimicrobial ingredients, take away more bacteria as compared to

plain soaps. The physicochemical properties have been evaluated to determine the

liquid soap's quality, efficiency, and cleansing properties. The results revealed that the

zone of inhibition of commercial liquid hand soap significantly varies as compared to

the formulated liquid hand soaps.

In relevance to this study, herbal remedies for skin care with antibacterial

and/or antifungal activities are prepared from a variety of plant parts such as leaves,

stem, root, or fruit. These plants are administered topically and may be applied in the

form of cream, lotion, gel, soap, sap, solvent extract, or ointment, and have been

established to possess antimicrobial properties. Gels, creams, and soap formulations

containing a variety of plant extracts have been used to treat various skin disorders

caused by microbial infections (Mostafa et al., 2017). Thus, this justifies the need to

produce and optimize the use of any medicinal plant to produce a more sustainable

and renewable product. Since all plants produce chemicals that facilitate their

evolutionary advantages. Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian

Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil are

assumed to be renewable sources to satisfy the gap and enhance the previous soap.

Conceptual Framework

4
 This study aims to:
Manila Palm Promote the
 Determine the
effectiveness of efficiency of used-
(Adonidia
Manila Palm and oil, Adonidia
merrillii) and Peruvian merrillii, and
Groundcherry
Peruvian Physalis peruvian
extracts as a
potential liquid extracts as a
Groundcherry hand soap. potential liquid
(Physalis  Prove the hand soap and its
efficiency of Used- advantageous
peruvian) as a
oil, Manila Palm
benefit that it can
Liquid Hand and Peruvian
Groundcherry offer to the people
Soap Using extracts as a in the community.
potential liquid
Used-Oil hand soap.

Figure 1. Paradigm of the study, “Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and

Peruvian Groundcherry (Physalis Peruvian) as a Liquid Soap Using
Used-Oil”

This framework shows the research study will be conducted by illustrating a

flow chart in which each box contains a different explanation and description.

Box 1 states the dependent variables that could determine how effective the

product is. This will serve as a guide in the production because the product will vary

on these variables if these are already covered while developing the product. Box 2

shows the finished product which is the liquid hand soap which is considered the

independent variable affecting it. Through this, the researchers decided to promote the

efficiency of Adonidia merrillii and Physalis peruvian extracts as a potential liquid

hand soap.

5
Null Hypothesis

H01. There is no significant relationship between the Manila Palm, Peruvian

Groundcherry, and Used-oil in the effectiveness of liquid hand soap.

Alternative Hypothesis

Ha1. There is a significant relationship between the Manila Palm, Peruvian

Groundcherry, and Used-Oil in the effectiveness of liquid hand soap.

6
Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of Manila Palm

(Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand

Soap Using Used-Oil. Specifically, the researchers sought answer to the following

questions:

1. What are the components of Manila Palm and Peruvian Groundcherry as a

liquid soap?

2. What is the quality and effect of liquid soap on human skin in terms of;

2.1 Soap Efficacy;

2.2 pH Level Test;

2.3 Soap Consistency;

2.4 Effect on the skin?

3. What are the recommendations and suggestions regarding the liquid soap

using used oil based on the result?

7
Significance of the Study

The study of Manila Palm and Peruvian Groundcherry as a Liquid Hand Soap

Using Used-Oil will be beneficial and significant to the following:

Community. The study will be used to raise awareness of how used oil has

the potential to be recycled into other commercial products, particularly in areas

where used oil production is excessive.

Companies that Manufacture Soap. Manufacturers produce liquid hand

soap using non-renewable materials to make it antimicrobial. This study will make it

known that used oil can be converted into liquid hand soap and used as a renewable

source.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Through encouraging

planting, the study will be able to support their integration of reforestation and

rehabilitation of the Manila Palm and Peruvian Groundcherry.

Department of Health. Establishing antibacterial soap made out of organic

ingredients that are available in the surroundings can help them to have an alternative

and new substance that can help for hygiene.

Future Researchers. It is not avoidable that research related to this study will

take place in the future. This study can be used as a reference in their future research

and to help them in various ways to accomplish their research study, or they can also

improve this study in their time.

Solid Waste Management. The study will aid in environmental preservation

and the discovery of strategies for recycling used oil to create new products.

