THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 547 : 1178È1183, 2001 February 1

( 2001. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.

ABSORPTION f-VALUES OF Ti II VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET RESONANCE TRANSITIONS

L. M. WIESE,1 J. A. FEDCHAK,2 AND J. E. LAWLER3
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
Received 2000 June 2 ; accepted 2000 September 21

ABSTRACT
We report laboratory measurements of the oscillator strengths for the Ti II vacuum ultraviolet reso-
nance transitions 3d24s a4F È3d4s4p(3Po) 4Fo at j \ 191.0938 nm and 3d24s a4F È3d4s4p(3Po)
3@2 3@2 vac 3@2
4Do at 191.0609 nm. Using the High Sensitivity Absorption Spectroscopy Experiment at the Synchro-
1@2
tron Radiation Center in Stoughton, Wisconsin, we determined the f-values for the Ti II 191.06 and
191.09 nm transitions relative to the well-known f-values of the Ti II resonance transitions 3d24s
a4F È3d24p z4Do at j \ 306.7245 nm and 3d24s a4F È3d24p z4Go at 338.4740 nm. The Ti II
3@2 3@2 vac 3@2 5@2
191.06 nm absorption f-value is 0.104 ^ 0.004. The Ti II 191.09 nm absorption f-value is 0.098 ^ 0.003.
The Ti II 191.06 and Ti II 191.09 nm transitions have been detected in ground-based observations of
high-redshift quasi-stellar object (QSO) absorption-line systems and in space-based observations. Use of
these reÐned f-values causes a minimal change in the Ti abundances reported for some QSO absorption-
line systems and for the Large Magellanic Cloud toward SN 1987A. The overabundance of Ti relative to
Fe in comparison to solar abundances for two QSO absorption-line systems is decreased by our results.
In general Ti abundances based on the 191 nm lines now can be put on an accurate absolute scale.
Subject headings : atomic data È ISM : abundances

