CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL ADVERBIO

Para formar un adverbio al adjetivo se le añade el sufijo -ly. Por ejemplo

- easy = esaily
- Careful = carefuly

IMPERATIVES, “LET´S”
Son imperativas:

- Open the door. Turn right

- Don´t worry. Don´t stop
- Be quiet, please. Please sit down
- Let´s go home. Let´s not stop

Pero Podemos usar el

- Can you…

Cuando usamos CAN YOU + VERBO INF estamos usando una alternativa a la forma imperativa que es más cor-
dial y suave:

- Can you open the window?

We use imperative to tell somebody to do (or not do) something:

- Affirmative form = verb (inf): Let´s go. Open de door. Turn right.
- Negative form = don´t + verb (inf). Don´t stop. Don´t read.

We add PLEASE to be polite:

- Turn right, please. Don´t read, please

We often use BE + ADJECTIVE in imperatives:

- Be quiet
- Be open
- Be careful

WE DON´T USE PRONOUN WITH IMPERATIVE:

- You be quiet

We use LET´S + VERB (INF) to make suggestions

We use LET´S not + VERB (INF) to make negative suggestions.

REMEMBER, ADJETIVE BEFORE NOUNS. AND VERY, REALLY QUITE BEFORE ADJETIVE

NUMBERS
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

POSSESIVE PRONOUNS
PLURAL NONUS
 - We us a / an whit singular nouns
- We us an with a noun beginning whit a vowel (a, e, i, o, u).
- We us a whit a nouns beginning with u or eu. When de sound = iu. For example: university or euro
- We don´t use a or an in plurals nouns
o They´re books - - - - - - - > They´re a books

- THE - - - - Look at the board

o We use the when know which board, question, etc.
o We use the with singular or plural nouns

TELLING THE TIME

ADVERBS FREQUENCY
Los adverbios de frecuencias ocupan distintos lugares dependiendo de la oración. Siempre se utilizan en presente
simple

1. Si la oración no tiene verbo to be: before main verb (si tiene auxiliar va entre el auxiliar y el verbo). E.g. I
never go to the school. I don´t never go to the school
2. Si la oración lleva verbo to be: after verb to be: E.g. I am always go to the church
3. Pero si no se usa un adverbio de frecuencia y se usa una expresión de frecuencia: Once week (una vez a la
semana), twice week (dos veces a la semana); Trhee or four time a week (tres o cuatro veces a la semana),
la frase va al final de la oración.
 QUESTIONS WORDS

Question structure

Remember A + S + I (auxiliar, subject and infinitive verb) or Qu + A + S + I (question word, auxiliary, sub-
ject and infinitive verb)

4. What kind / what tipe = qué tipo…

5. Whose = de quién es esto
6. Who = quién (para personas)
7. How = cómo
8. How much = cuántos
9. How many = cuántos
10. How long = cuánto tiempo

“What” we can use to ask about descriptions either persons or things. E.g.:

1. What was the weather in Brazil?

2. What was your wife?
3. Wat was you daughter?
POSSESSIVE CASE
 VERB CAN
Positive form: I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they can sing
Negative form: I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they can´t sing
Question form: Can I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they sing?
Short answer:
- Ye, I / she / we / etc. can
- No, I / she / we / etc. can´t
Uses:
- Ability: Laura can sing very well
- Permission: Can I sit Her? You can´t park your car here.
- Possibility: I can´t come to the party. Can you go?
- Ordering / asking for something: Can I have a cup of tea, place? Can you repeat, please? Can you drive me
to the station?

COULD – COULDN´T
Positive form: I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they could sing
Negative form: I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they couldn’t sing
Question form: Could I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they sing?
Short answer:
- Ye, I / she / we / etc. could
- No, I / she / we / etc. couldn’t
 CAN VS COULD

GENERAL ABILITY (PRESENT) GENERAL ABILITY IN THE PAST

I can speak English I could play the piano when I was younger

ASK FOR PERMISSION (INFORMAL) ASK FOR PERMISSION (MORE POLITE)

Can I borrow your pen, please? Could I use your bathroom, please?

TO REQUEST SOMETHING TO REQUEST SOMETHING (MORE POLITE)

Can you help me, please? Could you pass me the salt please?

POSSIBILITY IN THE PAST (COULD + HAVE + PAST

POSSIBILITY
PARTICIPLE)

I can get very cold there at night What? You could have broken your leg

OFFER TO HELP SOMEONE SUGGGESTION (WHEN ASKED WHAT TO DO)

Can I carry your bags for you? We could go to the movies if you like

CANNOT (CAN´T) = NOT ALLOWED CONDITIONAL OF CAN (WOULD BE ABLE TO)

If we had some oranges, I could make you some fresh

You can´t go to the party
juice
 MODAL VERBS
MODAL EXAMPLES
VERB

Can Ability / Suggestion / Request - He can find any street in London.