8
Definitions of Terms

The following terms are defined to further understand the concept of the study.

Agar Plate. It is a Petri dish containing agar-solidified growth material that is

used to cultivate microorganisms. It will be employed to culture the bacteria.

Antimicrobial. Any of the numerous chemical substances and physical agents

that are used to kill germs or stop their growth.

Colonies. They contain tens of thousands or even millions of individual germs

and are visible to the naked eye of a human. This will be the basis of the effectiveness

of the liquid soap.

Controlled Dish. It's the sole place a bacterium will grow unaided by any

chemicals or reagents.

Manila Palm. It is indigenous to the Philippines and is also referred to as

"Bunga De Jolo." The seeds of the plants or their extracts will be one of the

components utilized in the research to make liquid hand soap.

Peruvian Groundcherry. According to Google, Peruvian Groundcherry is a

type of shrub in the nightshade family. They have a self-sustaining growth pattern.

The extract of this plant will be extracted and used as a part of the research

independent variable.

Used-Oil. The cooking oil that is typically used in a household for daily

cooking is coconut oil. These will be the basic elements of the liquid soap.

9
Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focuses on the effectiveness of Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii)

and Peruvian Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-

Oil. This study involves the researchers and includes the observation of 2 test samples

in terms of soap efficacy, pH level test, soap consistency, and effect on the skin. This

study aims at determining and finding out the effectivitiveness of the components of

Manila palm, Peruvian groundcherry, and used oil which has potential use in making

liquid soap. The things that are beyond the control of the researchers are time and

unforeseen circumstances that could take place during the period of the study. This

study will be conducted in Brgy. San Policarpo Calbayog City, Samar on March 2023.

Chapter II

10
 Review of Related Literatures and Studies

Related Literatures

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an acute respiratory illness

pandemic brought on by a recently discovered novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has

swept throughout China and is affecting almost every country in the world. The WHO

formally labeled the COVID-19 pandemic a public health emergency of worldwide

concern on March 11, 2020. Nearly every part of the planet has been affected by

COVID-19. Hand hygiene is regarded as one of the most important preventive

measures against disease because of the rapid spread of the illness and the worrisome

death rates, which have led many nations and jurisdictions to establish steps to stop

the spread of COVID-19 (Ningrum et al., 2020). The first line of defense in

preventing the spread of infection is washing hands with soap and water for at least 20

seconds or using alcohol-based hand sanitizers when soap and water are not available

(Alzyood et al., 2020).

Up to three to five times as much cooking oil is consumed for frying as for

other uses. Numerous people continue to use oil despite the fact that it has changed

color from regular use. Saturated fatty acids are created during frying when the double

bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are broken (Tomskaya et al., 2008). The fatty acids in

the oil will become more saturated as a result of repeated frying. Good oil, on the

other hand, is defined as having a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than

saturated fatty acids. Hence, the oil can be referred to as used cooking oil or as having

been harmed (Hou et al., 2007). The primary causes of a rising waste output, which

has numerous effects on the environment and public health, have been population

expansion as well as changes in consumption habits and lifestyle (Herva et al., 2014).

11
 As a result of the ongoing pandemic, microorganisms are present everywhere.

Proper hygiene is essential because it affects our overall health. There are many

commercialized products available, but they contain chemicals that are harmful to our

environment. Due to the pandemic, the demand for antibacterial soap and

disinfectants is increasing. Adonidia merrillii, often known as "Manila palm" or

"Christmas palm," is a native of the Philippines and is possibly the most well-known,

frequently used, and widely farmed palm in the world. The species was then locally

known as “Bunga de Jolo” and “Bunga de China” as the fruits were also a good

substitute for those of Areca catechu (Fernando, 2011).

