Index

Symbols –– surface heating  132

–– tanks for solid-fuel rockets  110
3D printing technology  128
–– vertical stabilizer  135
–– wave earthing  115
A
activated carbon  15 B
airlaid process  171
BMC press mass  172
alternative precursors. see  precursors
Broutman test. see  test methods
angel hair  151
applications  105
–– 3D printing technology  128 C
–– aircraft spoiler  122
carbon and its properties
–– automotive structure  125
–– activated carbon  15
–– body light construction  137
–– atomic model  6
–– CFC transport chain  115
–– atomic orbitals  8
–– CFRP flywheel  112
–– carbon black  15
–– CFRP lamella  114
–– carbon fibers  15
–– civil engineering, mesh fabric  123
–– carbon nanotubes  14
–– connection clip  139
–– chemical  5
–– C-SMC & C-BMC  138
–– diamond structure  13
–– DFP tapes  117
–– fullerenes  14
–– dry fiber placement tapes  116
–– graphite structure  13
–– fuselage connection fitting  136
–– hybridization  8
–– hybrid B-pillars  137
–– modifications  9
–– injection molding  127, 128
–– physical  5
–– organosheet  142
–– sp1-hybridization  14
–– organotape  140
–– sp2-hybridization  13
–– pressure bulkhead  122
–– sp3-hybridization  13
–– pull-winding profile  113
–– triple bonding  14
–– pultrusion profile  112
carbon black  15
–– screed concrete  131
carbon fiber  17
–– side impact beam  113
carbon fiber fleece  132
–– skis und snowboards  136
194 Index

carbon fiber production developments

–– plasma oxidation  188 –– new precursors  179
carbon fibers  15 –– new processes  179
–– applications  105 –– new raw materials  179
–– continuous  109 dope. see  precursor manufacturing
–– cut  126 drapability. see  test methods
–– ground  126 drape test. see  test methods
–– UD rovings  109 dry fiber waste
carbon fiber types  49 –– recycling  159
–– AM fibers  50 dry semi-finished fiber products  106
–– HM fibers  50
–– HMS fibers  50
E
–– HT/HS fibers  50
–– IM fibers  50 ecological footprint  147
–– tabular overview  66, 68, 70, 72 electrodynamic fragmentation  166, 169
–– UHM fibers  50 electropolymerization. see  surface
–– UHT/UTS fibers  50 ­treatment
–– UMS fibers  50 elemental analysis. see  test methods
carbonization  180. see  manufacturing end-of-life (EoL) components  145, 147
of carbon fibers
carbon nanotubes  14, 188
F
carbon paper  171. see also random ­non-
wovens fabric
C-BMC  138 –– civil engineering, mesh fabric  123
cellulose  181, 182 –– preform  124
chemical direct use  165 –– prepreg  134
classification  147 false wire. see  test methods:roving test
“closed-loop” concept  150 faser-matrix interphase. see  test
contact angle measurement. see  test ­methods
methods fiber ball  151, 154
costs  53 fiber basis weight. see  properties of
–– cost allocation  56 ­carbon fibers
–– energy  179 fiber breakage. see  test methods
–– fiber price and fiber strength  59 fiber length determination  153
–– fiber price and titer  59 fiber matrix adhesion  31
–– investment  179 fiber measurement  153
–– manufacturing of carbon fibers  56 fiber purity  155
–– precursor  179 fiber quality  152
C-SMC  138 –– 95% level  153
cut remnants  170 –– defect-free fiber surface  153
–– matrix impurity  153
fiber sizing  32
D
fiber surface  153
denier. see  titer filament diameter. see  test methods
density determination. see  test methods filaments. see  properties of carbon fibers
 Index 195

fluidized bed process  163, 169 lignin  181, 183

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. lignin/PAN blends  181, 187
see  test methods linear density, determination. see  test
fragmentation test. see  test methods methods
fullerenes  14
M
G
manufacturers  53
graphitization. see  manufacturing of –– brand names  61
­carbon fibers –– carbon fibers  54
–– global carbon fiber demand  62
–– precursors  54
H
–– suppliers of process technologies 
hazard 63
–– electrical  170 –– tabular overview of fiber types  66, 68,
–– inhalation  169 70, 72
health aspects  169 –– theoretical production capacities  60
hybrid yarn  172 manufacturing of carbon fibers
–– alternative processes  188
–– carbonization  17, 25, 30, 180
I
–– energy usage  180
impregnability. see  test methods –– graphitization  17, 25, 30
impurities –– natural gas burner  190
–– aramid fibers  159 –– oxidative stabilization  17, 25
–– fine particles  151 –– precursor manufacturing  17
–– foreign fibers  151 –– precursor stabilization  27
–– matrix residues  151 –– stabilization  180
–– metal  159 –– use of additives  189
–– paper  159 mass spectroscopy. see  test methods
–– plastic films  159 material mix  157, 158
–– polyester threads  159 matrix impurity  153
–– pyrolysis coke  151 mechanical separation  168
–– webs  159 mesophase pitch. see  precursors
–– wood  159 milled fibers  170
injection molding technology  127 modifications of carbon  9
multiaxial fabric  118
multiaxial fabrics  120
K
multiple use  149
K number  105, 119. see  properties of
carbon fibers
N
nanofibers  188
L
natural gas burner  190
landfilling  147 non-oxidative processes. see  surface
LFT granules  127 treatment
196 Index