- You can take a taxi
- Can you take me to Victoria Station?
Can´t Certeza de que algo es imposible - That story can´t be true
Be + able to1Habilidades que solía tener en el pasado y que aho- - I used to able to speak Spanish
Was / were + ra no las tengo. - I the future I will be able to use IT
technology
able to Pero sobre todo en el futuro
Will be +
able to
Could (cud) Ability / Suggestion / Request. - I could play tennis when I was
younger
En inglés "could" se clasifica como un verbo auxi-
liar para indicar el pasado de "can," el pasado con- - Could you take me to Victoria Sta-
tion?
dicional, una versión menos fuerte de "can" en el
presente, o una versión cortés de "can" en el pre- - You could take a taxi
sente. En español estas funciones se expresan me-
diante inflexiones de verbos.

May (mei) 1. We use may to request and give permission. 1. May I use your pen? Yes, you may. /
Might (mait) 2. We use may to express a low to moderate level No, you may not.
of possibility. Less commonly used tan “might” 2. I may visit a restaurant later today. /
in American English. We may not have time to finish our re-
(-may vs can-. We have a historical difference be- port today.
tween may and can. “May” has been used for per- 3. I might visit a restaurant later today. /
mission; “can” has been used for abilities). We might not have time to finish our re-
3. We use might to express a low to moderate level port today.
of possibility. More commonly used tan “may” in
American English
Must / mustn Implican obligación y deber (Tú debes / Tú no de- You must be back at 10.00 p.m.
´t bes… tú tienes que / tú no tienes…). You mustn´t drive without license
Must se usa para hablar de una obligación, prohibi-
ción o sugerencia fuerte. También se usa para indi-

1
Be able to en inglés: significa SER CAPAZ DE y PODER. Se usa en todos los tiempos verbales y quiere decir que uno tiene las habili -
dades o que es capaz de hacer algo. Set traduce por ser capaz de… / poder… Se puede conjugar en todos los tiempos verbales.
Aquí encontramos una de las grandes diferencias: BE ABLE TO se usa en todos los tiempos verbales; «can» sólo en presente simple y
«could» sólo en pasado simple. Se traduce como «poder». La diferencia es que «able to» es más formal. Aunque la opción más común
para presente simple es «can». En el pasado simple se puede usar could y able to. La diferencia es que Be able to es más formal. Final-
mente, para todos los otros tiempos verbales se debe usar Be + able to
 car probabilidad. Con respecto a las obligaciones,
la diferencia entre must y should es muy clara: la
obligación indicada por must es mayor que la que
expresan should y ought to y a veces puede sonar
como una orden.
Have to / don Se usa como obligación (Deber) pero es menos You have to be back at. 10 o´clock
´t have to fuerte que el must You don´t have to back at 10 o´clock
Should Opinión / consejo You should drive more carefully
Should se usa para hablar de una obligación de
poca fuerza, una recomendación o algo que se con-
sidera muy probable.
You should eat something. Deberías comer algo
What should I bring? ¿Qué debería llevar?
Ought to Opinión / consejo. You ought to drive more carefully
Se puede sustituir ought to por should sin cambiar
el sentido de la frase, pero no es muy común. Se
usa ought to para hablar de una obligación de poca
fuerza, una recomendación o algo que se considera
muy probable.
We ought to help the poor. Deberíamos ayudar a
los pobres.
Need to Obligación, deber, pero en cuanto consejo. Tú de- You need to study a lot
berías… Tu no deberías You needn´t have a university degree
Shall Intention, Supposition I shall die for the truth

THERE IS / TEHERE ARE – THERE WAS / THERE WERE

There would be = habría

There will be = habrá

There has been = ha habido

There had been = había habdio

There might be = puede haber

There may be = puede haber

There should be = debería haber

There could be = podría haber

There can be = puede haber

 - We use there is / there are to say that something exists or doesn´t exists. E.g. There´s a bathroom up-
stairs. There isn´t a bathroom upstairs
- We use there is + a singular noun and there are + plural nouns
- There is is often contracted to There´s. There are is not usually contracted.

A / AN; SOME; ANY

- We often use there is / isn´t with a / an, and there are / aren´t with some and any.
- We use some and any whit plural nouns. Some = not an exact number. E.g. There are some eggs in
the fridge.
- We use SOME in (+) sentences. And we use ANY in (-) and (?) sentences.
DEMOSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

QUANTIFIERS
MANY (countables) – MUCH (uncountable)

We use many before plural countable nouns and much before uncountable nouns. We use them in (?) and (-) sen-
tences. We don’t often use them in affirmative sentences.

 There isn’t much coffee in the jar.

 Were there many people in the party?

TOO MANY /TOO MUCH, SO MANY /SO MUCH

Note that we don’t normally use many/much in affirmative sentences, but we can use too much and too
many or so much and so many in affirmative sentences.

 There’s too much salt in the soup.

 You eat too many biscuits.
 There were so many people that we had to leave.
 He ate so much cake that it made him sick.

HOW MANY /HOW MUCH

We use how many and how much to ask about quantity.

 How many concerts have you ever been to?

 How much coffee have you had today?