1. INTRODUCTION
Analyses of astronomical spectra rely on accurate oscil-
lator strengths, or f-values, to determine elemental abun-
dances and to quantify the physical processes that govern
the distribution of matter in the interstellar medium (ISM)
of our Galaxy and in more distant clouds observed via
quasi-stellar object (QSO) absorption-line systems. Only a
few resonance lines of the dominant ionization stage for
each element appear in many ISM absorption spectra and
in QSO absorption-line systems. Considerable e†ort is
being expended to measure accurate f-values for the key
resonance lines of Si II, Fe II, Co II, Ni II, Cr II, Zn II, and
other elements. Here we report accurate f-values for two
important vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) resonance transitions
of Ti II, the 3d24s a4F È3d4s4p(3Po) 4Fo transition at
j \ 191.0938 nm and3@2
3@2
the 3d24s a4F È3d4s4p(3Po) 4Do
vac 3@2 1@2
transition at 191.0609 nm. All wavelengths for Ti II are
taken from Huldt, Johansson, & Litzen (1982). Vacuum
wavelengths are used throughout this paper.
Titanium is an important probe of the ISM and QSO
absorption-line systems. The ionization potential of Ti`
nearly matches that of H, and so very little titanium in
higher ionization stages exists in H I regions of the ISM. It is
more severely depleted in di†use cold clouds than in warm
clouds (Jenkins, Savage, & Spitzer 1986). In dusty regions of
the Galactic ISM Ti is more heavily depleted into dust
grains than Fe (Jenkins 1987). Because the f-value is well
known and the absorption line can be observed with
ground-based telescopes, the Ti II resonance transition
3d24s a4F È3d24p z4Go at 338.4740 nm is commonly
3@2 5@2
used in abundance studies.
The Ti II 191.09 and Ti II 191.06 nm transitions have been
observed at high redshift with ground-based telescopes in
spectra of Ðve di†erent QSO absorption-line systems by
1 lmwiese=facsta†.wisc.edu.
2 jfedchak=newfocus.com.
3 jelawler=facsta†.wisc.edu.
1178
Prochaska & Wolfe (1997, 1999) and Meyer, Lanzetta, &
Wolfe (1995). In these high-redshift spectra, the Ti II 338.47
nm line is shifted to a much less accessible infrared region of
the spectrum. The Ti II 191.09 and 191.06 nm absorption
lines are the only titanium transitions observed in these
QSO absorption-line systems. The Ti II 191.09 and 191.06
nm transitions have also been observed by Welty et al.
(1999) in abundance studies on the Large Magellanic Cloud
(LMC).
Because of uncertainty in the f-values for these tran-
sitions, Prochaska & Wolfe (1999) have questioned the
accuracy of the Ti abundance derived for high-redshift QSO
absorption-line systems. There has been no previous
experimental measurement of the Ti II 191.06 and 191.09
nm f-values. Morton (1991) lists absorption f-values for
these transitions as f (191.06 nm) \ 0.0975 and f (191.09
nm) \ 0.0706 from the semiempirical calculation of Kurucz
(1988).
To facilitate the comparison of elemental abundances
from QSO absorption-line systems with that of the Galactic
ISM, we have measured the f-values of Ti II 191.06 and
191.09 nm relative to the well-known f-value of the Ti II
338.47 nm line. The use of the Ti II 338.47 nm transition to
establish an absolute scale for the 191.1 nm f-values in our
work should largely eliminate problems from f-value uncer-
tainties in comparisons of Galactic ISM Ti abundance,
based primarily on Ti II 338.47 nm data, with Ti abun-
dances from QSO absorption-line systems based on Ti II
191.1 nm data. To verify the accuracy of small curve-of-
growth corrections in our work, we also measure the Ti II
191.1 nm transitions, as well as the Ti II 338.47 nm tran-
sition, relative to the weaker Ti II resonance transition 3d24s
a4F È3d24p z4Do at 306.7245 nm.
3@2 3@2
2. EXPERIMENT
The High Sensitivity Absorption Spectroscopy (HSAS)
experiment was developed at the University of Wisconsin at
Madison to measure f-values of VUV resonance transitions
of atoms and singly charged ions. The f-values of many
 Ti II VUV RESONANCE TRANSITIONS
visible and near-UV resonance transition have been accu-
rately measured using a combination of laser-induced Ñuo-
rescence (LIF) to determine the lifetime of the upper level
and emission spectroscopy to determine the branching frac-
tion of the upper level to lower levels. However, this
approach is less useful in the VUV due to limited per-
formance of tunable lasers in the VUV, difficulties in resolv-
ing decay times of short-lived levels, and difficulties in
radiometric calibrations in the VUV. For these reasons, we
measure the VUV resonance transition f-values using
absorption spectroscopy relative to a well-known f-value of
a visible or near-UV resonance transition. This approach
establishes accurate, absolute f-values for the VUV reso-
nance transitions.
The HSAS experiment has been described in detail else-
where (Lawler et al. 1999), but the key features are sum-
marized here. Figure 1 shows the experiment layout. The
HSAS experiment consists of three key components : a
continuum light source, an atom/ion source, and a
spectrometer/detector system.
Continuum radiation from the visible to the VUV and
beyond is produced by a 2.083 m radius bending magnet
at the White Light beamline on the Aladdin storage ring at
the Synchrotron Radiation Center, located in Stoughton,
Wisconsin. This ring is typically operated with 250 mA of
electron current at 800 MeV, which provides a bright,
stable, and spectrally smooth continuum across the UV and