Peruvian Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) also known as cape gooseberry is a

crucial component of dietetic products and plays a significant role in nutrition. Highly

prized for its distinctive flavor, texture, and color. Furthermore, Its distribution

includes tropical areas and places with a more temperate climate, the Physalis genus

contains about 100 species that were originally found in the Andes (Oliveira et al.,

2016). Tomatillo, goldenberry, and groundcherry are just a few of the edible food

crops found in the Physalis genus of the Solanaceae family. Numerous vital vitamins

and minerals are present in these foods, particularly potassium and Vitamin C, which

support the immune system and have antioxidant properties. In addition to their

nutritional value, these plants contain withanolides, a group of steroidal lactones

known for their antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. Withanolide extract from

Physalis species has shown cytotoxicity toward cancer cells in some studies

(Shenstone et al., 2020). In addition to being antifeedants and repellents, they also

have a calming effect (Fang et al., 2012).

catechu.
12
Related Studies

The main factor in lowering the worldwide burden of infectious illnesses is

antimicrobial agents. Yet, due to the lack of adequate antimicrobials to treat infections
13
brought on by pathogenic bacteria, the rise and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR)

strains in pathogenic bacteria have become a serious concern to public health. Finding

novel antimicrobial drugs is therefore crucial in light of the evidence showing the

quick spread of resistant clinical isolates over the world. The quick, widespread

establishment of resistance to newly introduced antimicrobial drugs in the past,

however, suggests that even new families of antimicrobial compounds will have a

short shelf life. Many medicinal plants have been identified as important sources of

naturally occurring antimicrobial chemicals as a potential substitute that may be

successful in the treatment of these troublesome bacterial illnesses (Manandhar et al.,

2019). The World Health Organization (WHO) claims that the greatest place to get a

range of medications is from medicinal plants.

As stated above, medicinal-plant extracts, known to produce certain bioactive

molecules which react with other organisms in the environment, are known to be less

toxic to humans and are environmentally friendly due to the less pollutant released

during production. Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are being increasingly

reported worldwide. Plants are biochemically unique and produce a wide array of

novel natural products and are considered a rich source of steroids, triterpenes,

saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Extracts from the leaves, stems, barks

and roots of mangrove species have shown positive results for antioxidant activity

tests. Effects of mangrove extracts on some microorganisms, including Shigella sp.,

Staphylococcus sp., and Pseudomonas sp. have been reported in some studies in the

area of pharmacology (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2017).

Based on the conclusion of Goh et al., (2020) techno-economic studies, waste

cooking oil biofuels are economically feasible and have the added benefit of reducing

14
carbon emissions, provided that the price difference between the produced fuel and

commercial fuels, the availability of waste cooking oil, and the variation in the oil's

properties are all taken care of. According to this analysis, used cooking oil is a

biowaste with a significant potential for use in the creation of sophisticated fuels for

the ground and aviation industries. The adoption of sustainable waste cooking oil

biofuels would be accelerated by improvements in fuel production technology and

pertinent policies. The capability of used cooking oil in making soap is at an all-time

high.

According to Adane (2020) the produced soaps' physiochemical analyses were

equivalent to commercial soap samples and standards described in the literature. Used

cooking oils can be utilized to create laundry soaps of acceptable quality on both

small and big scales, according to comparisons made between the physicochemical

qualities (data) acquired for the manufactured soap samples and the commercial soap

samples. One of its advantages is that it can be used to lessen the harm that used

cooking oils cause to the environment.

In this study by Vafaei et al., (2019) the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity

of the Adonidia merrillii fruits were investigated using different solvent polarities

(methanol, ethyl acetate, and water). The results showed that the total phenolic and

flavonoid contents of the methanolic extract were higher compared with other extracts

with respective values of 17.80 ± 0.45 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (DW)

and 5.43 ± 0.33 mg rutin equivalents/g DW. The results revealed that the fruit extracts

from Adonidia merrillii have significant anti-oxidant and anti-cytotoxicity

capabilities. Therefore, additional research into the fruit is a prospect for finding

natural supplies of antioxidant and cytotoxic medications.

15
 Physalis peruviana (Peruvian Groundcherry) has a long history of use as a

nutraceutical herb and as a therapeutic herb (antispasmodic, diuretic, antiseptic,

sedative, and analgesic). This fruit contains the following major phenolic acids:

caffeic, gallic, chlorogenic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids. Terpene is a volatile

substance found in berries and has antioxidant properties. The presence of

withanolides is thought to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of P.

peruviana fruits (Singh et al., 2019). Medicinal plant extracts are known to be less

toxic to humans and more environmentally friendly because they produce specific

bioactive molecules that interact with other organisms in the environment. Since

Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian)

have a potential for their antibacterial, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory properties,

thus the researchers ought to use these components.

Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter covers the methodology, research design, respondents of the

study, materials and methods, research procedure, solution application, locale and

16
time of the study, subjects of the study, data gathering procedure, sampling technique,

data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment.

In this study of “Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian Groundcherry

(Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil”, the researchers put up

several efforts to get the desired outcome, including acquiring trustworthy data from

the internet that contained study-related information. Cooking oils are frequently

utilized in food preparation, which has an adverse impact on the environment and

attracted researchers' interest in doing this study. The existing materials and tools to

be used in making the product are available in the locality.

Research Design

This study's design will be based on an experimental research design, in which

data will be gathered for the objectives of the study. To measure the impact of the

independent variables (Adonidia merrillii, Physalis peruvian, and Used oil) on the

dependent variable (test subject), the researchers will employ the scientific method.

This is done by changing the independent variable and examining how it affects the

dependent variable. To assess the study's hypothesis, several procedures must be

carried out as part of an experimental research design.

Respondents of the Study

The test subject for this study is 2 samples (money and cellphone) and each

sample will have 2 agar plates. One will be the control group and the other one will be

the experimental group. Therefore, the researchers will use 4 agar plates to achieve

the desirable outcome.

Materials and Methods

17
 The “Manila Palm (Adonidia merillii) and Peruvian Groundcherry (Physalis

peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil” was made using the materials and

equipment listed below.

Manila Palm Peruvian Groundcherry

Used Cooking Oil and Casserole Liquid Glycerine

18
Potassium Hydroxide pH Test Strips

Agar Plate Cotton Buds

Food weighing scale Goggles

19
Distilled Water

Spatula

Mixing Bowl Scotch Tape

Pentel Pen Money (Test Subject)

20
Cellphone (Test Subject)

21
Research Procedure

Liquid Soap Making

These are the following procedures in making the “Manila Palm (Adonidia

merrillii) and Peruvian Groundcherry (Physalis Peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap

Using Used-Oil”

1. Gather all the materials and equipment needed.

2. Make sure to keep the area clean and your hands to avoid contamination.

3. Filter the used cooking oil. Prepare 500g of used cooking oil.

4. Prepare the casserole and add the 500g of used cooking oil that has been

filtered. Let it warm up slowly.

5. Make 156g of distilled water, 104g of glycerin, and 104g of potassium

hydroxide. Slowly incorporate potassium hydroxide into water. The lye

solution will be the combination. Adding acid to water is a must.

6. While the utilized oil in the cooking is already hot. Slowly pour in the lye

solution and stir it. After that, gradually add the liquid glycerin. Within 10

minutes, thoroughly and continuously blend the mixture over low heat. The

use of a mechanical mixer is optional.

7. Once the mixture has thickened (Saponificate). For 20 to 30 minutes, cook the

soap on low heat or in the keep-warm position.

8. To determine the pH level of the soap, take a sufficient amount of the mixture

after 30 minutes and diluted it in distilled water. Set the soap aside if the pH

level is normal.

9. Using medium heat, steam the manila palm for ten minutes. After that, peel

the Manila Palm's outer skin and mix it in a food processor.

22
 10. Next, peel the Peruvian Groundcherry's skin. After cleaning it, combine it in

the food processor. Then, combine the Manila Palm and Peruvian

Groundcherry once they have sufficiently blended.

11. As a dilution, add 1850g of distilled water to the mixture along with the mixed

Manila Palm and Peruvian Groundcherry. The amount of water to add depends

on how thick the mixture is. It might require less water!

12. Be sure to maintain a low heat while letting the components sit for an hour.

You can stir the mixture to completely dilute it after an hour. Wait another

hour for the mixture to be combined and cooled.

13. The product can now be transferred into a clean container.

Gathering of Samples

1. Get a piece of cotton bud and swipe it on the samples (money and cellphone),

collecting two samples for each the experimental and controlled groups.

2. Next, for the experimental group, take another cotton bud, dip it into the soap,

and swipe it on the agar plate before applying the sample. In the controlled

group, simply swipe the gathered sample on the agar plate.