A LOT OF / LOTS OF / PLENTY OF (countable & uncountable)

We use a lot of / lots of (more informal), or plenty of before both plural (countable) and uncountable nouns. We
normally use them in positive sentences.

 She spends a lot of time watching TV.

 We had lots of good moments together.
 We’ve got plenty of time.

Of before noun; no of at the end of a sentence

We must always use a lot of or lots of including of at the end. However, we can use the expressions a lot or lots
(without of) at the end of a sentence.

 ‘How many beers did you have?’ ‘I don’t know; I had lots/a lot.’
 I like her a lot.
 I don’t want any more cake, thanks. I’ve had plenty.

(A) FEW (COUNTABLE) / (A) LITTLE (UNCOUNTABLE) / A BIT OF (UNCOUNTABLE)

Few for countable; little for uncountable

We use (a) few before plural (countable) nouns and (a) little or a bit of (more informal) before uncountable nouns
in (+), (-) and (?) sentences.

 I have to do a few things this afternoon.

 He always gets good results with very little effort.
 Can you put a bit of sugar in the tea.
Few or a few? Little or a little?

A few means ‘some but not many; enough’, and a little means ‘some but not much; enough’. Few means ‘almost
none; not enough’.

Normally, the difference between a few/little (with a) and few/little (without a) is that a few/ a little is positive in
meaning, and few/little is negative. Compare:

 There’s little milk in the fridge; we have to buy more. (=Not enough; we need more)
 ‘Shall I buy some beers?’ ‘No, it’s OK, there are a few in the fridge.’ (=Enough; we don’t need
more)
 ‘Do you speak English?’ ‘No, I speak very little English.’ (=Negative)
 ‘Do you speak English?’ ‘Yes, I speak a little English.’ (=Positive)

NONE = NADA
 COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS
- Adjectives GO BEFORE A NOUN
o It´s a beautiful picture.
o It´s a picture beautiful
- The adjectives don´t change a plural noun
o It´s a blue jean
o It´s a blues jeans
- We also use adjective after the verb be. The word order is:
o + o – sentences: subject + be + adjective
 My car´s is new. My house isn´t new.
o ? sentences: be, subject, adjective
 Is it car new?
- We often use QUITE2, VERY, REALLY, before adjectives:
o He´s very tall
o She´s really small
o We are quite famous

Irregulars’ adjectives:

- Good, better, the best

- Bad, worse, the worst, awful
- Far, farther (further), the farthest (the furthers)

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify (larger, smaller,
faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared, in this pattern:

Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).

The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context.

Examples

1. I´m busier than I was five years ago

2. People are more impatient today than in the past.
3. I´m less relaxed this year than I was last year
4. The services in this restaurant isn´t as good as it was
2
“Quite” and “quiet” are different words. Quite is a intensify word, quiet is a verb.
To compare two peoples, places, or things we use:

1. Comparative adjectives
2. Less + adjective
3. (not) as + adjective + as…

Short Shorter One syllable + -er

Hot Hotter One vowel + one consonant: double final consonant

Stressed More stressed One syllable adjective ending in -ed: more + adjective

Busy Busier Two syllable adjectives ending in consonant + y; y + -ier

Relaxed More relaxed Two or more syllables: more + adjective

Good Better Irregular

Bad Worse Irregular

Far Further Irregular (also farther)

Adverbs

To compare two actions, we use:

1. Comparative adverbs
2. Less + adverb.
3. (non) as + adverb + as.

Comparative adverbs

Quickly More quickly Adverbs ending in -ly: more + adverb.

Fast Faster Irregular

Hard Harder Irregular

Well Better Irregular

Badly Worse Irregular

Comparative with pronouns. After comparative + than or as… we use an object pronoun (me, her, etc.) or sub-
ject pronoun + auxiliary verb. E.g.:

- My brother´s taller tan my. My brother´s taller than I am.

- He´s not as intelligent as her. He´s not as intelligent as she is.
SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES are used to describe an object which is at the supper or lower limit of a quality (the
tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of
objects.

Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).

The group that is being compared with can be omitted if it is clear from the context. Examples

 My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.

 This is the smallest box I've ever seen.
 Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race.

We often use (the) + superlative with the present perfect + (ever)

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Cold Colder The coldest

Thin Thinner The thinnest

Healthy Healthier The healthiest

Beautiful More beautiful The most beautiful

Good Better The best

Bad Worse The worst

Far Further (farther) The furthest (the farthest)

PRESENT PERFECT OR SIMPLE PAST

- Have you been to that new Italian restaurant? Yes, I have.
- When did you go there? I went last weekend.
- Who did you go with? I went with some people from work

We often use the present perfect to aske/tell somebody about a past action for the first time. We don´t ask / say
when the action happened. E.g. Have you been to Italian restaurant?

Then we use the past simple to aske / talk about the details. E.g. When did you go there? I went last weekend.