VUV. The White Light beamline consists of vacuum coup-
lings and a gold-coated grazing-incidence concave mirror
that reimages the synchrotron radiation. We have added a
sacriÐcial optic in the form of a fused silica or magnesium
Ñuoride (MgF ) window after the gold mirror to stop
2 from damaging fragile optics in the HSAS
harder radiation
experiment. This sacriÐcial optic must be routinely replaced
as the X-rays and hard UV radiation burn the optic over
time.
A gas-phase sample of Ti atoms and ions is produced
with a hollow-cathode discharge (HCD) sputtering source.
The cathode is a water-cooled Cu cylinder, 20 cm in length
with a center bore of 1 cm diameter. The center bore is lined
with Ti, but in this versatile source the cathode may be lined
with a variety of other materials to produce gas-phase
samples of other elements. Copper anodes, also with a 1 cm
diameter center bore, are mounted 4 cm from either end of
the cathode. The discharge is operated with 1.0 torr of Ar
as bu†er gas and is isolated from the ultrahigh vacuum
of the Aladdin storage ring and the high vacuum of the
spectrometer/detector by hard sealed, wedged MgF
windows. The discharge is mounted at the focus of the syn-2
chrotron radiation beam produced by the gold-coated
grazing-incidence mirror and is aligned with the synchro-
tron beam passing down its center.
FIG. 1.ÈSchematic of the HSAS experiment
1179
After passing through the HCD, the synchrotron beam
is reshaped by two cylindrical MgF coated aluminum
2
mirrors, M1 and M2 as shown in Figure 1, to match the
etendue of the synchrotron beam with the etendue of our
spectrometer. The spectrometer/detector system is a 3 m
focal length, vacuum-compatible spectrometer equipped
with a 300 l mm~1 echelle grating blazed at 63¡. A 0.2 m
focal length Seya monochromator acts as an order sorter
and reduces the amount of scattered light in the 3 m
spectrometer. Our detector, mounted at the exit of the 3 m
spectrometer, is an uncoated, boron-doped, thinned, back-
illuminated SITe CCD array with 512 ] 512 pixels,
mounted in a Princeton Instruments camera head. By
binning vertical pixels together, we record CCD spectra in
one-dimensional spectroscopic mode. The 3 m spectro-
meter, equipped with CCD array and order sorter, has a
practical resolving power of 350,000.
Absorption data for both the VUV lines and the near-UV
reference lines are measured using a digital subtraction
technique described by Wamsley, Mitsuhashi, & Lawler
(1993). To remove the contribution of the HCD line emis-
sion from the absorption spectra, we use the CCD to record
a line-emission spectrum from the HCD with the synchro-
tron beam blocked, then subtract it pixel by pixel from an
absorption spectrum recorded with the synchrotron beam
unblocked. The absorption spectrum, with line emission
removed, is normalized (divided) pixel by pixel to a dark-
signalÈcorrected continuum spectrum recorded with the
HCD turned o†. The digital subtraction and normalization
of spectra corrects for the pixel-to-pixel variations in the
CCD sensitivity and dark signal. A typical absorption spec-
trum is shown in Figure 2.
To ensure that discharge conditions are identical for both
the reference line and the VUV line of interest, absorption
and line-emission spectra are recorded for both the VUV
line and the reference line by retuning the spectrometer
while the HCD is on. Continuum and dark-signal spectra
FIG. 2.ÈTypical absorption spectrum of the resonance VUV tran-
sitions Ti II 191.0609 and 191.0938 nm. An unidentiÐed absorption line
appears at 191.088 nm.
1180 WIESE, FEDCHAK, & LAWLER
are recorded for one line before the HCD is turned on and
for the other line after the HCD is turned o†.
Absorption spectra must be corrected for scattered or
stray light that reaches the CCD detector. The absorption
proÐle of a highly saturated or optically very thick tran-
sition is Ñat at line center, and the Ñux at line center is a
direct measure of the scattered light. Using the xenon 147
nm resonance line, the mercury resonance lines at 185 and
254 nm, the Schumann-Runge bands of O at 190 nm, and
2
the sodium resonance lines at 590 nm, we have constructed
a scattered-light curve for our system over the range
147 \ j \ 590 nm. Scattered-light levels are 6.0% ^ 0.5%
at 338 nm, 6.5% ^ 0.5% at 307 nm, and 13% ^ 1% at 191
nm. Uncertainties in the scattered-light levels contribute to
the uncertainties in our Ðnal result.
If the equivalent widths of both the reference line and
VUV line are on the linear part of the curve of growth, or
optically thin, then the ratio of their equivalent widths is
independent of column density and equal to the ratio of
their f-values. As the density of ground-state Ti` increases,
the stronger of the two transitions will begin to saturate at
line center and its equivalent width will increase more
slowly with increasing Ti` density, causing the ratio of
equivalent widths to increase if the strong line is in the
denominator (ratio of equivalent widths \1) or decrease if
it is in the numerator (ratio of equivalent widths [1).
Because the ground-state Ti` density is approximately pro-
portional to the power dissipated in the HCD, we can deter-
mine the range of operating currents for which the HCD
produces an optically thin, or near optically thin, sample of
Ti` by measuring the ratio of equivalent widths of a strong
and weak resonance line over a range of HCD currents. The
Ti II 338.47 nm transition is stronger and the Ti II 306.72 nm