3. Afterward, label the agar plate based on the group and sample type used.

4. Seal it tightly with scotch tape, ensuring it is properly closed and sealed.

Locale and Time of the Study

23
 This study was conducted in Brgy. San Policarpo, Calbayog City during the

school year of 2022-2023.

Figure 2. Map of Brgy. San Policarpo, Calbayog City

Subjects of the Study

The primary subjects of this study are the chosen test samples, all belonging to

the experimental group.

Sampling Technique

The researchers used a purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling,

also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling, is a form of non-

probability sampling in which researchers rely on their judgment when choosing the

subjects of the study. The researcher utilizes this sampling method as they selected the

respondents that are upon the purpose of the study.

24
Data Gathering Procedure

In gathering the data for the study, the researchers selected the subjects of the

study through the identification of the most frequently used items (Phone and Door

Knob). The number of colonies will be measured by counting manually and this will

be identified through visuals. After getting the samples, the samples will be handled

with care to avoid contamination this will be sealed and close tightly. This will be

stored in a normal room temperature within 3 days. The control group will be the

basis of how many colonies will be able to produce without receiving any treatment,

while the experimental will be the basis of the said liquid soap can eliminate bacteria.

Multiple round dots of growth that can be seen; these are bacteria colonies. There may

be several types of bacteria growing in the dishes. Different types of colonies will

have different colors and textures. To determine the type of bacteria, the researchers

will use a compound microscope to determine the present bacteria. For each test

sample, count and record the number of bacteria colonies in each dish. Thus, they will

be measured through the given formula:

1 – (No. of colonies in the test dish/No. of colonies in the controlled dish) *100%

Which is divide the number of colonies in the test dish by the number of

colonies in the controlled dish, then subtract the result from 1 and write the answer as

a percentage.

Statistical Treatment of Data

25
 Descriptive statistics were used to statistically analyze the data obtained from

the finished instrument, and the results were achieved through how high bacteria were

eliminated by percentage.

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

In this chapter, the results of the data analyzed are presented. The data were

collected within 1 week of observing the 2-test sample and then interpreted in

response to the problem of the study with regards to the number of colonies after 7

days of culturing of bacteria from the controlled group and experimental group.

Table 1.

Profile of Test Subjects

Test Subject Dish Number Group

Money 1 Controlled Group
Cellphone 2 Controlled Group
Money 3 Experimental Group
Cellphone 4 Experimental Group

Table 1 displays the profiles of the test subjects, which include money and

cellphones, divided into two groups: the controlled group and the experimental group.

The control group consists of dish number 1, representing money, and dish number 2,

representing cell phone. On the other hand, the experimental group includes dish

number 3, representing money, and dish number 4, representing cell phone. Therefore,

a total of four dish plates are being used.

26
 Table 2.

Number of colonies after 1 week by the subject with Manila Palm (Adonidia
merrilli) and Peruvian Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap
Using Used-Oil

Test Subject Dish Number Group Number of

Colonies
Money 1 Controlled Group 60
Cellphone 2 Controlled Group 55
Money 3 Experimental Group 8
Cellphone 4 Experimental Group 6

Table 2 illustrates the colony counts after one week. In the control group, dish

number 1 with money had 60 colonies, while dish number 2 with cell phone had 55

colonies. In the experimental group, dish number 3 with money had 8 colonies, and

dish number 4 with cell phone had 6 colonies.

Table 3.

Measuring the Effectiveness of Soap

Formula:

1 – (No. of colonies in the test dish/No. of colonies in the controlled dish) *100%

Test Subject Solving Using the Eliminated Bacteria

Formula (In Percentage)
Money 1-(8/60) *100% 86.67%
Cellphone 1-(6/55) *100% 89.09%

Table 3 reveals the measurement of soap’s effectiveness in eliminating

bacteria using a specific formula. The results indicate that in the money group, the

27
percentage of eliminated bacteria is 86.67%, while in the cell phone group, the

percentage of eliminated bacteria is 89.09%.

Chapter V

Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendation

The findings of the study are outlined in this chapter, along with the researcher's

conclusions and suggestions based on the information gathered from the study's

observation.

Summary of Findings

1. Soap Efficacy. Based on the results, the number of colonies in the controlled

group was more frequent than in the experimental group after one week. The

researchers noted a difference in the number of colonies between the two

groups and the test sample. The Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and

Peruvian Groundcherry (Physalis peruviana) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using

Used-Oil demonstrated effectiveness as a liquid hand soap using used oil in

eliminating bacteria.