We use the past simple NOT the present perfect with when and past time expressions, e.g. yesterday, last week.
When did you see the film. NOT When have you seen the film?
 RELATIVE CLAUSES
We use defining relative clauses to explain what person, thingo or places ir or does:

1. Use who for a person

2. Use which for a thing
3. Use where for a place

The verb after where needs subject, e.g. you…

We can also use which to talk about a place, e.g., A post offices is a place which sells stamps.

We can use that the instead who or which. E.g., She´s girl who/ that works with my brother… It´s thing which /
that connects two computers.

AT / IN / ON

Place Time

In. We use in for - Countries and cities: Spain, Madrid. - Months: February, June
Countries and en- - Rooms: the kitchen, - Seasons: (the) winter, autumn (fall), summer,
closed location - Building, a shop, a museum. spring
surrounded by - Closed spaces: a park, a garden, a - Years: 2018
something car. - Times of day: the morning, the afternoon, the
evening (warning! AT NIGHT)

On. - Transport: a bike, a bus, a train, a - Dates: 1st March

plane, a ship - Days: New Year´s day, Valentine´s day
- A surface: the floor, a table, a shelf,
the balcony, the roof, the wall.

At. We use at - Places: school, homework, univer- - Times: 6 o’clock, half past two, quarter to eight
para specific loca- sity, the airport, the station, a bus… night. the weekend
tion - Festival periods: Christmas, Easter

Exceptions:

- Arrive in (for cities): Madrid.

- Arrive at (for buildings or station): at museum.
- On is a for virtual thing: on phone, on computer, on T.V., on radio
- In is a for physical things: in books, in magazine, in newspaper.
 LIKE – LOVE – HATE + V. ING
- With verbs love, like, mind, like and hate, we use verb + ing after like, love, don´t mind, and hate.
- We can also use verb + ing after enjoy and prefer. I enjoy watching TV. I prefer being there.

I love shopping. / I like going to the cinema. / I don’t mind getting up early. /I don´t like doing housework. / I
hate driving at night.

RULES OF THE INFINITIVES VERBS

Infinitive Verb + ing Spelling

Cook, read, study cooking + ing

Dance, live Dancing, living e + ing

Shop, swim Shopping, swimming One vowel + one consonant:

double consonant + ing

But we have verbs which never use +ing:

- Know, understand, like, dislike, hate, love, believe, thing.

- And the verbs to describe the operations of the senses:

Senses Verb Past

Hearing (oido) Sound / hear Sounded / heard

Sight See Saw

Smell Smell Smelt / smelt

Taste Taste Tasted / tasted

Touch Fell Felt / felt

SOMETHING, ANYTHING, NOTHING, ETC.

Somebody/Someone has taken my pen!

I didn´t speak to somebody/someone all weekend.

People
Did anybody/anyone phone?

No, nobody/no one. Nobody/no one phoned.

 I bought something for dinner.

I didn´t do anything at the weekend.

Things
Is there anything in the fridge?

No, nothing. There´s nothing in the fridge.

Let´s go somewhere this weekend.

We didn´t go anywhere this summer.

Places
Is there anywhere to park?

No, nowhere. There´s nowhere to park?

Notes:

- We use somebody / someone, something, somewhere, etc., with a + verb when you don´t say exactly
who, what, or where.
- We use anybody / anyone, anything, anywhere in questions and negative. We can also use something in
a request or offer. E.g., «Can you buy some milk? Would you like something to drink? ». «I didn´t do
anything las night».
- We use nobody / no one, nothing, nowhere, in short answers or in a sentence with + verb.

We also use anyone / anybody, anything, anywhere, + positive verb to mean “it doesn´t matter what, who, etc.”.
For example:

- You can come any day (= I doesn´t matter which day you come).
- Anybody can come to the party (= I doesn´t mater who comes).
- I can sleep anywhere (= I doesn´t matter where I sleep).
- You can bring anything (= I doesn’t matter what you bring)

QUANTIFIERS TOO MUCH, TOO MANY, TOO

We use too much, too many and too to say “more than is good”:

1. Use too many + countable noun (cakes, people, etc.)

2. Use too much + uncountable noun (coffee, tme) or after verb
3. Use too + adjective

(NOT) ENOUGH

1. Use enough before a noun to mean “all that is necessary”

2. Use enough after a verb with no object
 3. Use enough after an adjective or adverb

E.g.

1. Do you eat enough vegetables? I don´t drink enough water

2. Jane doesn´t sleep enough. She´s always tired
3. Our fridge isn´t big enough for a family of five
I don´t go to bed early enough during the week.