transition weaker than either of the Ti II 191.1 nm tran-
sitions.
We measured the ratio of the equivalent width of the
resonance transition at 306.72 nm to that of 338.47 nm for
HCD currents ranging from 0.15 to 1.30 A, corresponding
to 22È228 W dissipated in the HCD. Above 0.5 A, the ratio
gradually increases with increasing HCD current, as is
expected if the stronger transition Ti II 338.47 nm is saturat-
ing. Below 0.5 A, the ratio is constant to within statistical
error. Because the stronger Ti II 338.47 nm transition will be
the more saturated line as the Ti` density increases, we
measured the Ti II 191.09 and 191.06 nm transitions relative
to the Ti II 338.47 nm transition at low HCD currents of
0.30, 0.50, and 0.70 A (47, 83, and 119 W). These HCD
currents yield absorption spectra with good signal-to-noise
ratios and with a need for minimal curve-of-growth correc-
tions. We measured the equivalent widths of the Ti II 191.09
and Ti II 191.06 nm transitions relative to the equivalent
width of the Ti II 306.72 nm transition at slightly higher
HCD currents of 0.50, 0.70, and 0.90 A (83, 119, and 156 W)
to increase the equivalent width of the weaker Ti II 306.72
nm line, yielding signal-to-noise ratios similar to the Ti II
338.47 nm absorption spectra. A summary of the ratio mea-
surements is presented in Table 1.
The curve of growth is calculated using a Voigt proÐle
with Lorentz width corresponding to natural or radiative
broadening and Gaussian width corresponding to Doppler
broadening. Lifetimes for the upper level of Ti II 306.72 nm
(z4Do ), and Ti II 338.47 nm (z4Go ) are 4.0 ^ 0.2 and
3@20.3 ns, respectively (Bizzarri 5@2
5.7 ^ et al. 1993). For the
Gaussian width, the temperature of the gas in the HCD is
assumed to be linearly dependent on the power P dissipated
in the HCD, T \ mP ] 293 K. The zero-power temper-
ature of 293 K is the temperature of the HCD-cooling
water. The slope m is adjusted until the curve-of-growth
corrected ratios are constant as a function of HCD power.
A slope of 3.5 K W~1 yields a constant value for the ratio
f (Ti II 306.72 nm)/f (Ti II 338.47 nm). In our recent work
with Ni II (Fedchak, Wiese, & Lawler 2000), using an identi-
cal HCD design, we also found that a slope of 3.5 K W~1
best characterized the relationship between HCD power
and gas temperature.
We also include in our absorption-line proÐle the nor-
mal mass shifts for each isotope of Ti : 46Ti (8.25%), 47Ti
(7.44%), 48Ti (73.72%), 49Ti (5.41%), and 50Ti (5.18%). We
neglect the hyperÐne structure of the low-abundance 47Ti
and 49Ti isotopes. While the speciÐc mass shifts for the Ti II
338.47 nm transition are unknown, Gianfrani et al. (1991)
have measured the total isotope shift for the a4F Èz4G
9@2 11@2
transition. They Ðnd the speciÐc mass shift plus Ðeld shift to
be about half the size of the normal mass shift for the 46È48
and 46È50 isotope pairs. (The Ðeld shift is likely much
smaller than the speciÐc mass shift.) Since the Ti II 338.47
nm transition (a4F Èz4Go ) is from the same multiplet,
we expect it to have3@2similar5@2
total isotope shifts. Because the
Ti II 306.72 nm transition is roughly 7 times weaker than the
Ti II 338.47 nm, it has smaller curve-of-growth corrections.
Therefore, its isotopic structure is unimportant in our
experiment. To ascertain the e†ect of isotopic structure on
our curve of growth, we calculated curves of growth using
twice the normal mass shifts as an upper limit for the total
isotope shifts and zero isotope shifts as a lower limit for the
total isotope shifts. Using a curve-of-growth correction with
zero isotope shifts decreases the ratio f (Ti II 306.72 nm)/f (Ti
II 338.47 nm) by 1% from that determined with twice the
normal mass shifts.
Incomplete knowledge of the isotopic structure of Ti and
ambiguity in the choice of slope relating HCD power to gas
temperature have a minimal, though systematic, e†ect on
our curve-of-growth analysis of the ratio f (Ti II 306.72 nm)/
f (Ti II 338.47 nm). Curve-of-growth corrections to the ratios
f (Ti II 191.06 nm)/f (Ti II 306.72 nm) and f (Ti II 191.09 nm)/
f (Ti II 306.72 nm) contribute even smaller systematic errors
because the lines are weaker and have more closely matched
curves of growth. Total systematic uncertainties are listed in
Table 1 and represent a linear combination of contributions
from curve-of-growth and scattered-light corrections. Sta-
tistical uncertainties (2 p) are added in quadrature, while
systematic uncertainties are included linearly after all
averaging of measurements is complete.
Although our curve-of-growth corrections are small, it is
desirable to verify their reliability. We determine the ratio
f (Ti II 306.72 nm)/f (Ti II 338.47 nm), after curve-of-growth
adjustment, which includes normal mass shifts, to be
0.144 ^ 0.005. For comparison, Bizzarri et al. (1993) found
0.140 ^ 0.010 using LIF and branching-fraction measure-
ments. The excellent agreement of our result with Bizzarri et
al. provides substantial conÐdence that we have understood
and controlled systematic errors in the HSAS experiment.
We use a combination of measurements by Blackwell,
Menon, & Petford (1982) and by Bizzarri et al. (1993) to
determine the absolute f-values of the reference lines Ti II
306.72 and Ti II 338.47 nm. Blackwell et al. used the Oxford
furnace technique to measure highly accurate (0.5%) rela-
tive oscillator strengths for 18 lines of Ti II including the
 TABLE 1
RELATIVE ABSORPTION OSCILLATOR STRENGTHS FOR Ti II