2. pH Level Test. Based on the results, the pH level of the soap, as shown by

the pH strip tester, was 8.5. Therefore, the pH level of the soap is normal and

safe for use on human skin.

3. Soap Consistency. Based on observations, the consistency of the soap is

somewhat watery. This consistency is sufficient and appropriate to classify it

as a liquid soap.

28
4. Effect on the Skin. Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian

Groundcherry (Physalis peruviana) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil,

have shown a significant relationship in eliminating bacteria. Both test

samples received the soap in the experimental group, while the other samples

did not receive the soap in the controlled group. Based on the results, the

control group developed more colonies than the experimental group.

Therefore, the researchers conclude that soap has the potential to eliminate

bacteria. Furthermore, the researchers discovered that the soap is also effective

in moisturizing the skin after application.

Controlled Group

Money Cellphone

Experimental Group

29
Money Cellphone

pH Level Test

30
Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The researchers concluded that Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian

Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil is

effective in eliminating bacteria as Manila Palm and Peruvian Groundcherry

had the biological and chemical properties such as antispasmodic, diuretic,

antiseptic, sedative, and analgesic, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and withanolides.

The components showcased the effectiveness of the independent variables in

eliminating bacteria.

2. The researchers concluded that Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian

Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil has

a high potential in eliminating bacteria and are feasible in using the used-oil in

creating a liquid soap.

3. The researchers concluded that Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian

Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil has

31
 the same effectivity as commercialized soap and can be used in washing

hands. Likewise, the soap is more cost-efficient and easily fetch locally, in

terms of materials and ingredients used in the production of the soap.

Furthermore, the safety of commercially produced soap is still preferred since

the Manila palm and Peruvian groundcherry as a liquid hand soap using used

oil still needs to undergo a series of evaluations and authorization from

responsible bodies of the government such as the Food and Drugs

Administration.

4. The researchers concluded that Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian

Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil

showed no significant relationship in terms of any side effect at the time of

application.

5. The researchers concluded that Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian

Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil has

advantages for the community and the Department of Health (DOH).

6. The researchers concluded that Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian

Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil is

economically and environmentally friendly than the other commercialized

products.

32
Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion presented, the following recommendations are

suggested:

1. Based on the findings and results, the researchers recommend to the

Department of Health, the community, and companies that produce soap to try

and rely on the impacts of Manila palm, Peruvian groundcherry, and used oil

in creating soaps.

2. The advocacy of Manila Palm (Adonidia merrillii) and Peruvian Groundcherry

(Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand Soap Using Used-Oil should be

improved and implemented to serve awareness of the great impact of the

product.

3. Recommendations were made by researchers to promote the use of locally

found and organic resources than chemically produced soaps.

33
 4. The researchers recommend for commercialization of Manila Palm (Adonidia

merrillii) and Peruvian Groundcherry (Physalis peruvian) as a Liquid Hand

Soap Using Used-Oil to the markets in our locality.

5. To introduce and present the product to the Department of Health, Department

of Science and Technology, and World Health Organization for the

improvement and further verification of the efficacy of the soap.

References

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of Herbal Medicine. Springer EBooks, 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-
319-25277-3_6

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Goh, B. H. H., Chong, C. T., Ge, Y., Show, P. L., Ng, J., Tian, B., Ashokkumar, V.,
Lim, S., Katrašnik, T., & Józsa, V. (2020). Progress in utilisation of waste
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113296

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Herva, M., Neto, B., & Roca, E. (2014). Environmental assessment of the integrated
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(2010). Antimicrobial activities of skincare preparations from plant extracts.
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Oliveira, S., Gonçalves, F., Correia, P., & Guiné, R. (2016). Physical properties of
Physalis peruviana L. Open Agriculture, 1(1), 55–59.
https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2016-0007

Ordoyo, A. E. T., & Sepe, M. (2019). Antibacterial potential of liquid hand soap with
Piper aduncum leaf extract. ResearchGate.
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of_liquid_hand_soap_with_Piper_aduncum_leaf_extract

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75(3), 316–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-020-00821-3