ZERO, ONE AND SECOND CONDITIONAL

0. ZERO CONDITIONAL. We use zero conditional to talk about that happens in general, every time, when a
condition exists.
a. Structure: If + Present simple + , + Present simple. E.g. If the food is out of date, I don´t eat it.
b. So we can normally replace IF whit WHEN without changing the meaning
c. So we don´t use «,» when put the main clause at the beginning. E.g. I don´t eat the foot if it is out of
date.
1. FIRST CONDITIONAL. We use first conditional to talk about something that might happen in the future if a
condition exists.
a. Structure: If + Present + , + future (will / won´t) + infinitive . E.g. If you study, you will pass the
exam.
b. So we don´t use «,» when put the main clause at the beginning. E.g. We will celebrate soon if we
win.
c. We use the present tense (NOT de future) after if in first conditional sentences. NOT If you´ll work
hard, you´ll pass all your exams.
d. We can also use an imperative instead of the will clause. E.g. «Come and see us next week if you
have time».
e. We can use unless + present simple (+) instead of If… not in conditional sentences. E.g.: «Alison
won´t get into university if she doesn´t get good grades» = «Unless she gets good grades». «I won´t
go unless you go too».

We use firs conditional sentences to tal about a possible future situation and its consequence

FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

When, as soon as, until, once, before, after, while, after these words, use present (NOT FUTURE), to talk
about the future.

Future time clause Comma Main clause

 When I am 69 , I will retire

As soon as you arrive , Call me

Until you all finish , Nobody can leave.

Before you come , You should text me.

After finish university , I´ll probably take a year off and travel.

Once you are there , You might need help

Present Future/imperative/modal verb

2. SECOND CONDITIONAL (CHOOSING BETWEEN CONDITIONALS): We use second conditional to talk about
present or future hypothetical or unreal situations and its consequence.
a. Structure: past simple + , + would / wouldn´t / could / couldn’t / might + infinitive. E.g. If won lot-
tery, I would buy a house. / If you weren´t working here, you´d be in prison. / If I were you, I might
wait before making decision. / If weren´t for is help, I might not be talking to you now.
b. You can use:
i. Formal speak: I / he / she / it + was
ii. Informal: I / he / she / it + were for
c. So we don´t use «,» when put the main clause at the beginning. E.g. I might not be talking to you
now if weren´t for his help.
d. With verb be we can use were (instead of was) after I / he / she /it. «If Jack was/were here, he´d
know what to do».
e. We often use this expression for advice «If I were you, I wouldn´t take that job».

First or second conditional? Compare the first and second conditional:

1. We use the first conditional for possible future situation: «If don´t have to work tomorrow, I´ll help you»
(= It´s a possibility. Maybe I will help you).
2. We use the second conditional for imaginary or hypothetical situations: «If I didn´t have to work tomor-
row, I´d help you» (= it´s a hypothetical situation. I have to work, so I can´t help you).

3. THIRD CONDITIONAL: we use third conditional sentences to talk about hypothetical / imaginary situations
in the past, i.e. how things could have been different in the past. Compare: «Yesterday I got up late and
missed my train» (= the real situation). «If I hadn´t got up late yesterday, I wouldn´t have missed my train»
(= the hypothetical or imaginary past situation).
 a. Structure: If + pas perfec + , + would have + past participle.
b. The contraction of both had and would is ´d
c. We can use might or could instead of would to make the result less certain.

PHRASAL VERB
The phrasal verb can be: intransitive (no object) or transitive (with object). Furthermore, can be separable or insep -
arable.

1. PHRASAL VERB INTRANSITIVE (NO OBJECT). This phrasal verb can´t be separable
a. Verb + particle
i. What time do you get up?
ii. I´d like to go out.
iii. Energy prices will go up.

2. PHRASAL VERB TRANSITIVE (NEED OBJECT). This phrasal verb can be:
a. Separable:
i. Verb + particle + object. E.g.: Put on your jacket. / I took off my shoes.
ii. Verb + object + particle. E.g.: Put your jacket on. / I took my shoes of.
iii. Verb + object + particle. E.g.: Put in on. / I took them off. / Put on it. / I took off them.
b. Inseparable
i. Verb + particle + object. E.g.: I am looking for my keys. / I am looking for them. / I am
looking them for.

No object (inseparable)

Cheek in to register for a flight at the airport Check in at least two hours before your flight.

Come on said to encourage someone to do Come on, Helen, you can tell me.
(kʌm ˈɒn) something, especially to hurry or
try harder, or to tell you something

Get up to stand up She got up and started making coffee

Go away to leave a place o away and leave me alone! / The family went away for a
(ɡoʊ əˈweɪ) few days.

Go back To return Can we go back to what you said earlier? / I decided to go

back into the corporate world.

Go out to leave home to participate in a so- I think they went out to a bar.
 cial activity

Sit down

Stand up

Wake up

USES OF THE INFINITIVE WITH TO

The infinitive is the base form of the verb. It is often used with to. It can be positive or negative. We use infinitive
with to:

1. After some verbs (want, need, would, like, etc.). «You need to be on time»; «Try not to talk too much»
2. After adjectives. «It´ll be nice to meet new people»; «It´s important not to be late».
3. After questions words (what, where, when, etc.). «I don´t know where to go or what to do».
4. To say why you do / did something: «I came to this school to learn English» «Why do you wear a suit?
TO make a good impression»

Remember: that we use the infinitive without «to» with auxiliary verbs (do/ does/ didn´t) and after most modal
verbs (can, could, will, would).