QUANTUM STATISTICAL UNCERTAINTIES STATISTICAL

EW UNCERTAINTY SYSTEMATIC
Ti II RATIO Ia NUMBER OF Minimum Maximum Average AVERAGE AVERAGE UNCERTAINTY WEIGHTED AVERAGE
HCD
(j/j ) (A) MEASUREMENTS (%) (%) (%) RATIOb (%) f-VALUE RATIO (%) f-VALUE RATIO
ref
191.06/306.72 . . . . . . 0.5 19 5.3 10.4 7.0 2.168 3.0 2.181^0.067 1.5 2.058^0.059
191.06/306.72 . . . . . . 0.7 15 3.8 6.7 4.8 2.098 2.3 2.114^0.049 1.5 2.058^0.059
191.06/306.72 . . . . . . 0.9 10 2.4 3.7 3.2 1.966 1.9 1.983^0.039 1.5 2.058^0.059
191.09/306.72 . . . . . . 0.5 19 4.8 10.9 6.7 2.084 2.9 2.096^0.062 1.5 1.973^0.055
191.09/306.72 . . . . . . 0.7 15 3.6 6.1 4.6 2.005 2.3 2.018^0.046 1.5 1.973^0.055
191.09/306.72 . . . . . . 0.9 10 2.1 4.4 3.1 1.894 1.8 1.907^0.035 1.5 1.973^0.055
191.06/338.47 . . . . . . 0.3 24 8.0 14.4 10.7 0.338 4.2 0.318^0.013 2.5 0.305^0.012
191.06/338.47 . . . . . . 0.5 19 4.5 7.0 5.7 0.345 2.5 0.310^0.008 2.5 0.305^0.012
191.06/338.47 . . . . . . 0.7 11 3.0 4.8 3.8 0.346 2.2 0.298^0.007 2.5 0.305^0.012
191.09/338.47 . . . . . . 0.3 24 6.7 19.2 10.7 0.332 4.1 0.312^0.013 2.5 0.287^0.011
191.09/338.47 . . . . . . 0.5 19 4.4 7.6 5.6 0.326 2.5 0.293^0.007 2.5 0.287^0.011
191.09/338.47 . . . . . . 0.7 11 3.0 4.8 3.7 0.323 2.1 0.277^0.006 2.5 0.287^0.011
306.72/338.47 . . . . . . 0.15 20 7.2 17.3 11.8 0.173 5.0 0.167^0.008 3.0 0.144^0.005
306.72/338.47 . . . . . . 0.3 17 4.4 10.6 7.3 0.167 3.3 0.157^0.005 3.0 0.144^0.005
306.72/338.47 . . . . . . 0.5 17 3.4 6.4 4.3 0.163 2.0 0.147^0.003 3.0 0.144^0.005
306.72/338.47 . . . . . . 0.7 14 2.8 3.4 3.0 0.170 1.6 0.145^0.002 3.0 0.144^0.005
306.72/338.47 . . . . . . 0.9 13 2.3 3.1 2.6 0.177 1.5 0.143^0.002 3.0 0.144^0.005
306.72/338.47 . . . . . . 1.1 12 2.3 2.7 2.4 0.181 1.4 0.140^0.002 3.0 0.144^0.005
306.72/338.47 . . . . . . 1.3 10 2.2 2.3 2.3 0.189 1.4 0.141^0.002 3.0 0.144^0.005