nuclear magnetic resonance –– textile PAN  181, 186

­spectroscopy. see  test methods precursor stabilization. see 
manufacturing of carbon fibers
–– oxidation furnace  27
O
–– oxidative cyclization  29
organosheet  134, 142 pre-impregnated semi-finished fiber
organotape  140 products  133. see also  prepreg
oxidation furnace. see  precursor PREOX fiber  30, 106
­stabilization –– CFC  108
oxidative cyclization. see  precursor –– PANOX  107
­stabilization –– PYROMEX  107
oxidative processes. see  surface –– ZOLTEK OX  107
treatment preparation. see  sizing
oxidative stabilization. see  manufacturing preparation mass fraction. see  test
of carbon fibers methods
prepreg  133
–– fabric prepreg  136
P
–– NCF prepreg  136
PAN precursor  105 –– slit tape  134
paracrystallinity. see  properties of –– towpreg  134
carbon fibers printing filament  128
plasma oxidation  188 processes
polyacrylonitrile. see  precursors –– airlaid process  171
polyethylene  181 –– chemical direct use  165
precursor –– comparison and overview  168
–– lignin  183 –– electrodynamic fragmentation  166
precursor manufacturing  18. see also  –– fluidized bed  163
manufacturing of carbon fibers –– mechanical shredding  160
–– coagulation  20 –– new processes  167
–– dope preparation  19 –– pyrolysis  161
–– spinneret  20 –– solvolysis  164
–– spinning bath  20 –– wet process  171
–– wet spinning  19 producers
precursors  22 –– recycling processes  175
–– alternative  179 –– recycling products  175
–– carbon nanotubes  188 production of carbon fibers  25
–– cellulose  181, 182 products
–– further precursors  25 –– staple fiber yarn  172
–– lignin  181 properties of carbon fibers  41
–– lignin/PAN blends  181, 187 –– carbon fiber types  45
–– manufacturers  53 –– carbon monocrystal  42
–– mesophase pitch  24 –– chemical and physical  45
–– nanofibers  188 –– comparison of commercial carbon
–– polyacrylonitrile  22 fibers  52
–– polyethylene  181
 Index 197

–– comparison of mechanical properties  rCF semi-finished products  170

50 rCF short cut  171
–– electrical  45 rCP short cut  171
–– electromagnetic  45 rC staple fiber tape  173
–– fiber basis weight  48 recycled fibers  152
–– fiber price and titer  59 recycling  145
–– filaments  47 –– pyrolytic  157
–– general  45 recycling companies  175
–– K number  47 recycling cycle  149
–– layered structure  41 recycling processes
–– mechanical  45 –– chemical  159
–– paracrystallinity  42 –– mechanical  159
–– roving  47 –– thermal  159
–– theoretical modulus  41 resource conservation  145
–– thermal  45 roving. see  properties of carbon fibers
–– titer  46 roving test. see  test methods
–– tow  47
–– yarn fineness  46
S
pull-out test. see  test methods
push-out test. see  test methods scanning electron microscope. see  test
pyrocarbon. see  surface treatment methods
pyrolysis  168 screed concrete  131
–– hot air  161 shredding
–– inductive heating  167 –– mechanical  160
–– microwave  161 sizing  34, 165
pyrolysis process  161 –– functional sizing  40
pyrolysis temperature  161 –– non-permanent processing sizing  39
–– permanent processing sizing  39
–– preparation  34
R
–– sizing level  38
Raman spectroscopy. see  test methods slit tape  134
random non-wovens  171 SMC mass  172
rCF flour  171 solvolysis  149, 168
rCF products  170 –– alcoholysis  164
–– carbon paper  171 –– ammonolysis  164
–– hybrid yarn  172 –– hydrolysis  164
–– random non-wovens  171 spectroscopic test methods. see  test
–– rCF fiber balls  171 methods
–– rCF flour  171 spinneret. see  precursor manufacturing
–– rCF semi-finished products  170 spinning bath. see  precursor
–– rCP short cut  171 manufacturing
–– rC staple fiber tape  173 stabilization  180
–– short cut fibers  170 staple fiber yarn  172
–– SMC mass  172 structural forms of carbon  12
rCF, recycled carbon fiber  147 supercritical fluids  165
198 Index
suppliers of process technologies  63
suppliers of rCF  175
surface activity. see  test methods
surface damage  155
surface treatment  32
–– anodic oxidation  33
–– electropolymerization  33
–– non-oxidative processes  32
–– oxidative processes  33
–– pyrocarbon  33
–– thermal oxidation  33
–– wet oxidation  33
–– whisker formation  32
sustainability  145
T
test methods
–– Broutman test  92
–– chemical characterization  94
–– contact angle measurement  85
–– density determination  77
–– density gradient column  78
–– displacement method  77
–– drape test  83
–– elemental analysis  94
–– fiber breakage  82
–– fiber-matrix interphase  88
–– filament diameter  80
–– Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy  97
–– fragmentation test  91
–– gravimetric determination  78
–– impregnability  85
–– linear density, determination  78
–– mass spectroscopy  95
–– nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy  96
–– preparation mass fraction  80
–– pull-out test  89
–– push-out test  91
–– Raman spectroscopy  98
–– roving test  82
–– scanning electron microscope  93
–– spectroscopic  94
–– surface activity  85
–– swim-sink method  77
–– tensile strength, determination  86
–– vibration method  79
–– vibroscopic measurement  82
–– X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy  101
tex. see  titer
textile PAN  181, 186
thermal utilization  147
titer. see  properties of carbon fibers
tow. see  properties of carbon fibers
towpreg  134
turners in the yarn bundle. see  test
methods
U
UD organotape  134
V
vibration method. see  test methods
W
waste
–– avoidance or reduction  147
–– offcuts  145
–– prepreg scrap  145
–– residual spools  145
–– treatment  157
weave  118
–– crimp factor  119
–– plain weave  119
–– undulation  118
wet spinning. see  precursor
manufacturing
whisker formation. see  surface
treatment
 Index 199

X Y
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. see  yarn fineness. see  properties of carbon
test methods fibers
yarn spreading. see  test methods