USES OF THE GERUND (VERB + ING)

We use gerund:

1. As a noun. As the subject or object of a sentence. «Eating outside in the summer makes me feel good»
2. After some verbs (like, love, hate, enjoy, etc.). «I love heaving breakfast in bed»; «I don´t like being ill»;
«I hate people smoking near me»; «Some people detest going to the dentist»; «I tolerate driving in heavy
traffic»; «I like watching tv»; «I love / enjoy / fancy / adore eating out tonight».
3. After prepositions «I´m thinking of buying a new car»; «Jim left without saying goodbye».
4. After preposition of place and time. For example, «I always have a cup of tea after eating lunch»; «I al-
ways have a breakfast before leaving the house».
5. Suggest and recommend «I suggest leaving early if you want to arrive on time»; «I recommend taking an
umbrella, as it´s going to rain»

VERBS COMMONLY FOLLOWED BY A GERUND

Abhor (æbˈhɔːr) Abhored Abhored Aborrecer / to hate very much: I abhor running.

Acknowledge Acknowledged Acknowledged Reconocer: She acknowledged having been at fault.

Recibir / Acusar recibo /

Admit (ədˈmɪ) Admited Admited Admitir: She admitted making a mistake.

Advise (ədˈvaɪz) Advised Advised Aconsejar / recomendar / asesorar: I'd advise waiting
until tomorrow.

Allow (əˈlaʊ) Allowed Allowed Permitir: Swimming is not allowed. Conceder: You
will be allowed 20 minutes for the quiz.

Anticipate (æn Anticipated Anticipated Anticipar / preveer algo que va a suceder: They an-
ˈtɪs.ə.peɪt) ticipate having several applicants for the job.

Appreciate (uh-pri- Appreciated Appreciated Apreciar: We appreciate the need for immediate ac-
shi-eyt) tion.

Avoid (ahvoyd) Avoided Avoided Evitar: I try to avoid going shopping on Saturdays.

Be worth Merece la pena: There's nothing worth reading in this

newspaper.

Celebrate Celebrated Celebrated Celebrar: To celebrate Mass. / We always celebrate

(sel.ə.breɪt) our wedding anniversary by going out to dinner.

Confess (kənˈfes) Confessed Confessed Confesar: to confess your sins. Admitir: She con-
fessed to her husband that she had sold her wedding
ring.

Consider (kən Considered Considered Considerar / contemplar / reflexionar: We're consid-

ˈsɪd.ɚ) ering selling the house.

Defend (dɪˈfend) Defended Defended Defender / Proteger.

Delay (dɪˈleɪ) Delayed Delayed Retraso / Demora: I detest having to get up when it's
dark outside.

Detest (dɪˈtest) Detested Detested Detestar: I detest having to get up when it's dark out-
side.

Discontinue Discontinued Discontinued Suspender /interrumpir: The bank is discontinuing

(dɪs.kənˈtɪn.juː) this service.

Discuss (dɪˈskʌs) Discussed Discussed Hablar sobre / debatir / discutir: political thinkers
 discussing the issues

Dislike (dɪˈslaɪk) Disliked Disliked Tener aversión / Antipatía: Why do you dislike her
so much?

Dispute (dɪˈspjuːt) Disputed Disputed Discutir / Impuganr.

Dread (dred) Dreaded Dreaded Tener miedo

Endure Endured Endured Perdurar / Durar: a love that endures. / Aguantar:

We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport.

Enjoy

Escape

Evade

Explain

Fancy

Fear

Feel

Like

Feign

Finish

Forgive

Give up (stop)

Keep (continue)

Keep on

Mention

Mind (object to)

Miss

Necessitate

Omit

Permit
Picture

Postpone

Practice

Prevent

Put off

Recall

Recollect

Recommend

Report

Resent

Resist

Resume

Risk

Shirk

Shun

Suggest

Support

Tolerate

Understand

Urge

Warrant

VERBS COMMONLY FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE

Agree Agreed Agreed Estar de acuerdo: The bank has agreed (= is willing) to
lend me £5,000.

Appear (əˈpɪr) Appeared Appeared Aparecer: He suddenly appeared in the doorway (entrada).
Arrange (əˈreɪndʒ) Arranged Arranged Organiza / Arreglar: They arranged to have dinner the fol-
lowing month.

Ask (æsk) Asked Asked Preguntar / pedir: I've asked David to come to the party.
To ask why/where/when, etc.: I asked him who did it.

Attempt (əˈtempt) Attempted Attempted Intentar: He attempted to escape through a window.

Beg

Can / can´t afford No puede permitirse

Can / can’t wait No puede esperar

Care (ker) Cared Cared Cuidar: She's never cared very much about her appearance.

Chance (tʃæns) Chanced Chanced Oportunidad / chance: If you give me a chance to speak,
I'll explain. Casualidad: Roulette is a game of chance.

Choose (tʃuːz) Chose Chosen Elegir: The firm's directors chose Emma to be the new pro-
duction manager.