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(2019). An updated review on Physalis peruviana fruit: Cultivational,
nutraceutical and pharmaceutical aspects. Indian Journal of Natural Products
and Resources, 10(2), 97–110.
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%2010%282%29%2097-110.pdf

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hydrocarbon composition of crude oils. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels
and Oils, 44(4), 280–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10553-008-0052-z

35
Uzwatania, F., Ningrum, R. S., & O, S. R. (2020). FORMULATION OF LIQUID
HAND SOAP MADE FROM NEEM SEED OIL AND LEMONGRASS
ESSENTIAL OIL. Indonesian Journal of Applied Research, 1(3), 155–162.
https://doi.org/10.30997/ijar.v1i3

Vafaei, A., Mohamad, J., & Karimi, E. (2019). HPLC profiling of phenolics and
flavonoids of Adonidia merrillii fruits and their antioxidant and cytotoxic
properties. Natural Product Research, 33(17), 2531–2535.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1448810

Appendix A

Work Plan and Target Deliverables

Date Day Activity Significant Remarks

May 19, 2023 Fri Collection of the needed

materials

May 20, 2023 Sat Combining of the materials

and following the process in

creating soap. Gather the

samples and applying into the

agar plate

36
May 27, 2023 Sat
Final observation and counting

of colonies in the test dish

Appendix B

Curriculum Vitae

PERSONAL INFORMATION
NAME: AGURA RIO Z.

AGE: 18

DATE OF BIRTH: DECEMBER 04, 2004

PLACE OF BIRTH: BRGY. PILAR

CIVIL STATUS: SINGLE

RELIGION: BAPTIST
37
ADRESS: BRGY. PILAR, OQUENDO DISTRICT, CALBAYOG CITY

MOTHER’S NAME: MARILYN S. ZAMORAS

FATHER’S NAME: RAUL C AGURA

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

ELEMENTARY: PILAR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

JUNIOR HIGH: PILAR NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH: SAN POLICARPO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOO

Cherry-Ann M. Calagos
Senior High School Student

Address: Napuro 1 Sta. Margarita Western Samar

Mobile #: 09462864621
Email: cherryannmaracalagos@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth November 30, 2004

Place of Birth Napuro 1 Sta.Margarita Samar
Age 18 yrs. Old
Sex Female
Height 5’1
Civil Status Single
Religion Catholic
Citizenship Filipino
Dialects spoken Waray, Tagalog

KEY SKILLS

 Volunteer Work at House of Woofs (Animal Shelter) in Brgy. San Isidro Montalban
Rodriguez Rizal

38
  Service Crew –Kendra’s Catering Service Sta.Margarita
 JO Summer Job in Sta.Margarita (1 Month)
 Senior High Immersion at Adventist Calbayog Hospital (10 Days)

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Sta. Margarita II Central Elementary School (2016-2017)

Brgy. Napuro, Sta. Margarita, Samar, 6709

Secondary: Kasiglahan Village National High School (2020-2021)

Brgy. San Jose Rodriguez Rizal, 1860

Senior High: San Policarpo National High School (2022-2023)

P7 Pajo Street. Brgy. San Policarpo , Calbayog City, Samar 6710

Andrea Iris J. Dano

Senior High School Student

Address: Purok 10, Rubante Street Brgy. San

Policarpo Calbayog city

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth March 14, 2005

Age 18 yrs. Old
Sex Female
Civil Status Single
Religion Catholic
Citizenship Filipino
Dialects spoken Waray, Tagalog

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

39
Elementary: San Policarpo Central Elementary School (2016-2017)

Secondary: San Policarpo national High School (2020-2021)

Senior High: San Policarpo National High School (2022-2023)

P7 Pajo Street. Brgy. San Policarpo , Calbayog City, Samar 6710

Mary Ann R. Flores

Senior High School Student

Address: P6 Brgy. San Policarpo Calbayog City Western Samar

Mobile #: 09269979266
Email: maryannregisflores@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth May 6, 2005

Place of Birth Calbayog City, Samar
Age 18 yrs. Old
Sex Female
Height 4’8
Civil Status Single
Religion Catholic
Citizenship Filipino
Dialects spoken Waray, Tagalog