NOTE.ÈUncertainties quoted are 2 p.

aI is the HCD current.
HCD
b EW is equivalent width.
1182 WIESE, FEDCHAK, & LAWLER Vol. 547

338.47 nm resonance line. However, they had to rely on the
lifetimes measured to 25% accuracy by Roberts, Anderson,
& Sorensen (1973) for an absolute scale. Bizzarri et al. used
radiative lifetimes from LIF measurements and branching
fractions from emission measurements to determine 100 ab-
solute transition probabilities for lines of Ti II. Because
Bizzarri et al. determined transition probabilities for eight
Ti II lines studied by Blackwell et al., their results provide a
more accurate absolute scale for the highly accurate relative
measurements of Blackwell et al. The use of all eight lines
from Ðve upper levels yields an absolute scale with a smaller
uncertainty than the 5% uncertainty on individual lifetime
measurements by Bizzarri et al. Table 2 shows a compar-
ison of the results of Blackwell et al. and Bizzarri et al.
and the derived scale factor. Using this scale factor of
1.241^0.027, the absolute f-value found by Blackwell et al.
for Ti II 338.47 nm is 0.350 ^ 0.008. The small uncertainty
of the 338.47 nm reference line results in it being weighted
more heavily than the 306.73 nm reference line, for which
we use an absolute f-value of 0.0490 ^ 0.0024 (Bizzarri et al.
1993).
3. RESULTS
Our relative f-value measurements are summarized in
Table 1. Absolute VUV absorption f-values for the Ti II
191.1 nm lines are summarized in Table 3. We determine
the ratio f (Ti II 191.06 nm)/f (Ti II 338.47 nm) to be
0.305 ^ 0.012. For f (Ti II 191.06 nm)/f (Ti II 306.72 nm), we
Ðnd 2.058 ^ 0.059. Normalizing to the reference f-values
and combining the two results in a weighted average, we
Ðnd the Ti II 191.06 nm absorption f-value to be
0.104 ^ 0.004. Similarly, for the Ti II 191.09 nm transition,
we Ðnd the ratio f (Ti II 191.09 nm)/f (Ti II 338.47 nm) to be
0.287 ^ 0.011. For f (Ti II 191.09 nm)/f (Ti II 306.72 nm), we
Ðnd 1.973 ^ 0.055. Normalizing to the reference f-values and
combining the two results in a weighted average, we Ðnd the
Ti II 191.09 nm absorption f-value to be 0.098 ^ 0.003.
The Ti II 191.1 nm resonance transitions have been
observed in Ðve QSO absorption-line systems (Meyer et al.
1995 ; Prochaska and Wolfe 1997, 1999) and in absorption-
line spectra of the LMC toward SN 1987A (Welty et al.
1999). These previous studies, with an exception discussed
below, used f (Ti II 191.06 nm) \ 0.0975 and f (Ti II 191.09
nm) \ 0.0706 from Morton (1991) and Kurucz (1988).
Because our measured f-values for Ti II 191.06 and Ti II
191.09 nm are only 6% and 28% larger than KuruczÏs
(1988), the Ti abundance results previously derived from
these lines are only slightly overestimated in most cases.
The corrections are even smaller for Ti abundance from
observations of the LMC SN 1987A (Welty et al. 1999),
which were derived from the Ti II 191.1 nm lines, as well as
the resonance Ti II 307.39 and 306.72 nm lines. A few obser-
vations, speciÐcally those on Q2230]02 and Q2231[00
by Prochaska & Wolfe (1999), need larger corrections
(J. X. Prochaska 2000, private communication). The Ti II
191.06 and 191.09 nm lines were unresolved in these obser-
vations and Prochaska & Wolfe (1999) used a ““ reduced ÏÏ
f * \ 0.0862. If we use the sum of our f-values for the 191 nm
lines f * \ 0.202, then abundances from the Q2230]02 and
Q2231[00 observations are reduced by a factor of 2.34 or
0.37 dex. This change brings the abundance ratio Ti/Fe into
agreement with solar abundances for Q2230]02 and closer
to solar for Q2231[00.
4. CONCLUSIONS
We have measured absolute f-values for the VUV reso-
nance transitions Ti II 191.06 and Ti II 191.09 nm. These
transitions have been observed in ground-based spectra of