Claim (kleɪm) Claimed Claimed Afirmar: He claims to have met the president, but I don't
believe him. / Reclamar: When King Richard III died,
Henry VII claimed the English throne.

Come Came Come

Consent (kənˈsent) Consented Consented Consentimiento.

Dare (der) Dared Dared Atreverse / desafiar a alguien en algo:

Everyone in the office complains that he smells awful, but

nobody dares (to) mention it to him

Decide

Demand

Deserve

Determine

Elect

Endeavor

Expect
Fail

Get

Grow (up)

Guarantee

Hesitate

Hope

Hurry

Incline

Learn

Manage

Mean

Need

Neglect

Offer

Pay

Plan

Prepare

Pretend

Profess

Promise

Prove

Refuse

Remain

Request

Resolve

Say

Seek
 Seem

Shudder

Strive

Struggle

Swear

Tend

Threaten

Turn out

Venture

Volunteer

Wait

Want

Wish

Would

Like

Yearn

HAVE TO, DON´T HAVE TO / MUST, MUSN´T

1. We use have to + verb (inf.) to talk about rules an obligation.

2. We use don´t have to + verb (inf.) to say that there is no obligation, or that something is not necessary.
3. We use do / does to make questions an negatives: «Do I have to go» NOT: «Have I to go».

(+) «I have to speak English at work»; «She has to get up at seven every day».

(-) «We don´t have to wear a uniform at this school»; «He doesn´t have to work on Saturdays».

(?) «Do I have to buy a grammar book?»; «What time does she have to get up in the morning?».

1. We use must + verb (infinitve without to) to talk about rules and obligations.
(+) «You must do your homework tonight».

(-) «You mustn’t leave your bags in here».

(?) «Must I go to bend now?»

«Must» and «have to». Must and have to are very similar, but there is a small difference. We normally use have to
for a general obligation (a rule at work / school or law). E.g. «We have to start work at seven». We normally use
must for a personal obligation (one that the speaker imposes). E.g. parent to a child: «You must go to bed now!»

«Mustn´t and don’t have to». Mustn´t and don´t have to have completely different meaning. Compare: «You
mustn´t go» = It´s prohibited. Don´t go. «You don´t have to go» = You can go if you want to, but it´s not obliga-
tory / necessary.

«Impersonal you». We often use have to and must with impersonal you (you = people in general). E.g. «You have
to wear seatbelt in a car»; «You mustn´t take photos in museum».

SHOULD / SHOULDN´T
1. We use should / shouldn´t + verb (infinitive without to) to give somebody advice or say that we think
is the right thing to do. «You should leave your boyfriend»; «She´s very stressed. She shouldn´t work
so hard».
2. We often use «I think you should…» or «I don´t think you should…». NOT «I think you shouldn´t…».
«I think you shouldn´t get a new job»; «I don´t think you should speak to him».

You can also use «OUGHT TO» or «OUGHT NOT TO» instead of should or shouldn´t

MIGHT / MIGHT NOT

1. We use might / might not + verb infinitive (without «to»), to say that perhaps somebody will or wont do
something.
2. We might have a picnic tomorrow = perhaps we will have a picnic tomorrow.
3. Might / Might not is the same for all persons.
4. Might not, is not usually contracted.

E.g. «I might not take my laptop on holiday. I haven´t decide yet».

PRESENT PERFECT + FOR AND SINCE

1. We use the present perfect + for and since to talk about actions and states which started in the past and are
still true now. «I´ve live in Manchester for twenty year. = I came to live in Manchester twenty years ago
 and I live in Manchester now». We don´t use the present simple in this type of sentences «I live in Man-
chester for twenty years».
2. We use How long…? To ask question about duration of an action or a state «How long have you been mar-
ried?».
3. «For» or «since»
a. We use for + a period of time. For example: for two weeks, for ten years… «I´ve had this car for
three months»
b. We use since with the beginning of a period of time, for example, since 2014, since last June, etc.
«I´ve been afraid of spiders since I was a child».

USED TO / DIDN´T USE TO

1. We use used to / didn´t use to + verb to talk about things that happened repeatedly or were true for a long
period of time in the past, but are usually not true now. E.g. things which happened when you were a child.
2. Use to / didn´t use to is the same for all persons.
3. Used to or usually? «Used to» is only for talking about the past. For habits in the present, we use usually +
present simple.

E.g. «When I was a child used to play in the streets»; «I didn´t use to like vegetables, but now I love them»; Did
you use to like tour teachers?»

SO / NEITHER + AUXILIARIES
1. We use So do I, Neither Do I, etc., to say that we have something in common with somebody:
a. So + auxiliary + I = to respond to positive sentences.
b. Neither + auxiliary + I to respond to negative sentences.
2. The auxiliary we use after So or Neither depends on the tense of the verb that the other speker uses.

Presen simple I don´t like classical music Neither do I.

Present continuous I´m heaving a great time. So am I.

Can / can´t I can swim. So can I.

Past simple I didn´t like the film. Neither did I.

I was very tired. So was I.