KEY SKILLS

 Communication Skills
 Punctual
 Teamwork

40
  Diligence
 Hardworking

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: San Policarpo Central School (2011-2017)

P5 Lagahit St. Brgy. San Policarpo Calbayog City, Samar, 6710

Junior High School: San Policarpo National High School (2017-2021)

P7 Pajo St. Brgy. San Policarpo Calbayog City, Samar, 6710

Senior High School: San Policarpo National High School (2021-2023)

P7 Pajo St. Brgy. San Policarpo Calbayog City, Samar, 6710

Jovon N. Guyo
Senior High School Student

Address: Brgy. Danao 1, Tinambacan District

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth August 2, 2005

Age 17 yrs. Old
Sex Male
Civil Status Single
Religion Catholic
Citizenship Filipino
Dialects spoken Waray, Tagalog

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

41
Elementary: Danao 1 Elementary School (2016-2017)

Secondary: Rafael Lentejas Memorial School of Fisheries (2020-2021)

Senior High: San Policarpo National High School (2022-2023)

P7 Pajo Street. Brgy. San Policarpo , Calbayog City, Samar 6710

Adonis James T. Jadulco

Senior High School Student

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth August 02, 2005

Age 17 yrs. Old
Sex Male
Civil Status Single
Religion Catholic
Citizenship Filipino
Dialects spoken Waray, Tagalog

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: San Policarpo Central Elementary School (2016-2017)

42
 Secondary: San Policarpo national High School (2020-2021)

Senior High: San Policarpo National High School (2022-2023)

P7 Pajo Street. Brgy. San Policarpo , Calbayog City, Samar 6710

LUNGSOD, CHARICE MAE L.

Phone: 09385844401
chaaa.hxh@gmail.com
Brgy. Gadgaran
Calbayog City, Samar

PERSONAL INFORMATION

AGE: 16 MOTHER’S NAMES: MARLYN L. LUNGSOD

SEX: FEMALE FATHER’S NAME: ROBERTO M. LUNGSOD
ADRESS: BRGY, GADGARAN, CALBAYOG CITY, SAMAR
RELIGION: CATHOLIC

EDUCATION

Primary
Gadgaran Integrated School 2017

43
 Brgy. Gadgaran, Calbayog City, Samar

Secondary
Gadgaran Integrated School 2021
Brgy. Gadgaran, Calbayog City, Samar
Junior High School Level

San Policarpo National High School Present

Brgy. San Policarpo, Calbayog City, Samar
Senior High School Level

Katelyn P.
Rellita
Student
I plan to enhance my technical skills by continuously
learning and staying updated with the latest
programming languages, frameworks, and
technologies.

Education Experience

2021 - Present February 13 - 27

Senior High School Work Immersion Student
San Policarpo National High School Department of Public Works
and Highways (DPWH)

2017 - 2021
Junior High School
San Policarpo National High School
Skills

44
2012 - 2017  Problem-solving
Elementary  Teamwork
San Policarpo Central Elementary School
 Creativity

Contact

Purok 1 Brgy. San Policarpo

Calbayog City, Samar
09101267348
rellitakate@gmail.com

45
Justin B. Yabao
+63 931 967 9027

Purok 6, Barangay Mag-Ubay

Calbayog City, Philippines 6710
justinyabao5@gmail.com

Objective
To obtain a certain position of responsibility with academic and wealth of experience
including the desired profession. Organized and friendly with the ability to interact
positively socially. With my experience in life where I can fully utilize them to
advance flawless interaction as I’m willing to achieve my dream to be a doctor.

Skills
 Respectful and articulate communicator adept at dealing with delicate situations.
 Approachable and willing to devote all my time just to provide other necessities.
 Attentive
 Observant
 Situational awareness

Education
Batch 2016 – 2017, Primary
Mag-Ubay Elementary School, Calbayog City, Philippines

Batch 2020 – 2021, Secondary

Mag-Ubay National High School, Calbayog City, Philippines

Awards
 When I was in grade 3, I won in district level in Filipino contest “Pagsulat ng
pangungusap gamit ang larawan”.
 Won in school and district level in grade 5 and 6 in science quiz bee.
 Won in grade 9 in school-based competition “ASEAN Quiz Bee”
 3rd Place in Research Project Proposal, Division Level.

46