TABLE 2
ACCURATE ABSOLUTE SCALE FOR BLACKWELL ET AL. 1982 Ti II
TRANSITION PROBABILITIES

j Wavenumber A a A b Scale Factorc

vac BMP Bizzari
(nm) (cm~1) (108 s~1) (108 s~1) (A /A )
Bizzarri BMP
338.47 . . . . . . 29544.35 1.0938 1.36^0.07 1.243
333.61 . . . . . . 29974.90 0.2928 0.392^0.024 1.339
332.39 . . . . . . 30085.34 0.3961 0.491^0.044 1.239
323.99 . . . . . . 30864.76 0.9861 1.21^0.06 1.227
323.54 . . . . . . 30907.70 1.3813 1.70^0.10 1.231
321.80 . . . . . . 31075.45 0.1686 0.204^0.020 1.210
308.89 . . . . . . 32373.80 1.2515 1.51^0.11 1.207
307.61 . . . . . . 32508.57 1.1248 1.37^0.07 1.218

a Blackwell et al. 1982. All measurements have ^0.5% uncertainty.

b Bizzarri et al. 1993.
c Weighted average scale factor is 1.241^0.027.

TABLE 3
ABSOLUTE VUV ABSORPTION OSCILLATOR STRENGTHS FOR Ti II

LOWER UPPER VUV F-VALUE

j E E
vac
(nm) Level (cm~1) Level (cm~1) This Work Kurucz 1988

191.0609 . . . . . . 4F 0.00 4Do 52339.34 0.104^0.004 0.0975

3@2 1@2
191.0938 . . . . . . 4F 0.00 4Fo 52330.33 0.098^0.003 0.0706
3@2 3@2
No. 2, 2001 Ti II VUV RESONANCE TRANSITIONS 1183
This work is supported by NASA under grant NAG
QSO absorption-line systems, as well as spectra of the
5-6833 and by NSF under grant DMR 95-31009 to the
LMC toward SN 1987A. We Ðnd the Ti II 191.06 nm f-value
Synchrotron Radiation Center. We are grateful to S. R.
to be 0.104 ^ 0.004. For Ti II 191.09 nm, we Ðnd an f-value
Federman for suggesting measurements on the Ti II 191 nm
of 0.098 ^ 0.003. Adjusting Ti abundance measurements to
lines using the HSAS experiment. We are grateful to M. E.
reÑect these reÐned f-values does not appreciably change
Wickli†e for his help with Fourier transform spectra from
the reported Ti column densities in most cases. However, Ti
the National Solar Observatory, which were used to verify
abundances based on the 191 nm lines can now be put on
Ti II line identiÐcations.
an accurate, absolute scale.

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