Would / wouldn´t I wouldn´t like to go there. Neither wouldn´t I

Present perfect I´ve been to Brazil. So have I.

MADE VS DO

1. We use do in collocations associated whit: tasks, duties, obligations and routine or repetitive activities.
Do usually refers to the action of performing these activities, while make generally refers to the result.
2. Do is usually used in:
a. Study and works.
b. Housework an repetitive task
c. Good or bad actions
d. Sports, hobbies, and self-care
3. We use make when we talk about the creation or production in a process. Do usually refers to the action, to
the process of doing something, whereas make refers to the result of that action. E.g.: «if you make dinner,
the result is pasta».
4. Make is usually in:
a. Food and drinks preparation
b. Arrangements and decisions
c. Speaking, sound and relationships.
d. Money.

PASSIVE VOICE
1. In a passive sentence, the object of an active sentence becomes the subject.
2. Wen you use the verb «be» in the tense we need add the past participle of the main verb after it.

Active Passive

They take the photos Present simple The photos are taken

They are taking the photos Present continuous The photos are being taken

They have taken the photos Presen perfect The photos have been taken

They took the photos Past simple The photos were taken

They were taking the photos Past continuous The photos were being taken

They had taken the photos Past perfect The photos had been taken
 They will take the photos Future The photos will be taken

They are going to take the photos Be going to The photos going to be taken

They will have taken photos Future perfect The photos will have been taken

To take Infinitive To be taken

To have taken Perfect infinitive To have been taken

Taking Gerund Being taken

HAVE TO, MUST AND SHOULD

1. «HAVE TO» AND «MUST», usually used to talk about obligation, or something that it is necessary to do.
«Have to» and «must», have a very similar meaning and you can usually use either form.
a. Have to, is more common for general, external obligation, for example: rules, and laws. «I have to
war a shirt and tie at work» (= it´s the rule in this company). «You have to switch off your phone
during take-off and landing»
b. Must, is more common for specific (on one occasion) or personal obligations. «I must buy a new
shirt» (= it´s my own decision). «You must be on time tomorrow because there´s a test».
2. We can also use have to or must for strong recommendations.
3. Have to is a normal verb and it exists in all tenses and forms. E.g. also as a gerund or infinitive.
4. Must is a modal verb. It only exists in the present, but it can be used with a future meaning.

«Don´t have to…» E.g. «You don´t have to pay –this museum is free–.»; «You don´t have to go to the party if you
don´t want to».

1. «DON´T HAVE TO» AND «MUSTN´T», We use «don´t have to» when there is no obligation to do something
and «mustn´t» when something is prohibited. But in negative sentences «don´t have to» and «mustn´t»
are completely different.
a. «You don´t have to drive, we can get a train» (= you can drive if you want to, but isn´t necessary /
obligatory).
b. «You mustn´t drive along this street» (=it´s prohibited, against the law).

2. SHOULD / SHOULDN´T + INFINITIVE.

a. We use «should» to give advice or opinion. «Should» is not as strong as «must» / «have to»
b. We can use ought to / ought not to instead of should / shouldn´t.
 MODALS OF DEDUCTION: MIGHT, CAN´T, MUST

1. Might. We use «might» when you think something is possibly true. «Laura might not like that skirt. It´s
not really her style». We can use «may» and «could» instead of might. But wen you have negative sen-
tences you only use might not.
2. Can´t. We use «can´t» when you are sure something is impossible / not true. «Nigel can´t earn much
money in his hob. He´s still living with his parents»
3. Must. We use «must» when are sure something is true. «Your sister must have a lot of money if she dives
a Porsche».

We often use be + gerund after might / must / can´t «They must be having a party»; «I´m sure they are having a
party»

Write a review of a film you have enjoyed / not enjoyed. Include any factual information you know about it and
say why you liked / disliked it. (140–180 words

I go to the cinema usually; in the fact I go twice int the a month. I prefer watching movies in the cinema because
you have a big screen, surround sound and soft seats. I don´t like watching neither action nor fear horror films. I
dislike those films. I prefer either thriller or documentaries.

The last film I really enjoyed was the documentary about the life of Saint Pio Pietrelcina.

This film was shot in Italy. And although the film didn´t have special effects it was interesting. I think that this film
might be the best film about this saint.

I don´t know the star of the film, but he has made a great interpretation. This film had to many extras and it had
two Oscar nominations. Furthermore, the director has so much experience in these films. You can see the film in
the original language with subtitles or dubbed in your own language.

The film has a good soundtrack and the audience acknowledged this.

I think that everyone must watch the Life of Saint Pio, because it is the opportunity to know about a great Saint.
A journey which I really enjoyed was when I travelled to Spain. I went to Madrid by plane.

Then I went to Salamanca by bus.

In this journey I talked to my friends and the citizens of Salamanca.

I went sightseeing and I visited the University of Salamanca, The Church, the park, and the river of the city. I liked
them.

I enjoyed my journey because I had amaizing days and the weather was good.

I stayed in the convent of Domicans friars.

I stayed there three months.